Unit-1

1. What is mean by data communication?

Data communication is the exchange of data (in the form of 1s and 0s) between two
devices via some form of transmission medium (such as a wire cable).
2. What are the three criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network?
The most important criteria are performance, reliability and security.
Performance of the network depends on number of users, type of transmission
medium, the capabilities of the connected h/w and the efficiency of the s/w.
Reliability is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from the
failure and the networks robustness in a catastrophe.
Security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access and viruses.
3. What are the three fundamental characteristics determine the effectiveness of the
data communication system?
The effectiveness of the data communication system depends on three fundamental
characteristics:
Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination.
Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately.
Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner.
4.Define Network.
A network is a set of devices connected by physical media links. A network is
recursively is a connection of two or more nodes by a physical link or two or more networks
connected by one or more nodes.
5. What is a Link?
At the lowest level, a network can consist of two or more computers directly connected
by some physical medium such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is
called as Link.
6. What is a node?
A network can consist of two or more computers directly connected by some physical medium
such as coaxial cable or optical fiber. Such a physical medium is called as Links and the
computer itconnects is called as Nodes.
7. Name the factors that affect the performance of the network.
a. Number of Users
b. Type of transmission medium
c. Hardware
d. Software
8. What are the key design issues of a computer Network?
a. Connectivity
b. Cost-effective Resource Sharing

c. Support for common Services

d. Performance
9.Define Bandwidth and Latency
Network performance is measured in Bandwidth (throughput) and Latency (Delay). Bandwidth
of a network is given by the number of bits that can be transmitted over the network in a certain
period of time. Latency corresponds to how long it t5akes a message to travel from one end off a
network to the other. It is strictly measured in terms of time.
10.What are the categories of Transmission media?
a. Guided Media
i. Twisted Pair cable
1. Shielded TP
2. Unshielded TP
ii. Coaxial Cable
iii. Fiber-optic cable
b. Unguided Media
i. Terrestrial microwave
ii. Satellite Communication
11.What is the DC component?
Direct current is a zero-frequency signal with constant amplitude.
12.Define Data rate?
Rate of data transmission in bits per second
13.What is Protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that govern all aspects of information communication.
14.What are the key elements of protocols?
The key elements of protocols are
a. Syntax
It refers to the structure or format of the data, that is the order in which they are
presented.
b. Semantics
It refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
c. Timing
Timing refers to two characteristics: When data should be sent and how fast they can be
sent.
15.List the layers of OSI
a. Physical Layer
b. Data Link Layer
c. Network Layer
d. Transport Layer

e. Session Layer
f. Presentation Layer
g. Application Layer
16. Which layers are network support layers?
a. Physical Layer
b. Data link Layer and
c. Network Layers
6. Which layers are user support layers?
a. Session Layer
b. Presentation Layer and
c. Application Layer
17. Which layer links the network support layers and user support layers?
The Transport layer links the network support layers and user support layers.
18. What are the concerns of the Physical Layer?
Physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical
medium.
a. Physical characteristics of interfaces and media
b. Representation of bits
c. Data rate
d. Synchronization of bits
e. Line configuration
f. Physical topology
g. Transmission mode
19. What are the responsibilities of Data Link Layer?
The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link
and is responsible for node-node delivery.
a. Framing
b. Physical Addressing
c. Flow Control
d. Error Control
e. Access Control
20.What are the responsibilities of Network Layer?
The Network Layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of packet possibly across
multiple networks (links).
a. Logical Addressing
b. Routing
21. What are the responsibilities of Transport Layer?
The Transport Layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire message.
a. Service-point Addressing
b. Segmentation and reassembly

c. Connection Control
d. Flow Control
e. Error Control
22. What are the responsibilities of Session Layer?
The Session layer is the network dialog Controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the
interaction between the communicating systems.
a. Dialog control
b. Synchronization
23. What are the responsibilities of Presentation Layer?
The Presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged
between two systems.
a. Translation
b. Encryption
c. Compression
24. What are the responsibilities of Application Layer?
The Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It
provides user interfaces and support for services such as e-mail, shared database management
and other types of distributed information services.
a. Network virtual Terminal
b. File transfer, access and Management (FTAM)
c. Mail services
d. Directory Services
25.Dfine Topology?
A topology refers to both the physical and logical layout of a network. The physical topology of
a network refers to the actual layout of the computer cables and other network devices.
26.Types of topologie?
Several topologies are in use for networks today. Some of the more common include.
Bus topology
Ring topology
Star topology
Mesh topology
Tree topology
27.Define star topology?
In the star topology, all computers and other network devices connect to a central device
called a hub or switch.
Each connected device requires a single cable to be connected to the hub, creating a
point-to-point connection between the device and the hub.

