Chapter 16

Nonparametric Tests

True / False Questions

1. Nonparametric tests can often be used in small samples.
True

False

2. Nonparametric tests may require special tables for small samples.

True

False

3. Nonparametric tests generally are more powerful than parametric tests

when normality cannot be assumed.
True

False

4. Parametric tests generally are more powerful than nonparametric tests

when normality can be assumed.
True

False

5. Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is less convincing

than using an equivalent parametric test since nonparametric tests
generally make fewer assumptions.
True

False

6. Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is more

convincing than using an equivalent parametric test when the data are
badly skewed.
True

False

7. If the population is normal, we would still prefer a nonparametric test.

True

False

8. Most nonparametric tests assume ordinal data.

True

False

9. Most nonparametric tests require data measured on a ratio scale.

True

False

10 The one-sample runs test compares medians of two or more groups.

.
True False
11 The one-sample runs test uses binary data (only two possible values).
.
True False
12 The Spearman rank correlation test compares medians of two paired
. data sets.
True

False

13 The one-sample runs test uses a test statistic that is normally

. distributed, as long as the number of runs of each type is large
enough.
True

False

14 The one-sample runs test is useful to detect nonrandom patterns in

. time-series data.
True

False

15 The one-sample runs test is similar to a test for autocorrelation.

.
True False
16 The one-sample runs test is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after its
. inventors.
True

False

17 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare one sample median

. with a benchmark.
True

False

18 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare more than two

. sample medians.
True

False

19 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a one-sample parametric

. test of a mean.
True

False

20 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric two-sample

. t-test of means from independent samples.
True

False

21 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric t-test

. comparing three or more medians.
True

False

22 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is robust to outliers in the data if the

. population is at least somewhat symmetric.
True

False

23 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test does not assume a normal population,

. but it does require a roughly symmetric population.
True

False

24 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is less powerful than a one-sample test

. of a mean when the population is actually normal.
True

False

25 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test has good power over a range of

. nonnormal populations.
True

False

26 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is an alternative to the one-sample t-test

. for paired observations.
True

False

27 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used as a test
. for equality of two population medians.
True

False

28 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) requires two

. independent samples.
True

False

29 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used even if
. population variances are unequal.
True

False

30 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) utilizes the ranks of
. two independent samples.
True

False

31 The Mann-Whitney test is sometimes called the "Wilcoxon rank sum

. test" because it was formulated independently by different
statisticians.
True

False

32 We sometimes call the Wilcoxon rank sum test the Mann/Whitney test,
. but the two are the same.
True

False

33 The Mann-Whitney test is analogous to a one-sample t-test comparing

. a mean with a benchmark.
True

False

34 The Kruskal-Wallis test requires c independent samples (where usually

. c > 2).
True

False

35 The Kruskal-Wallis test applies even if the c samples to be compared

. are not independent.
True

False

36 The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the one-sample parametric t. test for a mean.
True

False

37 The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the parametric one-factor

. ANOVA.
True

False

38 The Kruskal-Wallis test does not require normal populations, but it does
. require them to be of similar shape.
True

False

39 The Kruskal-Wallis test is equivalent to comparing medians in c

. groups.
True

False

40 The Kruskal-Wallis test is a test for randomness in sequential data.

.
True False

41 The Kruskal-Wallis test is less useful in finance or marketing because

. normal populations can usually be assumed in financial or marketing
data.
True

False

42 The Kruskal-Wallis test is almost as powerful as one-factor ANOVA even

. when normality can be assumed.
True

False

43 The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to two-factor ANOVA

. without replication.
True

False

44 The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to a parametric one. sample t-test comparing a mean with a benchmark.
True

False

45 The Friedman test requires groups of equal size.

.
True False
46 The Friedman test compares medians when there are two grouping
. factors (rows, columns).
True

False

47 The Friedman test resembles the Kruskal-Wallis test except that there
. are two grouping factors (rows, columns) instead of one grouping
factor (columns).
True

False

48 The Friedman test is often almost as powerful as two-factor ANOVA

. without replication (randomized block design).
True

False

49 Spearman's rank correlation always lies within the range -1.00 to

. +1.00.
True

False

50 Spearman's rank correlation coefficient lies within the range 0 to 1.00

. inclusive.
True

False

51 Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British brewer who was

. testing beer samples.
True

False

52 Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British behavioral

. psychologist who was studying human intelligence.
True

False

53 Spearman's rank correlation is used to measure agreement in rankings

. of paired (x, y) data.
True

False

Multiple Choice Questions

54 All of these are nonparametric tests except:
.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Spearman rank correlation test.

