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Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CS6431-OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB

LABORATORY MANUAL
SECOND YEAR IV SEMESTER

Prepared by
Ms.K.Subha Assistant Professor
Faculty of Computer Science & Engineering

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CS6431 - OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB

SEMESTER-IV
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Basics of UNIX commands.

2. Shell programming
3. Implementation of CPU scheduling.
a) Round Robin b) SJF c) FCFS d) Priority
4. Implement all file allocation strategies
i) Indexed
ii) Linked
5. Implement Semaphores
6. Implement all File Organization Techniques
a) Single level directory b) Two level c) Hierarchical d) DAG
7. Implement Bankers Algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance
8. Implement an Algorithm for Dead Lock Detection
9. Implement the all page replacement algorithms
a) FIFO b) LRU c) LFU
10.Implement Shared memory and IPC
11.Implement Paging Technique of memory management.
12.Implement Threading & Synchronization Applications

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EX.NO : 1) BASICS OF UNIX COMMANDS.

i) PROGRAM USING SYSTEM CALL fork()
AIM : To write the program to create a Child Process using system call fork().
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Declare the variable pid.
Step 2 : Get the pid value using system call fork().
Step 3 : If pid value is less than zero then print as Fork failed.
Step 4 : Else if pid value is equal to zero include the new process in the systems
file using execlp system call.
Step 5 : Else if pid is greater than zero then it is the parent
process and it waits till the child completes using the system call wait()
Step 6 : Then print Child complete.
SYSTEM CALLS USED: 1. fork( )
Used to create new processes. The new process consistsof a copy of the address space
of the original process. The value of process id for the child process is zero, whereas the
value of process id for the parent is an integer value greater than zero.
Syntax : fork( )
2.execlp( )
Used after the fork() system call by one of the two processes to replace the
process memory space with a new program. It loads a binary file into memory destroying
the memory image of the program containing the execlp system call and starts its
execution.The child process overlays its address space with the UNIX command /bin/ls
using the execlp system call.
Syntax : execlp( )
3. wait( )
The parent waits for the child process to complete using the wait system call. The wait
system call returns the process identifier of a terminated child, so that the parent can tell
which of its possibly many children has terminated.
Syntax : wait( NULL)
4. exit( )
A process terminates when it finishes executing its final statement and asks
the operating system to delete it by using the exit system call. At that point, the process
may return data (output) to its parent process (via the wait system call).
Syntax: exit(0)
PROGRAM CODING :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
void main(int argc,char *arg[])
{
int pid;
3

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pid=fork();
if(pid<0)
{
printf("fork failed");
exit(1);
}
else if(pid==0)
{
execlp("whoami","ls",NULL);
exit(0);
}
else
{
printf("\n Process id is -%d\n",getpid());
wait(NULL);
exit(0);
}
}

OUTPUT:
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ cc prog4a.c
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ ./a.out

RESULT:
Thus the program was executed and verified successfully

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EX.NO : 1)ii) PROGRAM USING SYSTEM CALLS getpid() & getppid()

AIM :
To write the program to implement the system calls getpid() and getppid().
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Declare the variables pid , parent pid , child id and grand chil id.
Step 2 : Get the child id value using system call fork().
Step 3 : If child id value is less than zero then print as error at fork() child.
Step 4 : If child id !=0 then using getpid() system call get the process id.
Step 5 : Print I am parent and print the process id.
Step 6 : Get the grand child id value using system call fork().
Step 7 : If the grand child id value is less than zero then print as error at fork() grand
child.
Step 8 : If the grand child id !=0 then using getpid system call get the process id.
Step 9 : Assign the value of pid to my pid.
Step 10 : Print I am child and print the value of my pid.
Step 11 : Get my parent pid value using system call getppid().
Step 12 : Print My parents process id and its value.
Step 13 : Else print I am the grand child.
Step 14 : Get the grand childs process id using getpid() and print it as my process id.
Step 15 : Get the grand childs parent process id using getppid() and print it as my parents
process id
SYSTEM CALLS USED :
1.getpid( )
Each process is identified by its id value. This function is used to get the id value of a
particular process.
2.getppid( )
Used to get particular process parents id value.
3.perror( )
Indicate the process error.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int main( )
{
int pid;
pid=fork( ); if(pid==
-1)
{
5

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perror(fork failed); exit(0);
}
if(pid==0)
{
printf(\n Child process is under execution);
printf(\n Process id of the child process is %d, getpid()); printf(\n
Process id of the parent process is %d, getppid());
}
else
{
printf(\n Parent process is under execution);
printf(\n Process id of the parent process is %d, getpid());
printf(\n Process id of the child process in parent is %d, pid());
printf(\n Process id of the parent of parent is %d, getppid());
}
return(0);
}
OUTPUT:
Child process is under execution
Process id of the child process is 9314
Process id of the parent process is 9313 Parent
process is under execution
Process id of the parent process is 9313
Process id of the child process in parent is 9314 Process
id of the parent of parent is 2825

RESULT:
Thus the program was executed and verified successfully

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EX.NO : 1)iv) PROGRAM USING SYSTEM CALLS opendir( ) readdir( ) closedir()

AIM :
To write the program to implement the system calls opendir( ), readdir( ).
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Start.
Step 2 : In the main function pass the arguments.
Step 3 : Create structure as stat buff and the variables as integer.
Step 4 : Using the for loop,initialization
SYSTEM CALLS USED:
1.opendir( )
Open a directory.
2.readdir( )
Read a directory.
3.closedir()
Close a directory.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/dir.h>
void main(int age,char *argv[])
{
DIR *dir;
struct dirent *rddir;
printf("\n Listing the directory content\n");
dir=opendir(argv[1]);
while((rddir=readdir(dir))!=NULL)
{
printf("%s\t\n",rddir->d_name);
}
closedir(dir);
}
OUTPUT:
RP
roshi.c
first.c
pk6.c f2
abc FILE1
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed and verified successfully

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EX.NO : 1iv) PROGRAM USING SYSTEM CALL exec( )

AIM : To write the program to implement the system call exec( ).
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : Print execution of exec system call for the date Unix command.
Step 3 : Execute the execlp function using the appropriate syntax for the Unix
command date.
Step 4 : The system date is displayed.
SYSTEM CALL USED :
1.execlp( )
Used after the fork() system call by one of the two processes to replace the process
memory space with a new program. It loads a binary file into memory destroying the
memory image of the program containing the execlp system call and starts its execution.
The child process overlays its address space with the UNIX command /bin/ls using the
execlp system call.
Syntax : execlp( )
PROGRAM CODING: #include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h> main( )
{
printf(\n exec system call);
printf(displaying the date);
execlp( /bin/date, date, 0);
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed and verified successfully
OUTPUT:
Sat Dec 14 02 : 57 : 38 IST 2010

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EX.NO : 1)vi) PROGRAM USING SYSTEM CALLS wait( ) & exit( )

AIM : To write the program to implement the system calls wait( ) and exit( ).
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Declare the variables pid and i as integers.
Step 2 : Get the child id value using the system call fork().
Step 3 : If child id value is less than zero then print fork failed.
Step 4 : Else if child id value is equal to zero , it is the id value of the child and then
start the child process to execute and perform Steps 6 & 7.
Step 5 : Else perform Step 8.
Step 6 : Use a for loop for almost five child processes to be called. Step
7 : After execution of the for loop then print child process ends.
Step 8 : Execute the system call wait( ) to make the parent to wait for the child
process to get over.
Step 9 : Once the child processes are terminated , the parent terminates and hence
print Parent process ends.
Step 10 : After both the parent and the chid processes get terminated it execute the
wait( ) system call to permanently get deleted from the OS.
SYSTEM CALL USED :
1. fork ( )
Used to create new process. The new process consists of a copy of the address space of
the original process. The value of process id for the child process is zero, whereas the value
of process id for the parent is an integer value greater than zero.
Syntax: fork ( )
2. wait ( )
The parent waits for the child process to complete using the wait system call. The wait
system call returns the process identifier of a terminated child, so that the parent can tell
which of its possibly many children has terminated.
Syntax: wait (NULL)
3. exit ( )
A process terminates when it finishes executing its final statement and asks the
operating system to delete it by using the exit system call. At that point, the process may
return data (output) to its parent process (via the wait system call).
Syntax: exit(0)
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h> #include<unistd.h>
main( )
{
int i, pid;
pid=fork( );
if(pid== -1)
{
9