Unit-2
1. What are the design issues of Data Link Layer?
The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable
link
and is responsible for node-node delivery.
a. Framing
b. Physical Addressing
c. Flow Control
d. Error Control
e. Access Control
2.What is Flow Control?
Flow control is a set of procedure that tells the sender how much data it can transmit before it
must wait for an acknowledgement. It should not overwhelm the receiver.
24.Mention the categories of flow control.
There are 2 methods have been developed to control flow of data across communication
links.
a) Stop and wait- send one from at a time.
b) Sliding window- send several frames at a time.
Define sliding window flow control.
In sliding window the sender can transmit several frame before needing an acknowledgement
from the receiver.
Sender maintain detail about:
Size of sender window.
Last acknowledgement received.
Last frame sent.
Receiver holds information about:
Receiver window size
Last acknowledgement sent
Last frame received
23. What is Error Control ?
any frames lost or damaged in transmission and coordinates the retransmission of those
frames by the sender. In the data link layer, the term error control refers primarily to methods
of error detection and retransmission.
25. What Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)?
Error control is both error detection and error correction. It allows the receiver to inform the
sender of any frames lost or damaged in transmission and coordinates the retransmission of
those frames by the sender. In the data link layer, the term error control refers primarily to

methods of error detection and retransmission. Error control in the data link layer is often
implemented simply: Any time an error is detected in an exchange, specified frames are
retransmitted. This process is called automatic repeat request (ARQ).
26. What is Stop-and-Wait Protocol?
In Stop and wait protocol, sender sends one frame, waits until it receives confirmation from
the receiver (okay to go ahead), and then sends the next frame.
27. What is Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request?
Error correction in Stop-and-Wait ARQ is done by keeping a copy of the sent frame and
retransmitting of the frame when the timer expires.
28.Compare Error Detection and Error Correction:
The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection. In error detection, checks only
any
error has occurred. In error correction, the exact number of bits that are corrupted and
location in the message are known. The number of the errors and the size of the message are
important factors.
20.What are the types of errors?
a. Single-Bit error
In a single-bit error, only one bit in the data unit has changed
b. Burst Error
A Burst error means that two or more bits in the data have changed.
18.What are the functions of MAC?
MAC sub layer resolves the contention for the shared media. It contains
synchronization, flag, flow and error control specifications necessary to move
information
from one place to another, as well as the physical address of the next station
to receive and
route a packet.

19.Difference between bridge and router?

Bridge is the simpler of the two device and provide a mean of interconnecting similar LANs
Router is a more general purpose device capable of interconnecting variety of LANS and WANS.
20.Define Ethernet?
Ethernet: It is a LAN protocol that is used in Bus and Star topologies and implements
CSMA/CD as the medium access method
21.Draw Ethernet frame format?

22.Define the notation of Ethernet that differentiate its

implementation?

<data rate><Signaling method><Max segment length or cable type>

23.Ethernet evolution through four generations

Unit-3
1.What do you mean by switching network?
Long distance transmission is typically done over a network of switched nodes and Nodes not
concerned with content of data Data is routed by being switched from node to node
2.Mention two different Two different switching technologies
Circuit switching
Packet switching
3.Define Circuit switching
Dedicated communication path between two stations
Three phases
Establish
Transfer
Disconnect
Must have switching capacity and channel capacity to establish connection
Must have intelligence to work out routing

4.List Circuit Switch Elements?

Digital Switch
Provide transparent signal path between devices
Network Interface
Control Unit
Establish connections
Generally on demand
Handle and acknowledge requests
Determine if destination is free
construct path
Maintain connection
Disconnect
5.What do you mean by Blocking or Non-blocking?
Blocking
A network is unable to connect stations because all paths are in use
Used on voice systems
Short duration calls
Non-blocking
Permits all stations to connect (in pairs) at once
Used for some data connections
6.Define Location of Signaling?
Subscriber to network
Depends on subscriber device and switch
Within network
Management of subscriber calls and network
more complex
7.What do you mean by In Channel Signaling?
Use same channel for signaling and call
Requires no additional transmission facilities
Inband
Uses same frequencies as voice signal
Can go anywhere a voice signal can
Impossible to set up a call on a faulty speech path
Out of band
Voice signals do not use full 4kHz bandwidth
Narrow signal band within 4kHz used for control
Can be sent whether or not voice signals are present
Need extra electronics
Slower signal rate (narrow bandwidth)
8.What do you mean by Common Channel Signaling?
Control signals carried over paths independent of voice channel
One control signal channel can carry signals for

