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Lecture Objectives: Condition For Maximum Efficiency

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on electrical machines including: 1) The condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer is derived by taking the derivative of the denominator of efficiency with respect to load current and setting it equal to zero. 2) The power factor at which voltage regulation becomes zero for a transformer is derived as the tangent of the angle between source impedance and load impedance. 3) Transformer tests including open circuit, short circuit, and efficiency tests are described to determine parameters like impedance and losses. 4) Phasor diagrams are presented for transformers operating at unity, lagging, and leading power factors to illustrate voltage and current relationships.

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26 views

Lecture Objectives: Condition For Maximum Efficiency

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on electrical machines including: 1) The condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer is derived by taking the derivative of the denominator of efficiency with respect to load current and setting it equal to zero. 2) The power factor at which voltage regulation becomes zero for a transformer is derived as the tangent of the angle between source impedance and load impedance. 3) Transformer tests including open circuit, short circuit, and efficiency tests are described to determine parameters like impedance and losses. 4) Phasor diagrams are presented for transformers operating at unity, lagging, and leading power factors to illustrate voltage and current relationships.

Uploaded by

Z_Jahangeer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc.

Electrical Engineering

Lecture Objectives
Condition for Max.
Power Factor at which VR=0
Testing of Transformer:
Open Circuit Test
Short Circuit Test
VR & Test
Phasor Diagrams at:
Unity p.f. Load
Lagging p.f. Load
Leading p.f. Load
Numerical Problems

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

For maximum efficiency, the denominator must be


minimum. Take the derivative of the denominator
with respect to I 2 and then equate to zero. As load
current (I 2 ) is variable factor which changes the
terminal voltage, so derivative of I 2 is always taken.

Condition for Maximum Efficiency

Page 1 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Power Factor at which Voltage Regulation


becomes Zero
For lagging and unity PF, V 2 , NL > V 2 , L, therefore
we always get positive voltage
regulation.
For leading PF, V 2 , L starts increasing and at a
certain leading PF, V 2 , NL = V 2 , L and hence
voltage regulation becomes zero. If the load
power factor is further increased, then voltage
regulation becomes negative.
For zero voltage regulation,
V 2 , NL = V 2 , L
V 2 , NL - V 2 , L = 0
Voltage drop for leading load = 0
I 2 Ro 2 Cos 2 - I 2 Xo 2 Sin 2 = 0
Sin 2 / Cos 2 = Ro 2 / Xo 2
Tan 2 = Ro 2 / Xo 2
2 = Tan-1 (Ro 2 / Xo 2 )
Cos 2 = Cos [Tan-1 (Ro 2 / Xo 2 )]

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

No-load test is conducted to find core or iron


losses, no-load current (Io), magnetizing current
(Im), working current (Iw), no-load resistance
(Ro), no-load reactance (Xo), no-load impedance
(Zo) and no-load power factor (Cos o ).
In open-circuit test, high voltage side is kept open
and metering is done on LV side to measure noload current.
When transformer is operated at no-load, then no
current will flow in the secondary side of the
transformer and small amount of current (2-10 %
of full-load current) will flow in primary side and
is called no-load current.
No-load current lags behind applied voltage by
an angle 90o. No-load current is also known as
Page 2 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

excitation current of the transformer which is


sum of working current and magnetization
current.
Working or active current is used to provide iron
losses (heat) and very small amount of copper
loss in primary side. Working current is in phase
with the applied voltage.
Magnetizing current is used to magnetize the core
and sets up the flux in the core. The
magnetizing current lags behind the applied
voltage by an angle of 90o.

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Low voltage winding is short-circuited with an


ammeter or conductor and measurements are
made on high-voltage winding.
Short-circuit test is conducted to find P cu, total , Cos
sc , R o1 or R o2 , X o1 or X o2 , Z o1 & Z o2
If HV winding is short-circuited and
measurements are made on low voltage side, then
voltage will be inconveniently low and the
current will be incontinently high.
Voltage is increased slowly from zero to a value
to get full-load current to flow.
Page 3 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

As voltage is very low, so iron losses will be


negligible and the wattmeter will show only
copper losses at any desired load current.

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A TRANSFORMER


AT UNITY POWER FACTOR LOAD
Phasor diagram gives the graphical representation of
voltage, voltage drops, current and phase angles in a
transformer.

Page 4 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A TRANSFORMER


AT LAGGING POWER FACTOR LOAD

Mathematical form of this Phasor diagram is,


E 2 = V 2 + R eq I 2 + j X eq I 2

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

When lagging load is connected across the


transformer, then the secondary current causes a
voltage drop I 2 R 2 in resistor which is in phase
with the current I 2 as shown in the vector diagram.
A further voltage drop takes place when the
current passes through reactance X 2 . This voltage
drop will lead the current in the inductor by 90o.
The combination of two drops I 2 R 2 and I 2 X 2 gives
an impedance drop I 2 Z 2 . The impedance drop is
subtracted from E 2 to get the secondary terminal
voltage V 2 .
The power factor of load is given by Cos 2 . It is
the angle between V 2 and I 2 and not between E 2 &
I2.
When the secondary load current flows, a
corresponding current flows in the primary
winding which is equal in magnitude but opposite
in phase. The total primary current becomes
Io + I 2 /.
Phasor diagram helps to determine the voltage
regulation of the transformer. As V 1 > V 2 in
Page 5 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

lagging load, so the voltage regulation of a


transformer must be greater than zero.
VR = [V 2, NL V 2, FL ] / V 2, NL
Approximate voltage drop for inductive load is
given by,
App. Voltage Drop = I 2 [R o2 Cos 2 + X o2 Sin
2]
PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A TRANSFORMER
AT LEADING POWER FACTOR LOAD

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

voltage E 2 . As V 2, FL > V 2, NL , therefore VR


becomes negative or zero.
Secondary current leads the voltage according to
load. More the leading load, the higher the angle
and hence greater power factor.
The approximate voltage drop for capacitive load
is given by,
App. Voltage Drop = I 2 [R o2 Cos 2 - Xo2 Sin
2]
Dot Convention
Dots on windings determine the polarity of voltage
and current

Secondary current I 2 and voltage drop I 2 R 2 are in


phase but I 2 leads the voltage drop I 2 X 2 by 90o.
At leading power factor, secondary terminal
voltage V 2 is greater than the secondary induced
Page 6 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Page 7 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Page 8 of 9

Lec-3: Electrical Machines, B.Sc. Electrical Engineering

Engr. Riaz Ahmad Rana, Assistant Professor, FOE, UCP

Page 9 of 9

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