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perror(fork failed);
exit(0);
}
else if(pid==0)
{
printf(\n Child process starts);
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf(\n Child process %d is called, i);
}
printf(\n Child process ends);
}
else
{
wait(0);
printf(\n Parent process ends);
}exit(0);}
OUTPUT:
Child process starts Child
process 0 is called Child
process 1 is called Child
process 2 is called Child
process 3 is called Child
process 4 is called Child
process ends Parent process
ends
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed and verified successfully

10

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EX. NO: 1)vii) PROGRAM USING SYSTEM CALL stat( )

AIM: To write the program to implement the system call stat( ).
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files to execute the system call stat( ).
Step 2 : Create a stat structure thebuf. Similarly get the pointers for the two structures
passwd and group.
Step 3 : Declare an array named path[20] of character type to get the input file along
with its extension and an integer i.
Step 4 : Get the input file along with its extension.
Step 5 : If not of stat of a particular file then do the Steps 6 to 18.
Step 6 : Print the files pathname as files name along with its extension.
Step 7 : To check the type of the file whether it is a regular file or a directory use
S_ISREG( ).
Step 8 : If the above function returns true value the file is an regular file else it is
directory.
Step 9 : Display the file mode in octal representation using thebuf.st_mode.
Step 10 : Display the device id in integer representation using thebuf.st_dev.
Step 11 : Display the user id in integer representation using thebuf.st_uid.
Step 12 : Display the users pathname.
Step 13 : Display the group id in integer representation using thebuf.st_gid.
Step 14 : Display the groups pathname.
Step 15 : Display the size of the file in integer representation using thebuf.st_size.
Step 16 : Display the last access in time and date format using
ctime(&thebuf.st_atime).
Step 17 : Display the last modification in time and date format using
ctime(&thebuf.st_atime).
Step 18 : Display the last status in time and date format using
ctime(&thebuf.st_atime).
Step 19 : If Step 5 fails then print Cannot get the status details for the given file.

SYSTEM CALLS USED :

1.
stat( )
2.
creat()
3.
open( )
fstat( )
4.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
main()
{
11

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int fd1,fd2,n;
char source[30],ch[5];
struct stat s,t,w;
fd1=creat("text.txt",0644);
printf("Enter the file to be copied\n");
scanf("%s",source);
fd2=open(source,0);
if(fd2==-1)
{
perror("file doesnot exist");
exit(0);
}
while((n=read(fd2,ch,1))>0)
write(fd1,ch,n);
close(fd2);
stat(source,&s);
printf("Source file size=%d\n",s.st_size);
fstat(fd1,&t);
printf("Destination file size =%d\n",t.st_size);
close(fd1);
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

12

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EX.NO : 1)viii PROGRAM USING SYSTEM CALLS open( ), read() & write( )
AIM : To write the program to implement the system calls open( ),read( ) and write( ).
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Declare the structure elements.
Step 2 : Create a temporary file named temp1.
Step 3 : Open the file named test in a write mode.
Step 4 : Enter the strings for the file.
Step 5 : Write those strings in the file named test.
Step 6 : Create a temporary file named temp2.
Step 7 : Open the file named test in a read mode.
Step 8 : Read those strings present in the file test and save it in temp2.
Step 9 : Print the strings which are read.
SYSTEM CALLS USED :
1.
open( )
2.
read( )
3.
write( )
close( )
4.
5.
gets( )
6.
lseek( )
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
main( )
{
int fd[2];
char buf1[25]= just a test\n; char
buf2[50];
fd[0]=open(file1, O_RDWR);
fd[1]=open(file2, O_RDWR);
write(fd[0], buf1, strlen(buf1));
printf(\n Enter the text now.);
gets(buf1);
write(fd[0], buf1, strlen(buf1));
lseek(fd[0], SEEK_SET, 0);
read(fd[0], buf2, sizeof(buf1));
write(fd[1], buf2, sizeof(buf2));
close(fd[0]);
close(fd[1]);
printf(\n);
return0;
}

13

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OUTPUT:
Enter the text now.progress
Cat file1 Just a
test progress
Cat file2 Just a test progress
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

14

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EX. NO: 1)ix SIMULATION OF UNIX COMMANDS ls
AIM: To write a C program to simulate the operation of ls commands in Unix.
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : Define the buffer size as 1024.
Step 3 : Get the file name which has been created already.
Step 4 : Open the file in read mode.
Step 5 :.Read the contents of the file and store it in the buffer.
Step 6 : Print the contents stored in the buffer.
Step 7 : Close the file.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dirent.h>
int main()
{
struct dirent **namelist;
int n,i;
char pathname[100];
scanf("%s",&pathname);
getcwd(pathname);
n=scandir(pathname,&namelist,0,alphasort);
if(n<0)
printf("Error");
else
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%s\n",namelist[i]->d_name);
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

15

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EX. NO: 1)x SIMULATION OF UNIX COMMANDS grep
AIM: To write a C program to simulate the operation of grep commands in Unix.
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : Define the buffer size.
Step 3 : Get the file name which has been created already.
Step 4 : Open the file in read mode.
Step 5 :.Read the contents of the file and store it in the buffer.
Step 6 : Print the contents stored in the buffer.
Step 7 : Close the file.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
main()
{
FILE *fp;
char c[100],pat[10];
int l,i,j=0,count=0,len,k,flag=0;
printf("\n enter the pattern");
scanf("%s",pat);
len=strlen(pat);
fp=fopen("nn.txt","r");
while(!feof(fp))
{
fscanf(fp,"%s",c);
l=strlen(c);
count++;
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
if(c[i]==pat[j])
{
flag=0;
for(k=1;k<i;k++)
{
if(c[i+k]!=pat[k])
flag=1;
}
if(flag==0)
printf("\n the pattern %s is present in word %d",pat,count);
}}}}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully
16

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EX. NO: 2 ) SHELL PROGRAMMIG

i BASIC ARITHMETIC OPERATION USIG SHELL PROGRAMMIG
AIM: To write a shell program to solve arithmetic operation.
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : get the input
Step 3 : perform the arithmetic calculation.
Step 4 : print the result.
Step 5 :stop the exeution.
PROGRAM CODING:
#!/bin/bash
echo "enter the a vale"
read a
echo "enter b value"
read b
c=`expr $a + $b`
echo "sum:"$c
c=`expr $a - $b`
echo "sub:"$c
c=`expr $a \* $b`
echo "mul:"$c
c=`expr $a / $b`
echo "div:"$c
OUTPUT:
[2mecse25@rhes3linux ~]$ sh pg2.sh
Enter the a vale
10
Enter b value
50
sum:60
sub:-40
mul:500
div:0
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

17

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EX. NO: 2 ) ii NUMBER CHECKIG USIG SHELL PROGRAM