multiple subscriber channels

Common control channel for these subscriber lines
Associated Mode
Common channel closely tracks inter-switch trunks
Disassociated Mode
Additional nodes (signal transfer points)
Effectively two separate networks
9.SS7 Signaling Network Elements?
Signaling point (SP)
Any point in the network capable of handling SS7 control message
Signal transfer point (STP)
A signaling point capable of routing control messages
Control plane
Responsible for establishing and managing
connections
Information plane
Once a connection is set up, info is transferred in the
information plane
10.State the principle of packet switching ?
Data transmitted in small packets
Typically 1000 octets
Longer messages split into series of packets
Each packet contains a portion of user data plus
some control info
Control info
Routing (addressing) info
Packets are received, stored briefly (buffered) and past on to the next node
Store and forward
11.List the advantage of packet switching?
Line efficiency
Single node to node link can be shared by many packets over time
Packets queued and transmitted as fast as possible
Data rate conversion
Each station connects to the local node at its own speed
Nodes buffer data if required to equalize rates
Packets are accepted even when network is busy
Delivery may slow down
Priorities can be used
12.List the switching concepts in packet switching?
Packets handled in two ways
Datagram
Virtual circuit

13.Stae the principle of Datagram.

Each packet treated independently
Packets can take any practical route
Packets may arrive out of order
Packets may go missing
Up to receiver to re-order packets and recover from missing packets
14.Stae the principle of virtual circuit
Preplanned route established before any packets sent
Call request and call accept packets establish connection (handshake)
Each packet contains a virtual circuit identifier instead of destination address
No routing decisions required for each packet
Clear request to drop circuit
Not a dedicated path
15.List three layer of X.25?
Physical
Link
Packet
16.What is the goal of internetworking ?
The goal of internetworking is universal service across heterogeneous networks
Routers must agree to forward information from a source on one network to a specified
destination or another.
This task is complex because frame formats and addressing schemes used by the
underlying networks can differ.
17.What do you mean by routing and list its characterstics?
Used for selection of route with minimum hop and Least cost Complex, crucial aspect of
packet switched networks
Characteristics required
Correctness
Simplicity
Robustness
Stability
Fairness
Optimality
Efficiency
18.Routing Strategies
Fixed
Flooding
Random
Adaptive
19.Define Fixed Routing

Single permanent route for each source to destination pair

Determine routes using a least cost algorithm
Route fixed, at least until a change in network topology
20.Define Flooding ?
No network info required
Packet sent by node to every neighbor
Incoming packets retransmitted on every link except incoming link
Eventually a number of copies will arrive at destination
Each packet is uniquely numbered so duplicates can be discarded
Nodes can remember packets already forwarded to keep network load in bounds
Can include a hop count in packets
21Define Random Routing?
Node selects one outgoing path for retransmission of incoming packet
Selection can be random or round robin
Can select outgoing path based on probability calculation
No network info needed
Route is typically not least cost nor minimum hop

22.Define Adaptive Routing?

Used by almost all packet switching networks
Routing decisions change as conditions on the network change
Failure
Congestion
Requires info about network
Decisions more complex
Tradeoff between quality of network info and overhead
Reacting too quickly can cause oscillation
Too slowly to be relevant
23.Purpose of ICMP?
Extranormal communication among routers and hosts is sometimes necessary to:
Report errors
Handle abnormal conditions
Update routing information
The Internet Protocol defines a single mechanism for these types of messages is called
ICMP.

24.List the three beginning field of ICMP?

TYPE (1 octet) - identifies the message
CODE (1 octet) - information about the subtype
CHECKSUM (2 octets) - covers the ICMP message

25.When Congestion occur and how to control it?

When one part of the subnet (e.g. one or more routers in an area) becomes overloaded,
congestion results.
Because routers are receiving packets faster than they can forward them.
One of two things must happen:
The subnet must prevent additional packets from entering the congested region until
those already present can be processed.
The congested routers can discard queued packets to make room for those that are
arriving
26.Mention Several techniques employed for Congestion?
Several techniques can be employed. These include:
Warning bit
Choke packets
Load shedding
Random early discard
Traffic shaping
The first 3 deal with congestion detection and recovery. The last 2 deal with congestion
avoidance.

