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CS425: Computer Networks: Bhaskaran Raman (Braman) AT (Cse - Iitk.ac - In)

This document summarizes a lecture on computer networks from a course at IIT Kanpur in 2006. It discusses the required and desirable functionalities of networks like modulation, error detection, routing, and reliability. It then introduces the concepts of layering networks, with inter-layer communication through upcalls and downcalls. Each layer encapsulates and decapsulates data as it is passed between layers. Communication can be end-to-end between applications or hop-by-hop between layers at each network node.

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120 views

CS425: Computer Networks: Bhaskaran Raman (Braman) AT (Cse - Iitk.ac - In)

This document summarizes a lecture on computer networks from a course at IIT Kanpur in 2006. It discusses the required and desirable functionalities of networks like modulation, error detection, routing, and reliability. It then introduces the concepts of layering networks, with inter-layer communication through upcalls and downcalls. Each layer encapsulates and decapsulates data as it is passed between layers. Communication can be end-to-end between applications or hop-by-hop between layers at each network node.

Uploaded by

23wings
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS425: Computer Networks

Bhaskaran Raman
[braman] AT [cse.iitk.ac.in]

http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/braman/cs425/

Department of CSE, IIT Kanpur


Jul-Dec 2006

Lecture 02: Fri, 04 Aug 2006


Updates/Announcements
●
Course web-page is up
●
Lecture times (CS101):
– Mon 11-12, Fri 5-6:30
●
Tutorial times (CS101):
– Tue 4:30-6, Wed 11-12:30, Thu 5:30-7
– May be reduced to one hour
●
Will have to move to LHC if needed
Recap and Lecture Outline
●
Recap:
– What is a network?
– What is a protocol?
●
Lecture outline:
– What are the required/desirable functionalities?
– How to structure them?
– Concepts of layering, encapsulation
– Physical layer encoding (Kameswari Chebrolu)
Required/Desired Functionalities
●
Modulation, ●
Multiplexing,
demodulation demultiplexing
●
Encoding ●
Quality-of-Service
●
Framing ●
Security
●
Detect, correct errors ●
Compression
●
Medium Access Control ●
Naming, addressing
●
Routing ●
Application
●
Reliability
●
In-order delivery
OSI Layering
●
What is layering? Application

– “ Structuring technique Presentation


which permits the
network... to be viewed Session
as logically composed of Transport
a succession of layers,
each wrapping the lower Network
layers and isolating them Link-Layer-Ctrl
from higher layers” Medium-Access
[Zim80] Physical
   
Advantages of Layering
●
Handle heterogeneity
●
Software reuse, modularity
●
Allows extensibility, new technologies

   
Inter-Layer Communication

Layer N+1 Layer N+1

Downcall Upcall

Layer N Layer N

Layer N-1 Layer N-1


PHY
Host-1 Host-2

Interface definition between layers is crucial


   
Encapsulation & Decapsulation

Layer N+1 Layer N+1

Layer N Layer N

Layer N-1 Layer N-1


PHY
Host-1 Host-2

Each layer adds/removes its header


   
Logical Communication between
Layers at the Same Level
Application Application
Logical

Transport Transport
Logical

Network Network
Logical

LLC/MAC LLC/MAC
Logical

PHY PHY
PHY

  Host-1   Host-2
End-to-end versus Hop-by-hop
Application Application
Logical

Transport Transport
Logical

Network Network Network Network


Logical Logical Logical

LLC/MAC LLC/MAC LLC/MAC LLC/MAC


Logical Logical Logical

PHY PHY PHY PHY


PHY PHY PHY
End-Host-1 Intermediate- Intermediate- End-Host-2
Host-1 Host-2
   
Summary of Concepts
●
Layering
●
Inter-layer communication
●
Encapsulation
●
End-to-end versus hop-by-hop communication
●
Concepts not covered from Chapter-1 of
Peterson book:
– Packet switching
– Sockets
– Protocol graph
  – Bandwidth-Delay Product
  (BDP)

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