AIM: To write a shell program to check whether the number is odd or even.
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : get the input
Step 3 : perform the division by 2.
Step 4 : print the result.
Step 5 :stop the execution.
PROGRAM CODING:
#!/bin/bash
num="1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8"
for n in $num
do
q=`expr $n % 2`
if [ $q -eq 0 ]
then
echo "even no"
continue
fi
echo "odd no"
done
OUTPUT:
[2mecse25@rhes3linux ~]$ sh pg2.sh
odd no
even no
odd no
even no
odd no
even no
odd no
even no
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

18

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EX. NO: 2 ) iii MULTIPLICATION TABLE USIG SHELL PROGRAM

AIM: To write a shell program to check whether the number is odd or even.
ALGORITHM :
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : get the input
Step 3 : perform the multiplication .
Step 4 : print the result.
Step 5 :stop the execution.
PROGRAM CODING:
#!/bin/bash
echo " which table you want"
read n
for((i=1;i<10;i++))
do
echo $i "*" $n "=" `expr $i \* $n`
done
OUTPUT:
[2mecse25@rhes3linux ~]$ sh pg2.sh
which table you want
5
1*5=5
2 * 5 = 10
3 * 5 = 15
4 * 5 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
6 * 5 = 30
7 * 5 = 35
8 * 5 = 40
9 * 5 = 45

19

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EX. NO: 2 ) iv USING WHILE LOOP IN SHELL PROGRAM

AIM: To write a shell program to print the number from 1 to 10 using while loop.
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : Define the buffer size as 1024.
Step 3 : Get the file name which has been created already.
Step 4 : Open the file in read mode.
Step 5 :.Read the contents of the file and store it in the buffer.
Step 6 : Print the contents stored in the buffer.
Step 7 : Close the file.
PROGRAM CODING:
#!/bin/bash
a=1
while [ $a -lt 11 ]
do
echo "$a"
a=`expr $a + 1`
done
OUTPUT:
[2mecse25@rhes3linux ~]$ sh pg2.sh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

20

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EX. NO: 2 ) v USING IF STATEMENT IN SHELL PROGRAMING

AIM: to write a shell program to use simple if statement .
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : Define the buffer size as 1024.
Step 3 : Get the file name which has been created already.
Step 4 : Open the file in read mode.
Step 5 :.Read the contents of the file and store it in the buffer.
Step 6 : Print the contents stored in the buffer.
Step 7 : Close the file.
PROGRAM CODING:
#!/bin/bash
for var1 in 1 2 3
do
for var2 in 0 5
do
if [ $var1 -eq 2 -a $var2 -eq 0 ]
then
continue
else
echo "$var1 $var2"
fi
done
OUTPUT:
[2mecse25@rhes3linux ~]$ sh pg2.sh
10
15
25
30
35
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

21

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EX. NO: 2 ) vi SIMPLE FUNCTION IN SHELL PROGRAMING

AIM: to write a shell program to add a two number using function .
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : Define the buffer size as 1024.
Step 3 : Get the file name which has been created already.
Step 4 : Open the file in read mode.
Step 5 :.Read the contents of the file and store it in the buffer.
Step 6 : Print the contents stored in the buffer.
Step 7 : Close the file.
PROGRAM CODING:
#!/bin/bash
add()
{
c=`expr $1 + $2`
echo "addition = $c"
}
add 5 10
OUTPUT:
[2mecse25@rhes3linux ~]$ sh pg2.sh
addition = 15
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

22

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EX. NO: 2 ) vii SWITCH STATEMENT IN SHELL PROGRAMING

AIM: to write a shell program to add a two number using function .
ALGORITHM :
Step 1 : Include the necessary header files.
Step 2 : Define the buffer size as 1024.
Step 3 : Get the file name which has been created already.
Step 4 : Open the file in read mode.
Step 5 :.Read the contents of the file and store it in the buffer.
Step 6 : Print the contents stored in the buffer.
Step 7 : Close the file.
PROGRAM CODING
#!/bin/bash
ch='y'
while [ $ch = 'y ' ]
do
echo "enter your choice"
echo "1 no of user loged on"
echo "2 print calender"
echo "3 print date"
read d
case $d in
1) who | wc -l;;
2) cal 20;;
3) date;;
*) break;;
esac
echo "do you wish to continue (y/n)"
read ch
OUTPUT:
[2mecse25@rhes3linux ~]$ sh case2.sh
enter your choice
1 no of user loged on
2 print calender
3 print date
Thu Apr 4 11:18:20 IST 2013
do you wish to continue (y/n)
n
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

23

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EX.NO:3) a CPU SCHEDULING: ROUND ROBIN SCHEDULING

AIM : To write the program to simulate the Round Robin program.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
CPU scheduler will decide which process should be given the CPU for its execution.
For this it use different algorithm to choose among the process. One among that algorithm
is Round robin algorithm.
In this algorithm we are assigning some time slice .The process is allocated according
to the time slice, if the process service time is less than the time slice then process itself
will release the CPU voluntarily. The scheduler will then proceed to the next process in the
ready queue .If the CPU burst of the currently running process is longer than time
quantum, the timer will go off and will cause an interrupt to the operating system. A
context switch will be executed and the process will be put at the tail of the ready queue.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Initialize all the structure elements
Step 2: Receive inputs from the user to fill process id,burst time and arrival time.
Step 3: Calculate the waiting time for all the process id.
i) The waiting time for first instance of a process is calculated as:
a[i].waittime=count + a[i].arrivt
ii) The waiting time for the rest of the instances of the process is calculated as:
a) If the time quantum is greater than the remaining burst time then waiting time
is calculated as:
a[i].waittime=count + tq
b) Else if the time quantum is greater than the remaining burst time then
waiting time is calculated as:
a[i].waittime=count - remaining burst time
Step 4: Calculate the average waiting time and average turnaround time
Step 5: Print the results of the step 4.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,tbt=0,nop,ts=0,flag[20], rem[20];
int from,wt[20],tt[20],b[20], twt=0,ttt=0;
int dur;
float awt,att;
printf("Enter no. of Processes: ");
scanf("%d",&nop);
printf("Enter the time slice: ");
scanf("%d",&ts);
printf("Enter the Burst times..\n");
for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
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{
wt[i]=tt[i]=0;
printf("P%d\t: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
rem[i]=b[i];
tbt+=b[i];
flag[i]=0;
}
from=0;
i=0;
printf("\n\t Gantt Chart");
printf("\n ProcessID\tFrom Time\tTo Time\n");
while(from<tbt)
{
if(!flag[i])
{
if(rem[i]<=ts)
{
dur=rem[i];
flag[i]=1;
tt[i]=dur+from;
wt[i]=tt[i]-b[i];
}
else
dur=ts;
printf("%7d%15d%15d\n",i+1, from,from+dur);
rem[i] -= dur;
from += dur;
}
i=(i+1)%nop;
}
for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
{
twt+=wt[i];
ttt+=tt[i];
}
printf("\n\n Process ID \t Waiting Time \t Turn Around Time");
for(i=0;i<nop;i++)
{
printf("\n\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i+1,wt[i],tt[i]);
}
awt=(float)twt/(float)nop;
att=(float)ttt/(float)nop;
printf("\nTotal Waiting Time:%d",twt);
printf("\nTotal Turn Around Time:%d",ttt);
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time:%.2f",awt);
printf("\nAverage Turn Around Time:%.2f\n",att);
}
OUTPUT:
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Enter no. of Processes: 3

Enter the time slice: 3
Enter the Burst times.. P1 : 24
P2 : 5
P3 : 3

ProcessID
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

Gantt Chart
From Time
0
3
6
9
12
14
17
20
23
26
29

To Time
3
6
9
12
14
17
20
23
26
29
32

Process ID
Waiting Time
1
8
2
9
3
6
Total Waiting Time:23
Total Turn Around Time:55
Average Waiting Time:7.67
Average Turn Around Time:18.33

Turn Around Time

32
14
9

RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

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EX.NO:3) b )CPU SCHEDULING: SHORTEST JOB FIRST.

