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Course Outline 1
Matrix Methods for Structural
Analysis

1. Fundamental Principles of Structural Analysis

Part I Fundamentals & The Flexibility

Method

Bedilu Habte
Civil Engineering, AAU

Deformations in framed structures

Equilibrium and Compatibility
Principle of Superposition
Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices

October 2014
Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Course Outline 2

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Course Outline 3
3. The Stiffness Method

2. The Flexibility Method

Basic Concepts
Flexibility of Prismatic Members
Action Transformation and System Flexibility
Equation

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Basic concepts

Stiffness of Prismatic Members

Axis Transformation and Master Stiffness Equation

Direct Stiffness Method & Solution Procedure

4. Additional Topics for the Stiffness Method

Solution Procedures

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

References

Curved Members

Non Prismatic Members

Oblique Supports

Elastic Supports

Discontinuities in Members

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Revise
1. Matrix Manipulation

1. Matrix Analysis of Framed Structures

by Weaver & Gere

2. Matrix Structural Analysis

by McGuire & Gallagher

3. Any other Matrix Structural Analysis books

Addition, subtraction, multiplication

Determinant, inverse,
Solution of simultaneous equations
Sub-matrix

2. Determinate Structures

Condition for stability & determinacy of structures

Analysis of determinate structures

Forces in truss, beam, plane frame
Deflection of determinate structures
Moment-area, Conjugate-beam, Virtual Work

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Topics

Software for the course

Introduction

Practice how to use:

Deformations in Framed Structures

SciLab

Equilibrium and Compatibility

Static & Kinematic Determinacy

A free software for scientific computation and

visualzation.

Structural Analysis Methods

Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices

http://www.scilab.org

Equivalent Joint Load

Principle of Superposition

http://www.scilab.org/products/scilab/downloads
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Energy Concepts
7

Introduction

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Introduction
Classification of structures (Analytical models)

The objectives of structural analysis are: to

1. Skeletal structures: consist of line elements

determine the reactions and the displacement

at various points of interest, and to evaluate
stresses and strains within the elements
present in the structure.
All structural forms used for load transfer
from one point to another are 3-D in
nature. Using the fact that one or two
dimensions are smaller than the other(s),
analytical models of the structure are
adopted for simplicity.
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2D Models

3D Models

Plane Trusses

Grids

Beam

Space Trusses

Plane Frames

Space Frames

2. Plated structures: plates & shells

3. Solid structures: have all three dimensions
Actions/stresses in structures may be:

Axial: in cables, truss elements, arches, membranes

Flexural: in beams, frames, grids, plates
Torsional: in grids, 3D frames
Shear: Frames, grids, shear walls
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Deformations in Framed Structures

Deformations in Framed Structures

Deformations in framed structures:

Axial:

Bending:
Shear:

Torsional:

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Equilibrium and Compatibility

Equilibrium and Compatibility

Equilibrium equations set the externally

applied loads to be equal to the sum of the
internal forces at all joints or node points of a
structure.
In simple form, the equilibrium equations in
three dimensional coordinate system are:

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Compatibility condition
refers to the continuity of
displacements and must also
be satisfied. In the analysis
of a structural system of
discrete elements, all
elements connected to a
joint or node must have the
same absolute displacement
at that node.
13

14

Static indeterminacy may be internal or

external (or both), depending on the
redundancy. The total number of releases
required to make a structure statically
determinate is called the degree of statical
indeterminacy.

Overall statical classification of plane structures

Statically

This truss system is

statically determinate

Derive similar relationships for the statical

classification of space (3D) truss and frame
structures.
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Structural Analysis Methods

Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

The force method:

The degree of kinematic indeterminacy refers to the

number of independent joint displacements that are
unknown and are needed to describe the displaced
shape of the structure. It is also known as the
number of degrees of freedom.

the redundant(s) of a statically indeterminate

structure are removed and solutions are
obtained by setting the relative
displacements at the redundant(s) to zero.
The displacement method:

This truss system is

kinematically
Indeterminate to
the 2nd degree
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Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

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constraints are added to the structure, and

subsequently equations are written satisfying
the equilibrium conditions, the solution of
which is the constrained displacements.
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Flexibility and Stiffness Matrices

Equivalent Joint Load

In matrix structural analysis, loads must be

placed at the joints.