Unit-4
1. What is function of transport layer?
The protocol in the transport layer takes care in the delivery of data from one application
program on one device to an application program on another device. They act as a link between
the upper layer protocols and the services provided by the lower layer.
2. What are the duties of the transport layer?
The services provided by the transport layer
End-to- end delivery
Addressing
Reliable delivery
Flow control
Multiplexing
3. What is the difference between network layer delivery and the transport layer
delivery?
Network layer delivery

1) The network layer is responsible for the the source-to-destination delivery of

packet
2) The transport layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire
message.
3) Transport layer delivery across multiple network links.
4) The transport layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire
message.
4. What are the four aspects related to the reliable delivery of data?
The four aspects are, Error control, Sequence control, Loss control, Duplication
control.
5. What is meant by segment?
At the sending and receiving end of the transmission, TCP divides long transmissions
into smaller data units and packages each into a frame called a segment.
6. What is meant by segmentation?
When the size of the data unit received from the upper layer is too long for the
network layer datagram or data link layer frame to handle, the transport protocol divides it
into smaller usable blocks. The dividing process is called segmentation.
7. The transport layer creates the connection between source and destination. What
are the three events involved in the connection?
For security, the transport layer may create a connection between the two end ports. A
connection is a single logical path between the source and destination that is associated
with all packets in a message. Creating a connection involves three steps:
1) Connection establishment
2) Data transfer & Connection release.
8. What is meant by congestion?
Congestion in a network occurs if user sends data into the network at a rate greater
than that allowed by network resources.
9. Why the congestion occurs in network?
Congestion occurs because the switches in a network have a limited buffer size to
store arrived packets.
10. What is meant by quality of service?
The quality of service defines a set of attributes related to the performance of the
connection. For each connection, the user can request a particular attribute each service
class is associated with a set of attributes.
11.What do you mean by padding?
The TCP header padding is used to ensure that the TCP header ends and data begins on a 32 bit
boundary. The padding is composed of zeros
12. What is Round Trip Time?

The duration of time it takes to send a message from one end of a network to the other and
back, is called RTT
13.What is Multiplexing?
Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple
Signals across a single data link.
14.List the application of TCP/IP?
have a number of standard TCP/IP applications such as
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) control and data connections
Telnet
15.What is UDP?
an alternative to TCP
no guaranteed delivery
no preservation of sequence
no protection against duplication
minimum overhead
Just adds port addressing to IP
16.Draw the format of UDP?

t of U

UNIT-5
1. What is the purpose of Domain Name System?
Domain Name System can map a name to an address and conversely an
address to
name.
2. Discuss the three main division of the domain name space.
Domain name space is divided into three different sections: generic domains,
country
domains & inverse domain.
Generic domain: Define registered hosts according to their generic behavior,
uses
generic suffixes.
Country domain: Uses two characters to identify a country as the last suffix.
Inverse domain: Finds the domain name given the IP address.
3. Discuss the TCP connections needed in FTP.

FTP establishes two connections between the hosts. One connection is used for
data
transfer, the other for control information. The control connection uses very
simple rules of
communication. The data connection needs more complex rules due to the
variety of data
types transferred.
4. Discuss the basic model of FTP.
The client has three components: the user interface, the client control process,
and the
client data transfer process. The server has two components: the server control
process and
the server data transfer process. The control connection is made between the
control
processes. The data connection is made between the data transfer processes.
5. What is the function of SMTP?
The TCP/IP protocol supports electronic mail on the Internet is called Simple Mail
Transfer (SMTP). It is a system for sending messages to other computer users
based on email
addresses. SMTP provides mail exchange between users on the same or
different
computers.
6. What is the difference between a user agent (UA) and a mail
transfer agent
(MTA)?
The UA prepares the message, creates the envelope, and puts the message in
the envelope. The MTA transfers the mail across the Internet.
7. How does MIME enhance SMTP?
MIME is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through
SMTP. MIME transforms non-ASCII data at the sender site to NVT ASCII data and
deliverers it to the client SMTP to be sent through the Internet. The server SMTP
at the
receiving side receives the NVT ASCII data and delivers it to MIME to be
transform feed
back to the original data.
8. Why is an application such as POP needed for electronic
messaging?
Workstations interact with the SMTP host, which receives the mail on behalf of
every host in the organization, to retrieve messages by using a client-server
protocol such
as Post Office Protocol, version 3(POP3). Although POP3 is used to download
messages

from the server, the SMTP client still needed on the desktop to forward
messages from the
workstation user to its SMTP mail server.
9. Write down the three types of WWW documents.
The documents in the WWW can be grouped into three broad categories: static,
dynamic and active.
Static: Fixed-content documents that are created and stored in a server.
Dynamic: Created by web server whenever a browser requests the document.
Active: A program to be run at the client side.
10.

What is the purpose of SNMP?

SNMP is a framework that provides facilities for managing and monitoring network
resources on the Internet.

11. List the Components of SNMP:

SNMP agents

SNMP managers

Management Information Bases (MIBs)

SNMP protocol itself

12. Define SNMP agent?

SNMP agent is software that runs on a piece of network equipment (host, router,
printer, or others) and that maintains information about its configuration and
current state in a database

13. Define Traps?

Traps are messages that asynchronously sent by an agent to a manager

Traps are triggered by an event