Friedman test.
Student's t-test.
Kruskal-Wallis test.

55 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric two-sample t. test for means?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

56 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric k-sample test

. for means?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

57 Which nonparametric test is used to compare a one-sample median

. with a benchmark?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

58 Which nonparametric test has no parametric counterpart?

.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Spearman rank correlation test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

59 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric one-sample t. test for differences in paired data?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

60 Which nonparametric test would we use to compare ratings assigned

. to n pairs of bonds by two different rating agencies, if the bonds are
rated on an ordinal scale (Aaa, Aa, A, Baa, Ba B, etc.)?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

61 Which is not true of the one-sample runs test?

.
A. It is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after its inventors.
B. Its purpose is to detect nonrandomness.
C. It cannot be applied to sequential observations.
D. It is similar to a test for autocorrelation.
62 Which nonparametric test is used to detect nonrandomness in
. sequential observations?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

63 Which is a nonparametric test for runs (autocorrelation) in a sequence

. of binary data?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

64 Which parametric test resembles the nonparametric Spearman's rank

. test?

A.
B.
C.
D.

t-test of a correlation coefficient

t-test of two sample means
t-test of one sample mean
F-test of variances

65 Which nonparametric test is used to test for agreement in ranks of

. paired data?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Spearman test
Friedman test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

66 Twenty customers are randomly chosen and each is given a sample of

. Nut Butter ice cream to taste. The customers rank the taste of the ice
cream on a 10-point scale. Each is then given a sample of Chewy
Gooey ice cream to taste and rank on a 10-point scale. Based on the
20 customers' ratings of each flavor, the research analyst conducting
the survey wishes to determine if one flavor is preferred over the other.
Which nonparametric test would you use to determine if there is a
difference in the ratings?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

67 Which is not a characteristic of the Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney)

. test?

A. It can be used as a test for equality of two population medians.

B. It is analogous to a one-sample t-test comparing a mean with a
benchmark.
C. It requires independent samples from populations with equal
variances.
D. It is similar to one-factor ANOVA when we have c independent
samples.
68 Delta Air Lines wants to determine if the number of no-shows for flights
. originating from Detroit are higher than from Minneapolis. A sample of
20 flights from each city is taken and the number of no-shows is
determined for each flight. Which nonparametric test would you use to
determine whether the number of no-shows is greater in Detroit?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

69 The dean of Oxnard business school wants to know if there is a

. difference in computer skills in four majors (marketing, finance,
operations, accounting). A 20-question skills test is given to 10
randomly chosen students in each major. Which nonparametric test
could be used by the dean to see if there is a difference in computer
skills of students in the various majors?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test

70 Which is not a characteristic of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

.
A.
B.
C.
D.

It is analogous to the parametric one-factor ANOVA.

It does not make any assumptions about the populations.
It is useful in comparing the medians in c groups.
It does not require normal distributions of populations.

71 Individuals in four different age groups are asked to rate, on a scale of

. 1 to 10, three flavors of ice creams. Each group has the same number
of individuals. Median ratings by the individuals are grouped by the
flavor of ice cream and by age group. Which nonparametric test could
be used to see if there is a difference in median ratings among the four
age groups and three flavors?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test

72 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a two-factor ANOVA without

. replication?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test

73 If there are three or more populations with ordinal data, what is the
. appropriate test to determine whether the distributions are equal?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
t-test
ANOVA
Kruskal-Wallis test

74 Hoping to reduce the waiting time, a doctor's office tried a new way of
. scheduling its appointments. Populations of waiting times are believed
to be similar except in central tendency. However, waiting times may
not be normally distributed so a nonparametric test was chosen to
compare the waiting times. The Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney test results
are shown below:

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The medians differ at = .01.