AIM: To write a C program to implement the CPU scheduling algorithm for shortest job first.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
Cpu scheduler will decide which process should be given the CPU for its execution.
For this it uses different algorithm to choose among the process. One among that algorithm
is SJF algorithm.
In this algorithm the process which has less service time given the cpu after finishing
its request only it will allow cpu to execute next other process.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Get the number of process.
Step 2: Get the id and service time for each process.
Step 3: Initially the waiting time of first short process as 0 and total time of
first short is process the service time of that process.
Step 4: Calculate the total time and waiting time of remaining process.
Step 5: Waiting time of one process is the total time of the previous process.
Step 6: Total time of process is calculated by adding the waiting time and
service
time of each process.
Step 7: Total waiting time calculated by adding the waiting time of each process.
Step 8: Total turn around time calculated by adding all total time of each
process. Step 9: Calculate average waiting time by dividing the total waiting
time by total
number of process.
Step 10: Calculate average turn around time by dividing the total waiting time
by total number of process.
Step 11: Display the result.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h> int main()
{
int n,w[100],tot[100],i,j,awt,atot; float avwt,avtot;
struct
{
int p,bt; }sjf[10],temp;
printf("Enter the number of Processes:"); scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("Enter the Burst time for Process%d : ",i); scanf("%d",&sjf[i].bt);
sjf[i].p=i;
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
if(sjf[j].bt>sjf[i].bt)
{
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temp=sjf[i];
sjf[i]=sjf[j];
sjf[j]=temp;
}
w[1]=0;
tot[1]=sjf[1].bt;
for(i=2;i<=n;i++) tot[i]=tot[i-1]+sjf[i].bt;
awt=0;
atot=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
w[i]=tot[i]-sjf[i].bt; awt+=w[i]; atot+=tot[i];
}
avwt=(float)awt/n;
avtot=(float)atot/n;
printf("\n\nProcessId\tWaiting time\t TurnaroundTime");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
printf("\n\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",sjf[i].p,w[i],tot[i]);
printf("\n\nTotal Waiting Time :%d",awt);
printf("\n\nTotal Turnaround Time :%d",atot);
printf("\n\nAverage Waiting Time :%.2f",avwt);
printf("\n\nAverage Turnaround Time :%.2f",avtot); }
OUTPUT:
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ cc prog9b.c
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ ./a.out
Enter the number of Processes:3
Enter the Burst time for Process1 : 24
Enter the Burst time for Process2 : 5
Enter the Burst time for Process3 : 3
ProcessId
Waiting time
3
0
2
3
1
8
Total Waiting Time :11
Total Turnaround Time :43
Average Waiting Time :3.67
Average Turnaround Time :14.33
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$

TurnaroundTime
3
8
32

RESULT:
Thus the program is executed.

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EX.NO: 3)iii)a CPU SCHEDULING: FIRST COME FIRST SERVE WITHOUT

ARRIVAL TIME
AIM: to write a c program to implement the first come first serve without arrival TIME
CPU scheduling algorithm
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
Cpu scheduler will decide which process should be given the CPU for its
execution.For this it uses different algorithm to choose among the process. One among that
algorithm is FCFS algorithm.
In this algorithm the process which arrive first is given the cpu after finishing its
request only it will allow cpu to execute other process.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Create the number of process.
Step 2: Get the ID and Service time for each process.
Step 3: Initially, Waiting time of first process is zero and Total time for the
first process is the starting time of that process.
Step 4: Calculate the Total time and Processing time for the remaining
processes. Step 5: Waiting time of one process is the Total time of the previous
process. Step 6: Total time of process is calculated by adding Waiting time and
Service
time.
Step 7: Total waiting time is calculated by adding the waiting time for lack
process. Step 8: Total turn around time is calculated by adding all total time of
each process. Step 9: Calculate Average waiting time by dividing the total waiting
time by total
number of process.
Step 10: Calculate Average turn around time by dividing the total time by
the number of process.
Step 11: Display the result.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h> int
main()
{
int n,b[10],t=0,i,w=0,r=0,a=0; float
avg,avg1;
printf("\nEnter number of processes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the burst times : \n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) scanf("%d",&b[i]);
printf("\n Gantt chart ");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
printf("P%d\t",i);
printf("\n\nProcess BurstTime WaitingTime TurnaroundTime\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
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{
t=t+w;
r=r+b[i];
printf("P%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t\n",i,b[i],w,r);
w=w+b[i];
a=a+r;
}
avg=(float)t/n;
avg1=(float)a/n;
printf("\n Average WaitingTime is %f",avg); printf("\n
Average TurnaroundTime is %f\n",avg1); return(0);}
OUTPUT:
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ cc prog9a.c -o prog9a.out
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ ./prog9a.out
Enter number of processes : 3
Enter the burst times :
24
5
3
Gantt chart
Process
P1
P2
P3

P1

P2

P3

BurstTime WaitingTime TurnaroundTime

24
0
24
5
24
29
3
29
32

Average WaitingTime is 17.666666

Average TurnaroundTime is 28.333334
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$
RESULT:
Thus the program is executed

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EX.NO: 3)iii) b CPU SCHEDULING: FIRST COME FIRST SERVE

WITH ARRIVAL TIME
AIM:
To write a C program to implement the array representation of the CPU scheduling
algorithm first come first serve using arrival time.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
CPU scheduler will decide which process should be given the CPU for its
execution. For this it uses different algorithm to choose among the process. One among
that algorithm is FCFS algorithm.
In this algorithm the process which arrive first is given the cpu after finishing its request
only it will allow cpu to execute other process
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Create the number of process.
Step 2: Get the ID and Service time for each process.
Step 3: Initially, Waiting time of first process is zero and Total time for the first
process is the starting time of that process.
Step 4: Calculate the Total time and Processing time for the remaining processes.
Step 5: Waiting time of one process is the Total time of the previous process. Step 6:
Total time of process is calculated by adding Waiting time and Service
time.
Step 7: Total waiting time is calculated by adding the waiting time for lack process.
Step 8: Total turn around time is calculated by adding all total time of each process.
Step 9: Calculate Average waiting time by dividing the total waiting time by total
number of process.
Step 10: Calculate Average turn around time by dividing the total time by the
number of process.
Step 11: Display the result.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
struct process
{
char name[5]; int at,
bt, wt, tt;
}
int main( )
{
int i, j, n, t;
float awt=0, att=0;
struct process p[10], temp;
printf(\n Enter the number of process: );
scanf(%d, &n);
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for(i=0; i<=n; i++)

{
printf(\n Enter the name, arrival time and burst time of process %d:, i+1);
scanf(%s %d %d, &p[i].name, &p[i].at, &p[i].bt);
}
for(i=0; i<n-1; i++)
for(j=0; j<n-1; j++)
if(p[j].at>p[j+1].at)
{
temp=p[j];
p[j]=p[j+1];
p[j+1=temp;
}
p[0].wt=0;
t=p[0].tt=p[0].bt;
att+=p[0].bt;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
p[i].wt=t-p[i].at;
t+=p[i].bt;
p[i].tt=p[i].wt+p[i].bt;
awt+=p[i].wt;
att+=p[i].tt;
}
printf(\n Process Name Arrival time burst time Waiting Time Turnaround Time\n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(%s \t\t %d \t\t % d \t\t % d \t\t % d \n, p[i].name, p[i].at, p[i].bt, p[i].wt, p[i].tt);
awt/=n;
att/=n;
printf(\n Average waiting Time : %f, awt);
printf(\n Average Turnaround Time : %f\n, att);
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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EX.NO: 3)iv)CPU SCHEDULING: PRIORITY SCHEDULING