D f A
A s D
Where:
A is the action, D is the displacement, f is the
flexibility coefficient and s is the stiffness
coefficient of the spring.
D 1 f 11 A1 f 12 A 2

Equivalent joint load

D 2 f 21 A1 f 22 A 2
[ D ] [ f ][ A ]
A1 s 11 D 1 s12 D 2
A 2 s 21 D 1 s 22 D 2
[ A ] [ s ][ D ]
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Contents

Principles of Superposition
The forces acting on a structure may be separated or
divided into any convenient fashion and the structure
analyzed for the separate cases. Then the final
results can be obtained by adding up the individual
results.

Principle of Superposition

Flexibility & Stiffness

Energy Methods

1. the geometry of the structure is not appreciably

altered under load, and

Strain Energy

2. the structure is composed of a material in which

the stress is linearly related to the strain.

Castiglianos Theorem

Virtual Work

Provided:

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Principle of Superposition

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Flexibility & Stiffness

The principle of superposition

A, D

the deflection at a given point in a structure

Where:
A is the action, D is the displacement, f is the
flexibility coefficient and s is the stiffness
coefficient of the spring.

produced by several loads acting

simultaneously on the structure can be found
by superposing deflections at the same point

D f A

produced by the loads acting individually.

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A s D
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Flexibility & Stiffness

A1,D1

Energy Methods

A2,D2

Are techniques to study the consequences of

deformation in structures .
They are useful for the formulation of the

D1 f11 A1 f12 A2

A1 s11 D1 s12 D 2

stiffness and flexibility matrix of an element

in a structure and also for the analysis of

D 2 f 21 A1 f 22 A2 A2 s 21 D1 s 22 D 2
[ D ] [ f ][ A ]

[ A ] [ s ][ D ]

Flexibility equation

Stiffness equation

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indeterminate structures as a whole.

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Strain Energy

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Strain Energy
Stresses Strains Displacements

Defined as:

the work stored within the structure due to

the deformation it undergoes.

u
u v
xy
x
y x
v
u w
y
xz
y
z x
w
w v
z
yz

z
y z
(u,v,w) are the x, y and z
x

x
y

z
xy

y
yz xy
xy
zy
x

z zx xz

yz
zx

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Strain Energy

components of displacement

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

dV
T

1
2

dV
T

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Evaluated as the internal work of strains

multiplied by incremental stresses,
integrated over the volume.

1
2

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Complementary Strain Energy

Evaluated as the internal work of

stresses acting through incremental
strains, integrated over the volume.

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External Work of Loads

Complementary Work of Loads

Evaluated similarly as the strain energy:

Evaluated similarly as the complementary

strain energy:
A

1
A T D
2

1
D T A
2

D
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Conservation of Energy

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1st Theorem:

The work of loads W equals the strain energy

U stored in the structure
1
T
W U D S D
2

If the strain energy of an elastic structure can

be expressed as a function of a set of
displacement , the first partial derivative of
that function, with respect to a particular
displacement equals the corresponding
action.

Conservation of Complementary Energy:

Leads to W* equals U*
*

U*

U
Aj
D j

1
A T F A
2

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Castiglianos Theorems

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Virtual Work Principle

2nd Theorem:

The external virtual work of the real actions A

multiplied by virtual displacements D is
equal to the internal virtual work of the real
stresses multiplied by the virtual strains
, integrated over the volume.

If the complementary strain energy is

expressed as a function of a set of applied
actions, the first partial derivative of that
function, with respect to a particular action
equals the corresponding displacement.

W A T D

U *
Dj
A j
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Castiglianos Theorems

Conservation of Energy:

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dV
T

V
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Complementary Virtual Work

Unit Load/ Unit Displacement

The external work of the virtual actions A

multiplied by real displacements D is equal
to the internal work of the virtual stresses
multiplied by the real strains ,
integrated over the volume.

A D

Unit Displacement Method:

to obtain stiffness coefficients

A j 1

j dV

Unit Load Method:

to obtain flexibility coefficients

T
dV

1 D j

T
j

dV

V
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Matrix Methods
Contents
Use matrix equations to analyze the truss and loading
shown below.