The means differ at = .01.
The samples differ at = .01.
There are no differences at = .01.

75 At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
. child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
last Wednesday evening.
A, A, A, A, C, A, A, C, C, C, A, A, A, A, A, A, C, C, C, A, C, C, C, C
Which test would you choose to see if this pattern is random?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test
Wilcoxon test

76 At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
. child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
last Wednesday evening.
A, A, A, A, C, A, A, C, C, C, A, A, A, A, A, A, C, C, C, A, C, C, C, C
Which statement is most accurate?

A. Neither sample size (for outcomes A or C) is large enough for a runs

test using z.
B. Both sample sizes (for outcomes A and C) are large enough for a
runs test using z.
C. Only one outcome has a large enough sample for a runs test using
z.
D. This type of data would not be suited for a runs test using z.
77 A clinic has four doctors. They wish to compare the amount of time
. that doctors spend with their patients. It is suspected that times may
not be normally distributed but are otherwise assumed similar except
in center, so a nonparametric test was chosen. The Kruskal-Wallis test
results are shown below.

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The doctors have the same median times at = .01.

The doctors have different median times at = .01.
The sample size is insufficient for this kind of test.
A one-factor ANOVA would be a better kind of test.

78 Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

. for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .005
and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The test
results are shown below.

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The means are the same at = .01.

The medians are the same at = .01.
The means differ at = .01.
The medians differ at = .01.

79 Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

. for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .005
and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The test
results are shown below.

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The returns are correlated neither at = .05 nor at = .01.

The returns are correlated at = .05 but not at = .01.
The returns are correlated at = .01 but not at = .05.
The returns are correlated both at = .05 and at = .01.

80 Attendees at an outdoor concert can buy pavilion tickets (A) or lawn

. tickets (B). Below is the output for the one-sample runs to test whether
there is a pattern in 32 consecutive ticket purchases.

The best conclusion at = .05 would be:

A.
B.
C.
D.

the pattern is random.

there is a difference in medians.
the sample sizes are too small.
the sample sizes must be equal.

81 To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm shipped five

. orders to each of four different destinations over a six-month period.
Their total shipping costs are shown below.

Which nonparametric test would you use to compare the median

shipping costs among destinations and among shippers?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Lebesgue-Stieltjes test

82 At the Seymour Clinic, the total number of patients seen by three

. doctors over three days is as follows:

Which nonparametric test would you use to compare the median

number of patients seen by the doctors on each day?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Anderson-Darling test
Friedman test

83 Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was

. recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:

The appropriate hypothesis test to compare the medians is:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon test.
Kruskal-Wallis test.
Levene's test.
Friedman test.

84 You do not wish to assume normality in the population, yet you wish to
. compare central tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize MegaStat,
whose menu is shown here:

Which menu would you choose?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Hypothesis Tests
Nonparametric Tests
Correlation/Regression
Analysis of Variance

85 You do not wish to assume normality in the population, yet you wish to
. compare central tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize MINITAB,
whose menu is shown here:

Which menu would you choose?

A.
B.
C.
D.

ANOVA
Regression
Nonparametrics
EDA

Chapter 16 Nonparametric Tests Answer Key

True / False Questions

1.

Nonparametric tests can often be used in small samples.

TRUE
Special tables are required, however, when sample sizes are small.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

2.

Nonparametric tests may require special tables for small samples.

TRUE
Special tables (or suitable computer software) will be required for
small samples.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

3.

Nonparametric tests generally are more powerful than parametric

tests when normality cannot be assumed.
TRUE
When justified, parametric tests generally have more power.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember

Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

4.

Parametric tests generally are more powerful than nonparametric

tests when normality can be assumed.
TRUE
When justified, parametric tests generally have more power.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

5.

Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is less

convincing than using an equivalent parametric test since
nonparametric tests generally make fewer assumptions.
FALSE
Rejection in a nonparametric test is persuasive because fewer
assumptions are made.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

6.

Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is more

convincing than using an equivalent parametric test when the data
are badly skewed.
TRUE
Rejection in a nonparametric test is persuasive when normality is in
doubt.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.

Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

7.

If the population is normal, we would still prefer a nonparametric

test.
FALSE
When justified, parametric tests generally have more power.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

8.

Most nonparametric tests assume ordinal data.

TRUE
Many nonparametric tests convert ratio or interval data into ranks
(ordinal data).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

9.

Most nonparametric tests require data measured on a ratio scale.

FALSE
Many nonparametric tests convert ratio or interval data into ranks
(ordinal data).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

10.

The one-sample runs test compares medians of two or more groups.

FALSE
The runs test checks for randomness.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

11.

The one-sample runs test uses binary data (only two possible
values).
TRUE
Data may be any sequence of two values (e.g., + or -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

12.

The Spearman rank correlation test compares medians of two paired

data sets.
FALSE
To compare medians we use a Mann-Whitney test (Wilcoxon rank
sum test).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

13.

The one-sample runs test uses a test statistic that is normally

distributed, as long as the number of runs of each type is large
enough.
TRUE
As long as we have enough runs of each type, we can use a normal z
test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

14.

The one-sample runs test is useful to detect nonrandom patterns in

time-series data.
TRUE
Random pattern is essentially the null hypothesis.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

15.

The one-sample runs test is similar to a test for autocorrelation.

TRUE
We can use the runs test to check for autocorrelation in regression
residuals.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

16.

The one-sample runs test is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after
its inventors.
TRUE
Wald and Wolfowitz first demonstrated the runs test, so it goes by
either name.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

17.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare one sample

median with a benchmark.
TRUE
The null hypothesis is for one population median versus a target or
benchmark.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

18.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare more than two

sample medians.
FALSE
For two medians, we would use the Wilcoxon rank sum test (MannWhitney test).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

19.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a one-sample

parametric test of a mean.
TRUE
The idea is to test a measure of center (in this case, a median)
against a benchmark.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

20.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric twosample t-test of means from independent samples.
FALSE
For two medians, we would use the Wilcoxon rank sum test (MannWhitney test).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

21.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric t-test

comparing three or more medians.
FALSE
The null hypothesis is for one population median versus a target or
benchmark.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

22.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is robust to outliers in the data if the

population is at least somewhat symmetric.
TRUE
The test does require reasonably symmetric populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

23.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test does not assume a normal population,

but it does require a roughly symmetric population.
TRUE
The test does require reasonably symmetric populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

24.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is less powerful than a one-sample

test of a mean when the population is actually normal.
TRUE
When justified, a t-test of a mean would generally be more powerful.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

25.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test has good power over a range of

nonnormal populations.
TRUE
Studies show good power when populations are not too skewed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

26.

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is an alternative to the one-sample ttest for paired observations.
TRUE
One version of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test utilizes paired data.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

27.

The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used as a

test for equality of two population medians.
TRUE
This test for identical populations is a test of medians if variances
are equal.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

28.

The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) requires two

independent samples.
TRUE
Samples must be independent.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

29.

The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used even if
population variances are unequal.
FALSE
WMW is a test for identical populations, but it is a test for equal
medians if variances are equal.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

30.

The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) utilizes the ranks of
two independent samples.
TRUE
Raw data in each sample are converted into ranks.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

31.

The Mann-Whitney test is sometimes called the "Wilcoxon rank sum

test" because it was formulated independently by different
statisticians.
TRUE
This test has two names.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

32.

We sometimes call the Wilcoxon rank sum test the Mann/Whitney

test, but the two are the same.
TRUE
This test has two names.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

33.

The Mann-Whitney test is analogous to a one-sample t-test

comparing a mean with a benchmark.
FALSE
The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) compares two
populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

34.