AIM: To write a C program to implement the CPU scheduling algorithm for Priority.
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
Cpu scheduler will decide which process should be given the CPU for its execution.
For this it uses different algorithm to choose among the process. One among that algorithm
is Priority algorithm.
In this algorithm the processes will be given the priorities. The process which is
having the highest priority is allocated the cpu first.
After finishing the request the cpu is allocated to the next highest priority and so on.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Get the number of process
Step 2: Get the id and service time for each process.
Step 3: Initially the waiting time of first short process as 0 and total time of first
short is process the service time of that process.
Step 4: Calculate the total time and waiting time of remaining process.
Step 5: Waiting time of one process is the total time of the previous process.
Step 6: Total time of process is calculated by adding the waiting time and service time
of each process.
Step 7: Total waiting time calculated by adding the waiting time of each process.
Step 8: Total turn around time calculated by adding all total time of each process.
Step 9: Calculate average waiting time by dividing the total waiting time by total
number of process.
Step 10: Calculate average turn around time by dividing the total waiting time by total
number of process.
Step 11: Display the result.
PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h> int
main()
{
int n,temp=0,w[20],b[20], p[20],
t2[20],j,t1,d[20],i,
te=0,b1[20],t3=0;
float t,r;
w[1]=0;
printf("\nEnter no. of processes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the burst times : ");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("P%d : ",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]); d[i]=i;
}
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printf("Enter the priorities:");

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("P%d : ",i);
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
if(p[i]<p[j])
{
temp=p[i];
t1=d[i];
te=b[i];
p[i]=p[j];
d[i]=d[j];
b[i]=b[j];
p[j]=temp;
d[j]=t1;
b[j]=te;
}
printf("\nGantt Chart : ");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) printf("P%d\t",d[i]);
printf("\nProcess \t Priority\tBurst Time\t Waiting Time\t Turnaround Time");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
t=d[i];
w[i+1]=w[i]+b[i];
t2[i]=b[i]+w[i];
t3+=t2[i];
printf("\nP%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",d[i],p[i],b[i],w[i],t2[i]);
}
temp=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
temp+=w[i];
t=(float)temp/n;
r=(float)t3/n;
printf("\nAverage Waiting time : %.2f",t);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround time : %.2f",r);
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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OUTPUT:
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ cc prog10a.c
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ ./a.out
Enter the no. of processes : 3 Enter the
burst times
P1 : 24
P2 : 5
P3 : 3
Enter the priorities
P1 : 2
P2 : 1
P3 : 3
Gantt Chart : P2

P1P3

ProcessID Priority BurstTime WaitingTime TurnaroundTime

P2

P1

24

29

P3

29

32

Average Waiting Time : 11.33

Average Turnaround Time : 22.00
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$
RESULT:
Thus the program is executed

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EX.NO : 4)i) FILE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE-INDEXED ALLOCATION

AIM:
To write a C program to implement File Allocation concept using the technique indexed
allocation Technique..

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:Fill is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution.

PROGRAM CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char a[10];
int i,ib,cib[10];
printf("\n enter the file name:");
scanf("%s",a);
printf("\n index block:");
scanf("%d",&ib);
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("\n enter the child of index block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&cib[i]);
}
printf("\n the list of files\t index block\n");
printf("%s\t\t %d",a,ib);
printf("\n the above file utiltization index block of child blocks followin\t");
printf("\n");
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
printf("%d\t\t",cib[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}

RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.
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OUTPUT:
Enter the name:Testing
Index block:19
Enter the child of index block 1:9
Enter the child of index block 2:16
Enter the child of index block 3:1
Enter the child of index block 4:10
Enter the child of index block 5:25
The list of files
Testing

index block
19

The above file utilization index block of child blocks following:

9

16

10

25

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EX.NO : 4)ii) FILE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE-LINKED ALLOCATION

AIM:
To write a C program to implement File Allocation concept using the technique Linked
List Technique..

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,starting block ending block.
Step 4: Print the free block using loop.
Step 5:for loop is created to print the file utilization of linked type of entered type .
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution.
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char a[10];
int i,sb,eb,fb1[10];
printf("\n enter the file name:");
scanf("%s",a);
printf("\n Enter the starting block:");
scanf("%d",&sb);
printf("Enter the ending Block:");
scanf("%d",&eb);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("Enter the free block %d",i+1);
scanf("%d",&fb1[i]);
}
printf("\n File name \t Starting block \t Ending block \n");
printf("%s \t\t %d\t\t %d",a,sb,eb);
printf("\n %s File Utilization of Linked type of following blocks:",a);
printf("\n %d->",sb);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("%d->",fb1[i]);
}
printf("%d\n",eb);
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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OUTPUT:
Enter the
filename:binary Enter
the starting block:19
Enter the ending
block:25 Enter the free
block:1:12 Enter the free
block:2:34 Enter the free
block:3:21 Enter the free
block:4:18 Enter the free
block:5:35
File name
Binary

ending
block
25

starting block
19

Binary file utilization of linked type of the following

blocks: 19123421183525

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EX.NO: 5 IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMAPHORE

AIM: To write a C program to implement the Producer & consumer Problem
(Semaphore)
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: The Semaphore mutex, full & empty are initialized.
Step 2: In the case of producer process
i) Produce an item in to temporary variable.
ii) If there is empty space in the buffer check the mutex value for enter into the critical
section.
iii) If the mutex value is 0, allow the producer to add value in the temporary variable
to the buffer.
Step 3: In the case of consumer process
i) It should wait if the buffer is empty
ii) If there is any item in the buffer check for mutex value, if the mutex==0, remove
item from buffer
iii) Signal the mutex value and reduce the empty value by 1.
iv) Consume the item.
Step 4: Print the result
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
int mutex=1,full=0,empty=3,x=0;
main()
{
int n;
void producer();
void consumer();
int wait(int);
int signal(int);
printf("\n 1.producer\n2.consumer\n3.exit\n");
while(1)
{
printf(" \nenter ur choice");
scanf("%d",&n);
switch(n)
{
case 1:if((mutex==1)&&(empty!=0))
producer();
else
printf("buffer is full\n");
break;
case 2:if((mutex==1)&&(full!=0))
consumer();
else
printf("buffer is empty");
break;
case 3:exit(0);
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break;
}
}
}
int wait(int s)
{
return(--s);
}
int signal(int s)
{
return (++s);
}
void producer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=signal(full);
empty=wait(empty);
x++;
printf("\n producer produces the items %d",x);
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
void consumer()
{
mutex=wait(mutex);
full=wait(full);
empty=signal(empty);
printf("\n consumer consumes the item %d",x);
x--;
mutex=signal(mutex);
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully

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OUTPUT:
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ cc ex11.c -o ex11.out
[cse6@localhost Pgm]$ ./ex11.out
Produced element a
Consumed element a
Produced element b
Consumed element b
Produced element c
Consumed element c
Produced element d
Consumed element d
Produced element e
Consumed element e
Produced element f
Consumed element f
Produced element g
Consumed element g
Produced element h
Consumed element h

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EX.NO: 6 a FILE ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES - SINGLE LEVEL