Matrix Methods Truss Analysis

The Flexibility Method Basic Approach

The Flexibility Method - Beam

The Flexibility Method - Truss

Other Effects; Fixed End Actions

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Matrix Methods

Matrix Methods
External & internal unknowns (3+5 = 8)
4*2 = 8 equilibrium equations available
Assume all
member forces
are tension (+ve)

Equilibrium equations are:

Y
X

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Equation

Joint

Axis

R1 + F14 + 0.6F13 = 0

R2 + F12 + 0.8F13 = 0

10 + F23 = 0

-5 F12 = 0

-F23 0.6F13 + 0.6F34 = 0

-5 0.8F13 0.8F34 = 0

-F14 0.6F34 = 0

0.8F34 + R3 = 0

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Equation

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Matrix Methods

Matrix Methods

Matrix form of equilibrium equations:

Eqn.

R1

R2

R3

F12

F14

0.6

F23

F34

-10
5

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1
1

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X =A\b
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

-1

A =

RHS

0.8

Solving the equilibrium equations (SciLab):

F13

0.6

-0.8

-0.6

0.8

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0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

0. 0. 0.6 1.
0. 1. 0.8 0.
0. 0. 0. 0.
0. - 1. 0. 0.
0. 0. - 0.6 0.
0. 0. - 0.8 0.
0. 0. 0. - 1.
1. 0. 0. 0.

0. 0.
0. 0.
1. 0.
0. 0.
- 1. 0.6
0. - 0.8
0. - 0.6
0. 0.8

Solution is:
R1
R2
R3
F12
F13
F14
F23

b = [0
43

Matrix Methods

0 -10 5

0 5

0 0]'

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-10.
0.833
9.167
- 5.
5.2083
6.875
- 10.
- 11.4583

F34
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The Flexibility Method - General

In this method the degree of static indeterminacy of the
structure is determined and the redundants are identified.
A coordinate is assigned to each redundant.
Thus, Aq1, Aq2 , Aqn are the redundants at the
coordinates 1,2, n. If all the redundants are removed,
the resulting structure known as primary-structure, is
statically determinate.

The Flexibility method is also called 1)Force Method 2)Static

Method 3)Compatibility Method.

From the principle of superposition the total displacement

at any point in statically indeterminate structure is the sum
of the displacements in the basic structure due to the
applied loads and the redundants. This is known as the
compatibility condition and may be expressed by the
following equations.

Similarly the Stiffness method is also called 1)Displacement

Method 2) Kinematic Method 3)Equilibrium Method.
Both force & displacement methods are used for the analysis of
indeterminate structures.

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The Flexibility Method - General

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The Flexibility Method Basic Approach

D1 = D1(AL)+ D1(Aq) Where D1 Dn = Displ. at co-ord. 1,2 n

D2 = D2(AL)+ D2(Aq) D1(AL) Dn(AL) = displ. at coord. 1,2 n
| | |
due to aplied loads
|
D1(Aq) Dn(Aq) = displ. at coord. 1,2 n
Dn = Dn(AL)+ Dn(Aq)
due to redudants

The above equations may be written in compact form as

[D] = [DL] + [DAq]
[D] = [DL] + [F] [Aq]

- - - - - - (2)
- - - - - - (3)

where [F] is the array of flexibility coefficients

D1 = D1(AL)+ f11 Aq1 + f12 Aq2 + - - - - - f1nAqn
D2 = D2(AL)+ f21 Aq1 + f22 Aq2 + - - - - - f2nAqn
| | | |
|
| | | |
|
(2)

If the net (total) displacements at the redundants are zero

then

Dn = Dn(AL)+ fn1 Aq1 + fn2 Aq2 + - - - - - fnnAqn

D1, D2 Dn = 0,

[Aq]= [F]-1 {[D] [DL]}

Then [Aq] = - [F] -1 [DL]

- - - - - - (4)

- - - - - - (5)

The redundants Aq1, Aq2, Aqn are thus determined.

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The Flexibility Method - Beam

The Flexibility Method - Beam

Da = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to all
causes
Dao = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to
applied load (Redundant removed i.e condition Aqa = 0)
Daa = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to Aqa
( i.e Redundant )
faa = Upward Deflection of A on primary structure due to Aqa = 1;
this is the flexibility coefficient (faa).

Method of consistent deformation is the basis of the method

Redundant forces are made the primary unknowns

Daa = faa . Aqa

Da = Dao + Daa Substituting for Daa
Da = Dao + faa . Aqa
Superposition equation
Due to compatibility, the net displacement at A = 0 i.e
Da = 0 we get Aqa = Dao / faa

Beam is indeterminate to 1st degree

A stable and determinate structure (primary structure) is obtained by
removing the vertical reaction at A (AqA) as redundant.

