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Robots

robots

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
127 views90 pages

Robots

robots

Uploaded by

j.miguel593515
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ROBOTICS

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4HE ACCELERATING PACE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
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ARE !STRONAUT EXPLORERS CAN PERFORM SCIENCE IN
SPACE THAT ROBOTS CANNOT

#OVER IMAGE BY +ENN "ROWN AND #HRIS 7REN -ONDOLITHIC 3TUDIOS


4HE ARTICLES IN THIS SPECIAL EDITION ARE UPDATED FROM PREVIOUS ISSUES OF 3CIENTIFIC !MERICAN

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