DIRECTORY
AIM
To write a C program to implement File Organization concept using the technique Single
level directory.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:Fill is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,count,i,j,mid,cir_x;
char fname[10][20];
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\tc\bgi");
cleardevice();
setbkcolor(GREEN);
puts("Enter no of files do u have?");
scanf("%d",&count);
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
cleardevice();
setbkcolor(GREEN);
printf("Enter file %d name",i+1);
scanf("%s",fname[i]);
setfillstyle(1,MAGENTA);
mid=640/count;
cir_x=mid/3;
bar3d(270,100,370,150,0,0);
settextstyle(2,0,4);
settextjustify(1,1);
outtextxy(320,125,"Root
Directory"); setcolor(BLUE);
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for(j=0;j<=i;j++,cir_x+=mid)
{
line(320,150,cir_x,250);
fillellipse(cir_x,250,30,30);
outtextxy(cir_x,250,fname[j]);
}
getch();
}
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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EX.NO: 6 b) FILE ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES : TWO LEVEL

AIM
To write a C program to implement File Organization concept using the technique two
level directory.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2: Obtain the required data through char and in datatypes.
Step 3: Enter the filename, index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5: File is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
struct tree_element
{
char name[20];
int x,y,ftype,lx,rx,nc,level;
struct tree_element *link[5];
};
typedef truct tree_element
node; void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
node *root;
root=NULL;
clrscr();
create(&root,0,"null",0,639,320);
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\tc\bgi");
display(root);
getch();
closegraph();
}
create(node **root,int lev,char *dname,int lx,int rx,int x)
{
int i,gap;
if(*root==NULL)
{
(*root)=(node*)malloc(sizeof(node));
printf("enter name of dir/file(under %s):",dname); fflush(stdin);
gets((*root)->name);
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if(lev==0||lev==1)
(*root)->ftype=1; else
(*root)->ftype=2;
(*root)->level=lev;
(*root)->y=50+lev*50;
(*root)->x=x; (*root)->lx=lx; (*root)->rx=rx;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
(*root)->link[i]=NULL;
if((*root)->ftype==1)
{
if(lev==0||lev==1)
{
if((*root)->level==0)
printf("How many users");
else
printf("hoe many files");
printf("(for%s):",(*root)->name);
scanf("%d",&(*root)->nc);
}
else (*root)->nc=0; if((*root)->nc==0) gap=rx-lx;
else gap=(rx-lx)/(*root)->nc; for(i=0;i<(*root)>nc;i++)
create(&((*root)>link[i]),lev+1,(*root)>name,lx+gap*i,lx+gap*i+gap,lx+gap*i+gap/2);
}
else (*root)->nc=0;
}
}
display(node *root)
{
int i;
settextstyle(2,0,4);
settextjustify(1,1);
setfillstyle(1,BLUE);
setcolor(14);
if(root!=NULL)
{
for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
{
line(root->x,root->y,root->link[i]->x,root->link[i]->y);
}
if(root->ftype==1) bar3d(root->x-20,root->y-10,root->x+20,roo>y+10,0,0);
else
fillellipse(root->x,root->y,20,20);
outtextxy(root->x,root->y,root->name);
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for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
{
display(root->link[i]);
}
}
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

EX.NO: 6 c) FILE ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES : HIERARCHICAL

AIM
To write a C program to implement File Organization concept using the technique
hierarchical level directory.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:Fill is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
struct tree_element
{
char name[20];
int x,y,ftype,lx,rx,nc,level;
struct tree_element *link[5];
};
typedef struct tree_element
node; void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
node *root;
root=NULL;
clrscr();
create(&root,0,"root",0,639,320);
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\tc\BGI");
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display(root);
getch();
closegraph();
}
create(node **root,int lev,char *dname,int lx,int rx,int x)
{
int i,gap;
if(*root==NULL)
{
(*root)=(node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
printf("Enter name of dir/file(under %s) : ",dname); fflush(stdin);
gets((*root)->name);
printf("enter 1 for Dir/2 for file :");
scanf("%d",&(*root)->ftype);
(*root)->level=lev;
(*root)->y=50+lev*50;
(*root)->x=x;
(*root)->lx=lx;
(*root)->rx=rx;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
(*root)->link[i]=NULL;
if((*root)->ftype==1)
{
printf("No of sub directories/files(for %s):",(*root)->name);
scanf("%d",&(*root)>nc);
if((*root)->nc==0)
gap=rx-lx;
else gap=(rx-lx)/(*root)->nc; for(i=0;i<(*root)->nc;i++)
create(&((*root)>link[i]),lev+1,(*root)>name,lx+gap*i,lx+gap*i+gap,lx+gap*i+gap/2);
}
else (*root)->nc=0;
}
}
display(node *root)
{
int i;
settextstyle(2,0,4);
settextjustify(1,1);
setfillstyle(1,BLUE);
setcolor(14); if(root
!=NULL)
{
for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
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{
line(root->x,root->y,root->link[i]->x,root->link[i]->y);
}
if(root->ftype==1) bar3d(root->x-20,root->y-10,root->x+20,root>y+10,0,0);
else
fillellipse(root->x,root->y,20,20);
outtextxy(root->x,root->y,root->name); for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
{
display(root->link[i]); } } }
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

EX.NO: 6 d) FILE ORGANIZATION TECHNIQUES : DAG

AIM
To write a C program to implement File Organization concept using the technique using.
DAG
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:File is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<string.h>
struct tree_element
{
char name[20];
int x,y,ftype,lx,rx,nc,level;
struct tree_element *link[5];
};
typedef struct tree_element node;
typedef struct
{
char from[20];
char to[20];
}link;
link L[10]; int nofl;
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node * root;
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
root=NULL;
clrscr();
create(&root,0,"root",0,639,320);
read_links();
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\tc\BGI");
draw_link_lines();
display(root);
getch();
closegraph();
}
read_links()
{
int i;
printf("how many links");
scanf("%d",&nofl);
for(i=0;i<nofl;i++)
{
printf("File/dir:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(L[i].from);
printf("user name:");
fflush(stdin);
gets(L[i].to);
}
}
draw_link_lines()
{
int i,x1,y1,x2,y2;
for(i=0;i<nofl;i++)
{
search(root,L[i].from,&x1,&y1);
search(root,L[i].to,&x2,&y2);
setcolor(LIGHTGREEN);
setlinestyle(3,0,1);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
setcolor(YELLOW);
setlinestyle(0,0,1);
}
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}
search(node *root,char *s,int *x,int *y)
{
int i;
if(root!=NULL)
{
if(strcmpi(root->name,s)==0)
{
*x=root->x;
*y=root->y;
return;
}
else
{
for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
search(root->link[i],s,x,y);
}
}
}
create(node **root,int lev,char *dname,int lx,int rx,int x)
{
int i,gap;
if(*root==NULL)
{
(*root)=(node *)malloc(sizeof(node));
printf("enter name of dir/file(under %s):",dname); fflush(stdin);
gets((*root)->name);
printf("enter 1 for dir/ 2 for
file:");
scanf("%d",&(*root)>ftype); (*root)->level=lev;
(*root)->y=50+lev*50;
(*root)->x=x;
(*root)->lx=lx;
(*root)->rx=rx;
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
(*root)->link[i]=NULL;
if((*root)->ftype==1)
{
printf("no of sub directories /files (for %s):",(*root)->name);
scanf("%d",&(*root)->nc);
if((*root)->nc==0)
gap=rx-lx;
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else
gap=(rx-lx)/(*root)->nc;
for(i=0;i<(*root)->nc;i++)
create( & ( (*root)->link[i] ) , lev+1 ,
(*root)->name,lx+gap*i,lx+gap*i+gap,lx+gap*i+gap/2);
}
else (*root)->nc=0;
}
}
/* displays the constructed tree in graphics mode */
display(node *root)
{
int i;
settextstyle(2,0,4);
settextjustify(1,1);
setfillstyle(1,BLUE);
setcolor(14); if(root
!=NULL)
{
for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)
{
line(root->x,root->y,root->link[i]->x,root->link[i]->y);
}
if(root->ftype==1) bar3d(root->x-20,root->y-10,root->x+20,root->y+10,0,0);
else
fillellipse(root->x,root->y,20,20);
outtextxy(root->x,root->y,root>name); for(i=0;i<root->nc;i++)