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Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

The Flexibility Method - Beam

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Flexibility Method Beam

Analyze the beam shown below using the basic flexibility method.

L3
f aa
3EI
wL4
Dao
8EI
Da DaL Aqa f aa

L1

Given: W = 5(n+1)
P = 10(n+1)
M = 5n+1
L1=L2-1.5=L3-1=2.5+0.2n
where n is your roll number

D
3wL
Aqa aL

f aa
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L3

L2

Da 0

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Flexibility method Truss

Flexibility method Truss

Using the virtual load method (Virtual work):

Member

pPL/A

p2L/A

AB

2A/sqrt(3)

2L/sqrt(3)

-P

-1/sqrt(3)

PL/(A.sqrt(3))

L/(3A)

AC

L/A

AD

4A/sqrt(3)

2L/sqrt(3)

-1/sqrt(3)

-PL/(2A.sqrt(3))

L/(6A)

SUM

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Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

PL/(2A.sqrt(3)) 3L/(2A)

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Effect of temperature, prestrains & support settlement

The Flexibility Method Other Unknowns

Using principle of superposition

{DQ} = {DQL} + {DQT} + {DQP} + {DQR} + [F] {Aq} - - - - - - (7)

{DJ} = {DJL} + [DJR]{Aq}

{AM} = {AML} + [AMR]{Aq}
{AR} = {ARL} + [ARR]{Aq}

{DQC}
Let {DQC} = {DQL} + {DQT} + {DQP} + {DQR}
[Q]= [F]-1 ({DQ} {DQC})

where DJL = joint disp in primary structure due to loads

DJR = joint disp in primary structure due to unit value of redundant
AML = member end action in primary structure due to loads
AMR = in primary structure due to unit value of redundant
ARL = support reaction in primary structure due to loads
ARR = in primary structure due to unit value of redundant
Effect of temperature change, prestrains, and support settlement are
accommodated in the first equation by replacing {DJL} by {DJC} but not in
the remaining two.
where {DJC} = {DJL} + {DJT} + {DJP} + {DJR}

- - - - - - (8)

where
{DQL} displacement due to applied loads on released structure
{DQT} displacement due to temperature change on released structure
{DQP} displacement due prestrain (initial displacement from any cause)
{DQR} displacement due restraint (support) settlement not selected as
redundant supports

Refere Text book Section 2.4

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Flexibility Method Basic Approach Procedure

Flexibility Matrix Formalized Approach

Basic Approach Recap
Flexibilities of Prismatic Members

Flexibility equation: Compatibility is written as

D D L f R

Flexibility for a Truss Member

where:
D array of the total displacement on the structure (known)
DL array of displacements on the released structure due to the
applied action
R array of redundant forces to be solved
f matrix of flexibility coefficients

Flexibility for a Beam Member

Flexibility for a Plane Frame Member
Flexibility for a Grid Member
Flexibility for a Space Frame Member

Transformation from member flexibility matrix to

assembled system flexibility matrix

R f 1 D D L

Solution of System flexibility equations

Determination of member forces, joint

displacements and support reactions

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If D is zero.
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R f 1 D L

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Flexibility for Truss Member

Flexibility Method Basic Approach Procedure

Effects other than loading: if a structure is subjected to
the effect of temperature, pre-strain or support settlement,

D DL DT DP DS f R
where:
DT array of displacements on the released structure due to
temperature
DP ditto due to pre-strain
DS ditto due to support settlement

EA

FMi

If D is [0],

R f 1DL DT DP DS
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Flexibility for Beam Member

Flexibility for Plane Frame Member

L3

FMi 3EI2
L
2 EI

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L2
2 EI
L
EI

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L
EA

FMi 0

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Flexibility for Grid Member

0
L
GJ
0

L2
2 EI

L
EI

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Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

0
0

0
0
0
L2
2 EIz

L3
3 EIy

0
0
0

L
GJ

L2
2 EIy

L
EIy

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0
0

L3
3EI y

L
GJ

2EI y

L
EI y

L2
2EI y

0
2
L

2EIz

EIz

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Principles of Conservation of Energy: the work of loads

equals the strain energy stored in the structure. For linearly
elastic structures, U = W and U* = W*, which could be
expressed as:

D T s D
T
U * W * 12 A f A
U W

62

Recall Energy Methods

Flexibility matrix of a space frame element

L3
3 EIz

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L
0
EA

L3
0
3EIZ

0
0
FMi
0
0

0
0

L2
0
2EIz

Formalized Flexibility Method

L
EA
0

0
f
0
0

L3
3EI
L2
2 EI

Flexibility for Space Frame Member

L3
3EI

FMi 0
2
L
2 EI

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Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

0
L2
2 EI
L

EI

0
0

L2
2 EIy

0
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0
0

EIz

L2
2 EIz

1
2

using A s D
using D

f A

Principles of virtual work: the external virtual work of

the real action equals the work of the real stresses times
the virtual strains.
T

W A D

U T dv
V

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Formalized Flexibility Method

Formalized Flexibility Method

Flexibility equation

Structure Flexibility equation in compact form

D M f M A M

D Mi f Mi AMi

for an individual element

called unassembled flexibility equation.

for the whole structure with n elements (arranged in matrix form)

DM1 f M1
D 0
M2
... 0

DMi 0
... 0

DMn 0

0
fM 2

0
0

0
0

...

f Mi

0
0

0
0

0
0

Relationship between Am and As (member vs. structure

actions related through equilibrium equations)

0 AM1
0 AM 2
0 0 ...

0 0 AMi
... 0 ...

0 f Mn AMn
0
0

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AM BMS AS
AJ
B MJ B MQ
AQ

where:
BMS : action transformation matrix
AS, AJ, and AQ : structure-, joint- as well as redundantactions
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Formalized Flexibility Method

Formalized Flexibility Method

Arbitrary virtual load: AS = [AJ AQ] would cause a member

force of:
A
A M B MS A S B MJ B MQ J

Structure displacement:

External complementary virtual work: is given by

In terms of joint and redundant

displacements:

A Q

AS D S AJ

the structure flexibility equation

is obtained as

DJ

DQ

AQ T

AM

D J f JJ

D Q f QJ

f JQ A J

,
f QQ A Q

Equating complementary virtual works: W *=U*

T

f M B MS A S

fS AS
T

f M B MS

where

f JJ B MJ f M B MJ
T
f QJ B MQ f M B MJ

f S B MS

where

D S

Internal complementary virtual work: is given by

B MS

i .e ,

68

f JQ B MJ f M B MQ
T
f QQ B MQ f M B MQ

A Q f QQ

the redundant action is given by:

f QJ A J

A S D S AM D M

A S B MS
Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

the member forces is given by:

M

B MS A S
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Formalized Method Solution Procedure

A M A Mf B MJ A J B MQ A Q

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Formalized of the Flexibility Method

Steps in applying the formalized flexibility method

5. Form the member flexibility matrix (unassembled)

[FM] from the individual members

{ D M } [ FM ] { AM }

1. Establish the idealized structure and identify the

nodal points (load points, support points &

member connection points)
2. Identify the internal member forces and specify
the redundants
3. Select system coordinates where external forces
are applied and where displacement
measurements are desired
4. Select element coordinates so that system
coordinates occur only at their ends

0
{DM 1} [ FM 1 ]
{D } 0
[
F
M
2
M2]

... 0
0

`
0
{DMi } 0
... 0
0

0
{DMn } 0

0
0
...
0
0 [ FMi ]
0
0
0

0 { AM 1}
0 { AM 2 }
0 ...

0 { AMi }
0 ...

0 [ FMn ] { AMn }
0

0
0
0
...

6. Calculate [BMJ] as the matrix of internal forces for

unit values of Applied forces {AJ} (only one force acts

at a time)

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Formalized Flexibility Method

Formalized Flexibility Method

7. Calculate [BMQ] as the matrix of internal forces for

9. Partition the system flexibility matrix as

unit values of Redundant forces {AQ} (only one force

acts at a time)
Action transformation matrix [BMS] which relates
{AM} and {AS} (member vs. structure actions related
through equilibrium equations) is formed from both
[BMJ] & [BMJ] considered as partitions
[BMS] = [BMJ | BMQ]
8. Calculate the assembled system flexibility matrix [FS]
[FS] = [BMS]T[FM] [[BMS] or
[FS] = [BMJ|BMQ]T[FM] [BMJ|BMQ]
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Formalized Flexibility Method

DJ FJJ

DQ FQJ

DS

[ FJJ ] [ BMJ ]T [ FM ][BMJ ] [ FJQ ] [ BMJ ]T [ FM ][BMQ ]

[ FQJ ] [ BMQ ]T [ FM ][BMJ ] [ FQQ ] [ BMQ ]T [ FM ][BMQ ]
10. Calculate the redundant forces {AQ} from the
partitioned equation

{AQ} [FQQ ]1 {DQ} [FQJ ]{AJ }

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Formalized Flexibility Method

11. Calculate the internal forces and displacements

Example Analyze the truss shown below using the

{ A M } { A MF } [ B MJ ]{ A J } [ B MQ ]{ A Q }

formalized method.