The Kruskal-Wallis test requires c independent samples (where

usually c > 2).
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis compares several populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

35.

The Kruskal-Wallis test applies even if the c samples to be compared

are not independent.
FALSE
Samples must be independent in the Kruskal-Wallis test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

36.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the one-sample parametric ttest for a mean.
FALSE
Kruskal-Wallis compares several populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

37.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the parametric one-factor

ANOVA.
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis compares c population medians (similar to comparing
c means).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

38.

The Kruskal-Wallis test does not require normal populations, but it

does require them to be of similar shape.
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis is a test for identical populations but becomes a test
for equal medians if population shapes are the same.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

39.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is equivalent to comparing medians in c

groups.
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis is a test for identical populations, but it becomes a
test for equal medians if population shapes are the same.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

40.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is a test for randomness in sequential data.

FALSE
Kruskal-Wallis compares c population medians. To test for
randomness, you would use a runs test rather than a Kruskal-Wallis
test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

41.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is less useful in finance or marketing because

normal populations can usually be assumed in financial or marketing
data.
FALSE
Normal populations are rare in many business applications, so the KW test is useful.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

42.

The Kruskal-Wallis test is almost as powerful as one-factor ANOVA

even when normality can be assumed.
TRUE
Studies suggest that the K-W test is about as powerful as the F-test
(ANOVA).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

43.

The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to two-factor

ANOVA without replication.
TRUE
Unreplicated ANOVA data can be tested using the Friedman test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

44.

The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to a parametric

one-sample t-test comparing a mean with a benchmark.
FALSE
The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to two-factor
ANOVA without replication.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

45.

The Friedman test requires groups of equal size.

TRUE
By definition, there must be one observation per cell.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

46.

The Friedman test compares medians when there are two grouping
factors (rows, columns).
TRUE
We can think of the Friedman test as comparing medians if
population shape is similar.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

47.

The Friedman test resembles the Kruskal-Wallis test except that

there are two grouping factors (rows, columns) instead of one
grouping factor (columns).
TRUE
The Friedman test is analogous to unreplicated two-factor ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

48.

The Friedman test is often almost as powerful as two-factor ANOVA

without replication (randomized block design).
TRUE
The Friedman test has good power versus two-factor unreplicated
ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

49.

Spearman's rank correlation always lies within the range -1.00 to

+1.00.
TRUE
Spearman's rho lies between -1 and +1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

50.

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient lies within the range 0 to

1.00 inclusive.
FALSE
Spearman's rho lies between -1 and +1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

51.

Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British brewer who was

testing beer samples.
FALSE
Charles Spearman was a behavioral psychologist.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

52.

Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British behavioral

psychologist who was studying human intelligence.
TRUE
Charles Spearman was a behavioral psychologist studying human
IQs.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

53.

Spearman's rank correlation is used to measure agreement in

rankings of paired (x, y) data.
TRUE
Spearman's rho is similar in this regard to the usual (Pearson)
correlation.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

Multiple Choice Questions

54.

All of these are nonparametric tests except:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Spearman rank correlation test.

Friedman test.
Student's t-test.
Kruskal-Wallis test.

Student's t-test (Chapter 10) is a parametric test.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

55.

Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric two-sample

t-test for means?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

The Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test compares medians

(assuming that populations have similar shape).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

56.

Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric k-sample test

for means?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

The K-W test compares medians (assuming populations have similar

shape).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

57.

Which nonparametric test is used to compare a one-sample median

with a benchmark?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test compares a median with a benchmark

or target.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

58.

Which nonparametric test has no parametric counterpart?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Spearman rank correlation test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

The runs test is not quite like any parametric test.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

59.

Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric one-sample

t-test for differences in paired data?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

One version of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is for paired data.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

60.

Which nonparametric test would we use to compare ratings assigned

to n pairs of bonds by two different rating agencies, if the bonds are
rated on an ordinal scale (Aaa, Aa, A, Baa, Ba B, etc.)?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

One version of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is for paired data.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

61.