{
display(root->link[i]);
}
}
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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EX.NO: 7) IMPLEMENTATION BANKERS ALGORITHM FOR DEAD LOCK

AVOIDANCE
AIM
To write a C program to implement bankers algorithm for dead lock avoidance
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:File is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int work[5],avl[5],alloc[10][10],l;
int need[10][10],n,m,I,j,avail[10],max[10][10],k,count,fcount=0,pr[10];
char finish[10]={f,f,f,f,f,f,f,f,f,f};
clrscr();
printf(enter the no of process);
scanf(%d,&n);
printf(enter the no of resources);
scanf(%d,&m);
printf(enter the total no of resources);
for(i=1;i<=m;i++)
scanf(%d,&avail[i]);
printf(enter the max resources req by each pr alloc matrix);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
scanf(%d,&max[i][j]);
printf(process allocation matrix);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
scanf(%d,&alloc[i][j]);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
k=0;
for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
{
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k=k+alloc[i][j];
}
avl[i]=avl[i]-k;
work[i]=avl[i];
}
for(k=1;k<=n;k++)
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
count=0;
for(j=1;j<=m;j++)
{
if((finish[i]==f)&&(need[i][j]<=work[i])) of
count++;
}
if(count==m)
{
for(l=1;l<=m;l++)
work[l]=work[l]+alloc[i][l];
finish[i]=t;
pr[k]=i;
JBIET
break;
}
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(finish[i]==t)
fcount++;
if(fcount==n)
{
printf(the system is in safe state);
Dept
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
printf(%d,pr[i]);
}
else
printf(the system is not in safe state);
getch();
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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EX.NO: 8) IMPLEMENTATION OF DEADLOCK DETECTION ALGORITHM

AIM
To write a C program to implement Deadlock Detection algorithm
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2: Obtain the required data through char and in data types.
Step 3: Enter the filename, index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5: File is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
//Deadlock Detection algorithm implementation
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int found,flag,l,p[4][5],tp,tr,c[4][5],i,j,k=1,m[5],r[5],a[5],temp[5],sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter total no of processes");
scanf("%d",&tp);
printf("Enter total no of resources");
scanf("%d",&tr);
printf("Enter claim (Max. Need) matrix\n");
for(i=1;i<=tp;i++)
{
printf("process %d:\n",i);
for(j=1;j<=tr;j++)
scanf("%d",&c[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter allocation matrix\n");
for(i=1;i<=tp;i++)
{
printf("process %d:\n",i);
for(j=1;j<=tr;j++)
scanf("%d",&p[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter resource vector (Total resources):\n");
for(i=1;i<=tr;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&r[i]);
}
printf("Enter availability vector (available resources):\n");
for(i=1;i<=tr;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
temp[i]=a[i];
}
for(i=1;i<=tp;i++)
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{
sum=0;
for(j=1;j<=tr;j++)
{
sum+=p[i][j];
}
if(sum==0)
{
m[k]=i;
k++;
}
}
for(i=1;i<=tp;i++)
{
for(l=1;l<k;l++)
if(i!=m[l])
{
flag=1;
for(j=1;j<=tr;j++)
if(c[i][j]<temp[j])
{
flag=0;
break;
}
}
if(flag==1)
{
m[k]=i;
k++;
for(j=1;j<=tr;j++)
temp[j]+=p[i][j];
}
}
printf("deadlock causing processes are:");
for(j=1;j<=tp;j++)
{
found=0;
for(i=1;i<k;i++)
{
if(j==m[i])
found=1;
}
if(found==0)
printf("%d\t",j);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
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Enter total no. of processes : 4

Enter total no. of resources : 5
Enter claim (Max. Need) matrix :
01001
00101
00001
10101
Enter allocation matrix :
10110
11000
00010
00000
Enter resource vector (Total resources) :
21121
Enter availability vector (available resources) :
00001
deadlock causing processes are : 2 3

RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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EX.NO: 9)i PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS - FIFO

To write a C program to implement page replacement FIFO (First In First Out) algorithm
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and in datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:Fill is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
//declare pages for store page nos, frames to store frame details
int pages[10], frames[10][10],ppos[10],fillcount=0,least;
//no_p stands for no of pages, no_f stands for no of frames
int I,j,k,m,pos=0,no_p,no_f,faults=0;gd=DETECT,gm,no;
int x1=20,y1=100;
float ratio;
char found,
str[30],ch; clrscr();
//GRAPHICS initialise method
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"..//bgi");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
puts("Enter no of pages do u have"); scanf("%d",&no_p);
puts("Enter no of frames do u have");
scanf("%d",&no_f);
//initializing each frame
with 0 for(i=0;i<no_f;i++)
for(j=0;j<no_p;j++)
frames[i][j]=0;
for(i=0;i<no_p;i++)
{
puts("Enter page num");
scanf("%d",&pages[i]);
clrscr();
cleardevice();
x1=20,y1=100;
found='f';
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
{
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if(i!=0) frames[j][i]=frames[j][i-1];
//checking whether page is there in frames
or not if(frames[j][i]==pages[i])
found='t';
}
//if PAGE is not there in
frames if(found=='f')
{
faults++;
fillcount++;
if(fillcount<=no_f)
{
frames[pos][i]=pages[i];
pos++;
}
IT
else
{
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
ppos[j]=0;
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
{
for(k=i-3;k<i;k++)
{
if(frames[j][i]==pages[k])
ppos[j]=k;
}
}
least=ppos[0];
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
{
if(ppos[j]<least)
least=ppos[j];
}
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
if(pages[least]==frames[j][i])
pos=j;
frames[pos][i]=pages[i];
}
}
//printing frames each time we
enter a no settextstyle(2,0,6);
for(k=0;k<no_f;k++)
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{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
rectangle(x1,y1,x1+40,y1+45);
if(frames[k][j]!=0)
{
//changing text color in case of replacement
if(j==i&&frames[k][j]==pages[i]&&found=='f')
setcolor(MAGENTA);
else
setcolor(WHITE);
itoa(frames[k][j],str,10);
outtextxy(x1+15,y1+15,str);
}
else
outtextxy(x1+10,y1+10,"");
setcolor(WHITE);
x1+=55;
}
y1+=45;
x1=20;
}
}
//printing page fault ratio
printf("/n/n page fault
ratio=%f",(float)faults/(float)no_p); getch();
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

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EX.NO: 9)ii PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS - LRU