{ D J } [ F JJ ]{ A J } [ F JQ ]{ A Q }

where {AMF} represents fixed end action

Use P1=10kN, P2=5kN

12. Compute the support reaction

{ AR } { ARC } [ BRS ]{ AS }

FJQ AJ

, where
FQQ AQ

EA=constant for all members

AJ
{ ARC } [ BRJ BRQ ]
AQ

where {ARC} denotes the combined loads (actual &

equivalent) applied at supports

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Beam Example

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Beam Example - continued

Beam has two DOF (rotation both at the roller-supports Dj1 and
Dj2); it is indeterminate to the 2nd degree, hence

Analyse the beam shown below using the generalized

flexibility method

Step 1. To create a primary structure, the moment reaction at the

fixed-support is removed and also a hinge is inserted just to the
right of the middle support (Aq1 and Aq2).

Step 2. Flexibility matrix of a beam element and the unassembled

structure flexibility matrix are given by:

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L3
L2

2 EI
f Mi 3 EI2
L
L

EI Civil
2 EIAnalysis, AAiT
Matrix Methods for Structural

f
Fm M 1
0
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Beam Example - continued

Beam Example - continued

Step 2. Unassembled structure flexibility matrix :

F M

1 4 .5

EI 0

4 .5

3
0

0
4 .5

2 .25

Step 4. Assembled structure flexibility matrix Fs:

0
0
2 .25

1 .5

Fs B ms Fm B ms

Step 3. Action Transformation Matrix Bms:

1 / 3
1
Bms
0

1/3

0
1/3

0
0

1
0
0 .5
1

0 .5

0 .5
0

0
1

0 . 25

0 .5

1
0 . 25
0 .5

1 .5

Step 5. The redundant actions are obtained as:

1 / 3
1
1/3

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7 . 5 kNm

Aj

Amf 15

Aq fqq \ fqj Aj
79

7 .5

7 .5

10

0 . 75
1 . 5 kNm

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Plane Frame Example

Beam Example - continued

Step 6. Member end forces

Analyze the plane frame shown below using the formalized

flexibility method

15 . 75
9

Am Amf Bms As
7

For both members use:

E = 200GPa
I = 200E6 mm4
A = 5000 mm2

Step 7. Structure displacement :

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Dj
Dq Fs As

1 . 125

1 3 . 375
Aj ; Aq Fs
0
EI

Ds

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Plane Frame Example (continued)

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Flexibility matrix of a plane frame element and the unassembled

structure flexibility matrix are given by:

f Mi

DOFs

L
EA
0
0

0.6

f M1 1 0
E

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Plane Frame Example - continued

The frame has four DOFs and it is statically indeterminate to the

2nd degree

Primary structure &

redundants

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0
3

L
3 EI
L2
2 EI

L
2 EI
L

EI
0

0
0

45
0.0225
0.0225 0.015x103

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

f
Fm M 1
0
0.8

f M 2 1 0
E

f M 2

0
0

106.667
0.04
0.04
0.02x103

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Plane Frame Example - continued

Plane Frame Example - continued

Action Transformation Matrix Bms:

Unassembled structure flexibility matrix :

0
0
0
0
0
0.0015
0
0
.
225
0
.
0001125
0
0
0

8
0
0.0001125 7.5 x10
0
0
0
FM

0
0
0
0
.
002
0
0

0
0
0
0
0.533333 0.0002

0
0
0
0
0.0002 1x10 7

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Plane Frame Example - continued

0
0
0
0

1 0
Bms
0
0
0 1

0
1

0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0

0
1
3000

1 0 0
1
0 0 1
0

0 1 0 3000

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Plane Frame Example - continued

Assembled structure flexibility matrix Fs:

Fs B ms T Fm B ms

The redundant actions are obtained as:

Amf 0
0.0000002

- 0.0002

0.

1.000E-07

-0.0002

- 0.0002

0.5333333

0.

-0.0002

0.5333333

0.

0.

1.000E-07
- 0.0002
0.0001120

0.002

0.