Which is not true of the one-sample runs test?

A. It is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after its inventors.

B. Its purpose is to detect nonrandomness.
C. It cannot be applied to sequential observations.
D. It is similar to a test for autocorrelation.
The runs test is for randomness in a sequence of two-valued data
(e.g., + and -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

62.

Which nonparametric test is used to detect nonrandomness in

sequential observations?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

The runs test is for randomness in a sequence of two-valued data

(e.g., + and -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

63.

Which is a nonparametric test for runs (autocorrelation) in a

sequence of binary data?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

The runs test is for randomness in a sequence of two-valued data

(e.g., + and -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

64.

Which parametric test resembles the nonparametric Spearman's

rank test?

A.
B.
C.
D.

t-test of a correlation coefficient

t-test of two sample means
t-test of one sample mean
F-test of variances

The t-test of a correlation coefficient can be used to test for zero

correlation.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

65.

Which nonparametric test is used to test for agreement in ranks of

paired data?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Spearman test
Friedman test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

To see if the ranks agree, we could use Spearman's rho.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

66.

Twenty customers are randomly chosen and each is given a sample

of Nut Butter ice cream to taste. The customers rank the taste of the
ice cream on a 10-point scale. Each is then given a sample of Chewy
Gooey ice cream to taste and rank on a 10-point scale. Based on the
20 customers' ratings of each flavor, the research analyst conducting
the survey wishes to determine if one flavor is preferred over the
other. Which nonparametric test would you use to determine if there
is a difference in the ratings?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

For two independent samples, use the Wilcoxon rank sum test
(Mann-Whitney).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

67.

Which is not a characteristic of the Wilcoxon rank sum (MannWhitney) test?

A. It can be used as a test for equality of two population medians.

B. It is analogous to a one-sample t-test comparing a mean with a
benchmark.
C. It requires independent samples from populations with equal
variances.
D. It is similar to one-factor ANOVA when we have c independent
samples.
The Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney test uses two samples (not c samples).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

68.

Delta Air Lines wants to determine if the number of no-shows for

flights originating from Detroit are higher than from Minneapolis. A
sample of 20 flights from each city is taken and the number of noshows is determined for each flight. Which nonparametric test would
you use to determine whether the number of no-shows is greater in
Detroit?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test

For two independent samples, use the Wilcoxon rank sum test
(Mann-Whitney).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

69.

The dean of Oxnard business school wants to know if there is a

difference in computer skills in four majors (marketing, finance,
operations, accounting). A 20-question skills test is given to 10
randomly chosen students in each major. Which nonparametric test
could be used by the dean to see if there is a difference in computer
skills of students in the various majors?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wald-Wolfowitz test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test

Because we have four samples, we would use the K-W test to

compare the medians.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.

Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

70.

Which is not a characteristic of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

A.
B.
C.
D.

It is analogous to the parametric one-factor ANOVA.

It does not make any assumptions about the populations.
It is useful in comparing the medians in c groups.
It does not require normal distributions of populations.

The K-W test requires populations of similar shape if we want to

compare medians.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

71.

Individuals in four different age groups are asked to rate, on a scale

of 1 to 10, three flavors of ice creams. Each group has the same
number of individuals. Median ratings by the individuals are grouped
by the flavor of ice cream and by age group. Which nonparametric
test could be used to see if there is a difference in median ratings
among the four age groups and three flavors?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test

This is a two-factor comparison using medians, so we would use

Friedman's test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

72.

Which nonparametric test is analogous to a two-factor ANOVA

without replication?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test

Friedman's test uses a two-factor experiment with one observed

median per cell.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

73.

If there are three or more populations with ordinal data, what is the
appropriate test to determine whether the distributions are equal?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
t-test
ANOVA
Kruskal-Wallis test

K-W is a test for identical populations (or equal medians, if

populations differ only in center).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

74.

Hoping to reduce the waiting time, a doctor's office tried a new way
of scheduling its appointments. Populations of waiting times are
believed to be similar except in central tendency. However, waiting
times may not be normally distributed so a nonparametric test was
chosen to compare the waiting times. The Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney
test results are shown below:

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The medians differ at = .01.