AIM
To write a C program to implement page replacement LRU (Least Recently Used) algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:Fill is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
//declare pages for stores page nos, frames to store frame
details int pages[10],frames[10][10],ppos[10],fillcount=0,least;
//no_pstands for no of pages, no_f stands for no of frames
int i,j,k,m,pos=0;no_p,no_f,faults=0;gd=DETECT,gm,no;
int x1=20,y1=100;
float ratio;
char found,
str[30],ch,occur; clrscr();
//GRAPHICS initialise method
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"..//bgi");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
puts("Enter no of pages do u
have"); scanf("%d",&no_p);
puts("Enter no of frames do u
have"); scanf("%d",&no_f);
//initializing each frame
with 0 for(i=0;i<no_f;i++)
for(j=0;j<no_p;j++)
frames[i][j]=0;
for(i=0;i<no_p;i++)
{
puts("Enter page num");
scanf("%d",&pages[i]);
clrscr();
cleardevice();
x1=20,y1=100;
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found='f';
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
{
if(i!=0) frames[j][i]=frames[j][i-1];
//checking whether page is there in frames
or not if(frames[j][i]==pages[i])
found='t';
}
//if PAGE is not there in
frames if(found=='f')
{
faults++;
fillcount++;
if(fillcount<=no_f)
frames[pos][i]=pages[i];
pos++;
}
else
{
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
ppos[j]=0;
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<i;k++)
{
if(frames[j][i]==pages[k])
Computer Networks & Operating Systems Lab Manual
ppos[j]++;
}
}
least=ppos[0];
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
{
if(least>ppos[j])
least=ppos[j];
}
ocurs='n';
for(j=0;j<1&&occur=='n';j++)
{
for(k=0;k<no_f;k++)
{
if(pages[j]==frames[k][i]&&ppos[k]==least)
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{
pos=k;
occur='y';
}
}
}
frames[pos][i]=pages[i];
}
}
//printing frames each time we
enter a no settextstyle(2,0,6);
for(k=0;k<no_f;k++)
{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
rectangle(x1,y1,x1+40,y1+45);
if(frames[k][j]!=0)
{
//changing the text color when page is replaced of
if(j==i&&frames[k][j]==pages[i]&&found=='f')
setcolor(MAGENTA);
else
setcolor(WHITE);
itoa(frames[k][j],str,10);
outtextxy(x1+15,y1+15,str);
}
else
outtextxy(x1+10,y1+10,"");
setcolor(WHITE);
x1+=55;
}
y1+=45;
x1=20;
}
}
//printing page fault ration
printf("page fault ration
%f",(float)faults/(float)no+p); getch();
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully
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EX.NO: 9)iii PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS - LFU

AIM
To write a C program to page replacement LFU (Least Frequently Used) algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:Fill is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
//declare pages for stores page nos, frames to store
frame details int pages[10],frames[10][10];
//no_pstands for no of pages, no_f stands for no of frames
int i,j,k,m,pos=0;no_p,no_f,faults=0;gd=DETECT,gm,no; int
x1=20,y1=100;
float ratio;
char found,
str[30],ch; clrscr();
//GRAPHICS initialise method
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"..//bgi");
setbkcolor(BLUE);
puts("Enter no of pages do u have");
scanf("%d",&no_p);
puts("Enter no of frames do u have");
scanf("%d",&no_f);
//fill all frames with 0
for(i=0;i<no_f;i++)
for(i=0;i<no_f;i++)
for(j=0;j<no_p;j++)
frames[i][j]=0;
for(i=0;i<no_p;i++)
{
puts("Enter page num");
scanf("%d",&pages[i]);
clrscr();
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cleardevice();
x1=20,y1=100;
found='f';
for(j=0;j<no_f;j++)
{
if(i!=0) frames[j][i]=frames[j][i-1];
//checking whether page is there in frames or not
if(frames[j][i]==pages[i])
found='t';
}
//if PAGE is not there in
frames if(found=='f')
{
frames[pos][i]=pages[i];
faults++;
if(pos<no_f)
pos++;
else pos=0;
}
//printing frames each time we
enter a no settextstyle(2,0,6);
for(k=0;k<no_f;k++)
{
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
rectangle(x1,y1,x1+40,y1+45);
if(frames[k][j]!=0)
{
//changing the text color when page is replaced
if(j==i&&frames[k][j]==pages[i]&&found=='f')
JBIET
setcolor(MAGENTA);
else
setcolor(WHITE);
itoa(frames[k][j],str,10);
outtextxy(x1+15,y1+15,str);
}
else
outtextxy(x1+10,y1+10,"");
setcolor(WHITE);
x1+=55;
}
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y1+=45;
x1=20;
}
}
//printing page fault ratio
printf("page fault ration
%f",(float)faults/(float)no_p); getch();
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed successfully.

EX.NO: 10) SHARED MEMORY AND IPC

AIM
To write a C program to implement shared memory and inter process communication.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2:Obtain the required data through char and int datatypes.
Step 3:Enter the filename,index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5:Fill is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/sem.h>
int main()
{
int id,semid,count=0,i=1,j;
int *ptr;
id=shmget(8078,sizeof(int),IPC_CREAT|0666);
ptr=(int *)shmat(id,NULL,0);
union semun
{
int val;
struct semid_ds *buf;
ushort *array;
}u;
struct sembuf sem;
semid=semget(1011,1,IPC_CREAT|0666);
ushort a[1]={1};
u.array=a;
semctl(semid,0,SETALL,u);
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while(1)
{
sem.sem_num=0;
sem.sem_op=-1;
sem.sem_flg=0;
semop(semid,&sem,1);
*ptr=*ptr+1;
printf("process id:%d countis :%d \n",getpid(),*ptr);
for(j=1;j<=1000000;j++)
{
sem.sem_num=0;
sem.sem_op=+1;
sem.sem_flg=0;
semop(semid,&sem,1);
}
}
shmdt(ptr);
}
RESULT:
Thus the program was executed

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EX.NO: 11) IMPLEMENTATION OF PAGING TECHNIQUE OF MEMORY

MANAGEMEN
AIM:
To write a C program to implement the concept of Paging
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: The Semaphore mutex, full & empty are initialized.
Step 2: In the case of producer process
i) Produce an item in to temporary variable.
ii) If there is empty space in the buffer check the mutex value for enter into the critical
section.
iii) If the mutex value is 0, allow the producer to add value in the temporary variable
to the buffer.
Step 3: In the case of consumer process
i) It should wait if the buffer is empty
ii) If there is any item in the buffer check for mutex value, if the mutex==0, remove
item from buffer
iii) Signal the mutex value and reduce the empty value by 1.
iv) Consume the item.
Step 4: Print the result
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,arr[100],pt[20],val,pgno,offset,phymem,fs,nf;
printf("\n Memory Management paging\n");
printf("enter the size of physical memory");
scanf("%d",&phymem);
for(i=20,j=0;i<phymem+20,j<phymem;i++,j++)
arr[i]=j;
printf("\n Enter size of frame or page");
scanf("%d",&fs);
nf=phymem/fs;
printf("No of frame available are\t%d",nf);
printf("\n Enter the page table");
for(i=0;i<nf;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&pt[i]);
}
printf("\n Enter the page no");
scanf("%d",&pgno);
printf("\n Enter the offset");
scanf("%d",&offset);
val=(fs*pt[pgno])+offset;
printf("the physical address is:%d\n",arr[val]);
}
RESULT:Thus the program is executed
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EX.NO: 12) THREADING & SYNCHRONIZATION

AIM:
To write a C program to implement Threading & Synchronization
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the Program
Step 2: Obtain the required data through char and in data types.
Step 3: Enter the filename, index block.
Step 4: Print the file name index loop.
Step 5: File is allocated to the unused index blocks
Step 6: This is allocated to the unused linked allocation.
Step 7: Stop the execution
PROGRAM CODING
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<pthread.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
pthread_t tid[2];
int counter;
void* doSomeThing(void *arg)
{
unsigned long i = 0;
counter += 1;
printf("\n Job %d started\n", counter);
for(i=0; i<(0xFFFFFFFF);i++);
printf("\n Job %d finished\n", counter);
return NULL;
}
int main(void)
{
int i = 0;
int err;
while(i < 2)
{
err = pthread_create(&(tid[i]), NULL, &doSomeThing, NULL);
if (err != 0)
printf ("\ncan't create thread :[%s]", strerror(err));
i++;
}
pthread_join(tid[0], NULL);
pthread_join(tid[1], NULL);
return 0;
}
RESULT: Thus the program was executed successfully
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