- 0.0002

0.

1.000E-07

0.5333333

0.

0.0006

-0.0002

0.

0.5348333

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

Aj 15000

0.0006

67 . 5

10 15 45 x10 3 T

0.002

-0.0002

0.002 -0.0000003

0.0001120

30 15000 0 67.5 45000

0.0006

-0.0000003

Aq fqq \ fqj Aj check kN

0.0006
0.2263266

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Contents

Plane Frame Example - continued

Basics

Vectors and Matrices

More Matrix Operations

Plotting Graphs

Further Topics

Redundant forces:

Structure displacement :

Ds Dj ; Dq As Fs
Aj ; Aq Fs
0 .00344 0 . 03644 0 .02969
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0 .00286
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Basics

Basics

Scilab

is a software for computation and visualization

is developed in 1990 at INRIA (France)
is open source & free of charge
has all matrix operations as built in functions
excellent tool for subjects involving matrices

SciLab window

has a built-in programming language

has a number of toolboxes:
2-D and 3-D graphics, animation, linear algebra,

sparse matrices, polynomials and rational functions,

differential equation solvers, etc
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Basics

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Basics

Simple calculations

Variables

>> (-1+2+3)*5 - 2/3 // simple arithmetic

>> 2^3 // 2 to the power 3

>> 10-3 // values are stores in ans

ans =
7.
>> a=2; b=3; // declaring variables

>> exp (2) // e to the power of 2

>> %e // constant e
>> %pi // constant
>>
>>
>>
>>

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Civil -

>> c=b-2*a
c=
-1.
>> y= sqrt(-4); // y = 2.i (imaginary)
>> Y= acos(-0.5); // case sensitive, y<>Y

cos( %pi/3 ) // trig functions.

sin( %pi/4 )
22/7 4*atan(1.0)
6*(5/3) - 10 // round-off error

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Vectors and Matrices

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Vectors and Matrices

Matrices

Vectors

Separate the elements of a row with blanks or commas.

Use a semicolon ; or a new line at the end of each row.
Surround the entire list of elements with square brackets, [ ].

>> A = [1 2 3]; B = [4,3,2] // row vector

>> C = [0.5; 1; 1.5] // column vector
>> f=2*A; D=A+B; e=B-A; At = A //algebra
>> s=A*B; sc=sum(A .* B) // dot product
What about cross product??
>> a=[1:3] // means [1, 2, 3], range
>> b=[1:0.5:3] // means [1,1.5,2,2.5,3]
>> v = linspace(0,9,5) //[0, 2.25, 4.5, 6.75, 9]

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A = [1 2 3; 4,3,2; -1 3, 2] // 3x3 matrix

p=A(1:2,2:3), A(1,:), A(:,2) //sub-matrix

s=size(p) // 2x2

B = [-1 2.5 3; 1 1, 1]

c=B*A; d=c-2*B; b=A/A, S=A^2

e = A .* A // element-wise product

D = [A;B] // Juxtapose

z=zeros(3,2),o=ones(2,3),y=eye(4,3)
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Plotting Graphs

More Matrix Operations

Matrices
The element in row i and column j of A is denoted by

x = 0:%pi/100:2*%pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)
Label the axes and add a title.
xlabel('x = 0:2\pi')
ylabel('Sine of x')
title('Plot of the Sine Function','FontSize',12)

A(i , j)

A = [-1 3 1; 1,3,2; 3 0, 1] // 3x3 matrix

d=det(A), inv(A), diag(A), diag([1 2 -1])
Solution of simultaneous equations
Let b = [-1; 2.4; 3]
To solve for A*x = b, use
x = A \ b //

Multiple graphs
y2 = sin(x-0.25); plot(x,y,x,y2)
legend('sin(x)','sin(x-.25)');

R = rand(3,3)
D = R*inv(R)
v = clean(R*inv(R))

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Further Topics

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Graph Example

Working with Polynomials

Matrix of polynomials
Calculus, DEs
3D graphs
Functions
Programming

function [x,y,z] = f3(alpha,theta)

x = cos(alpha).*cos(theta);
y = cos(alpha).*sin(theta);
z = sinh(alpha);
endfunction
alphagrid = linspace(-%pi/2,%pi/2,40);
thetagrid = linspace(0,2*%pi,20);
[x1,y1,z1] = eval3dp(f3, alphagrid, thetagrid);
plot3d1(x1,y1,z1);

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