The means differ at = .01.
The samples differ at = .01.
There are no differences at = .01.

The p-value is less than .01 so we reject equal medians.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

75.

At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
last Wednesday evening.
A, A, A, A, C, A, A, C, C, C, A, A, A, A, A, A, C, C, C, A, C, C, C, C
Which test would you choose to see if this pattern is random?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test
Wilcoxon test

Use the runs test for sequences that indicate a nonrandom pattern.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

76.

At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
last Wednesday evening.
A, A, A, A, C, A, A, C, C, C, A, A, A, A, A, A, C, C, C, A, C, C, C, C
Which statement is most accurate?

A. Neither sample size (for outcomes A or C) is large enough for a

runs test using z.
B. Both sample sizes (for outcomes A and C) are large enough for a
runs test using z.
C. Only one outcome has a large enough sample for a runs test using
z.
D. This type of data would not be suited for a runs test using z.
We need 10 runs of each type to assume normality.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

77.

A clinic has four doctors. They wish to compare the amount of time
that doctors spend with their patients. It is suspected that times may
not be normally distributed but are otherwise assumed similar
except in center, so a nonparametric test was chosen. The KruskalWallis test results are shown below.

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The doctors have the same median times at = .01.

The doctors have different median times at = .01.
The sample size is insufficient for this kind of test.
A one-factor ANOVA would be a better kind of test.

The p-value is less than .01.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

78.

Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .
005 and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The
test results are shown below.

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The means are the same at = .01.

The medians are the same at = .01.
The means differ at = .01.
The medians differ at = .01.

The p-value is less than .01.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

79.

Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .
005 and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The
test results are shown below.

Which is the best conclusion?

A.
B.
C.
D.

The returns are correlated neither at = .05 nor at = .01.

The returns are correlated at = .05 but not at = .01.
The returns are correlated at = .01 but not at = .05.
The returns are correlated both at = .05 and at = .01.

The correlation differs from zero at =.05 and .01 (close decision).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test

80.

Attendees at an outdoor concert can buy pavilion tickets (A) or lawn

tickets (B). Below is the output for the one-sample runs to test
whether there is a pattern in 32 consecutive ticket purchases.

The best conclusion at = .05 would be:

A.
B.
C.
D.

the pattern is random.

there is a difference in medians.
the sample sizes are too small.
the sample sizes must be equal.

The p-value is greater than .05 so we cannot reject randomness.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test

81.

To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm shipped five

orders to each of four different destinations over a six-month period.
Their total shipping costs are shown below.

Which nonparametric test would you use to compare the median

shipping costs among destinations and among shippers?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Lebesgue-Stieltjes test

Like unreplicated two-factor ANOVA except that data are converted

to ranks.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

82.

At the Seymour Clinic, the total number of patients seen by three

doctors over three days is as follows:

Which nonparametric test would you use to compare the median

number of patients seen by the doctors on each day?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Anderson-Darling test
Friedman test

Like unreplicated two-factor ANOVA except that data are converted

to ranks.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples

83.

Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was

recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:

The appropriate hypothesis test to compare the medians is:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Wilcoxon test.
Kruskal-Wallis test.
Levene's test.
Friedman test.

Like one-factor ANOVA except that data are converted to ranks.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples

84.

You do not wish to assume normality in the population, yet you wish
to compare central tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize
MegaStat, whose menu is shown here:

Which menu would you choose?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Hypothesis Tests
Nonparametric Tests
Correlation/Regression
Analysis of Variance

We need the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test for c medians.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-08 Use computer software to perform the tests and obtain p-values.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?

85.

You do not wish to assume normality in the

ANOVA
population, yet you wish to compare central
tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize MINITAB,
whose menu is shown here:

Which menu would you choose?

A.
B.
C.
D.

Regression
Nonparametrics
EDA

We need the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test for c medians.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-08 Use computer software to perform the tests and obtain p-values.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?