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Dynamic Properties of Dielectrics E F (T) : P + P (T) 0 P (T) (P P)

The document discusses the dynamic properties of dielectrics when subjected to changing electric fields over time. It provides equations to model polarization (P) as a function of time based on the applied electric field (E) and how P reaches both a static (Ps) and infinite frequency (P∞) limit based on static (εs) and infinite frequency (ε∞) permittivities. It also discusses the Debye model of polarization relaxation and introduces the response function and related models like the stretched exponential. Measurement techniques in both the time and frequency domains are presented along with polarization mechanisms and the Maxwell-Wagner model of interfacial polarization.

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Fari Pratomosiwi
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64 views

Dynamic Properties of Dielectrics E F (T) : P + P (T) 0 P (T) (P P)

The document discusses the dynamic properties of dielectrics when subjected to changing electric fields over time. It provides equations to model polarization (P) as a function of time based on the applied electric field (E) and how P reaches both a static (Ps) and infinite frequency (P∞) limit based on static (εs) and infinite frequency (ε∞) permittivities. It also discusses the Debye model of polarization relaxation and introduces the response function and related models like the stretched exponential. Measurement techniques in both the time and frequency domains are presented along with polarization mechanisms and the Maxwell-Wagner model of interfacial polarization.

Uploaded by

Fari Pratomosiwi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chalmers University of Technology

Dynamic properties of dielectrics E = f(t)


Pr (t) = (Ps P ) [1 (t t 0 )]

P(t) = P + Pr (t)

(0) = 1
(t) =
() = 0

0 Pr (t) (Ps P )
P, E
E
P

Ps

transient function - (t)


Pr(t)

P
t0

Chalmers University of Technology

Dynamic properties of dielectrics E = f(t)


Ps = 0 ( s 1)E

s - static permittivity

P = 0 ( 1)E

- permittivity at high frequencies

P(t) may therefore be represented as

P(t) = 0 ( 1) E + 0 ( s ) [1 (t t 0 )] E
where E means the step increase of electric field at t0

Chalmers University of Technology

Dynamic properties of dielectrics E = f(t)


According to the superposition principle
for E(t) = E1(t) + E2(t) + E3(t) +........
one gets P(t) = P1(t) + P2(t) + P3(t) +........
E(t)

P(t) = 0 ( 1) E i + 0 (s ) [1 (t t 0i )] E i
E4
E2
E1

t01

Ei

E3

t02 t03

t04

Chalmers University of Technology

Dynamic properties of dielectrics E = f(t)


E(t)

t0

E(t )

dt0

E(t )

P(t) = 0( 1) dE+ 0(s ) [1(t t0)]dE


0

or

dE
P(t) = 0( 1)E(t) + 0(s ) [1(t t0)] dt0
dt
0

Chalmers University of Technology

Dynamic properties of dielectrics E = f(t)


after integrating by parts

P(t) = 0 ( 1)E(t) 0 ( s ) (t t 0 ) E(t 0 )dt 0

one can introduce the response function

( s ) (t t 0 ) = f (t t 0 )
and the polarisation will be
t

P(t) = 0( 1)E(t) + 0 f(t t0 ) E(t0 )dt0

Chalmers University of Technology

Dynamic properties of dielectrics E = f(t)


since

D = 0E + P

D(t) = 0 E(t) + 0

f (t t

) E(t 0 )dt 0

immediate effect

delayed effect

a complete description of the dynamic properties in


dielectrics requires knowledge of the permittivity values
s and , as well as the response f(t) function

Chalmers University of Technology

Polarisation in alternating fields

E = Eme

jt

D (t) = 0 E m e jt + 0

f (t t 0 ) E m e

j t 0

dt 0

by substituting

t t 0 = x t 0 = t x and dt0 = dx

one gets

D (t ) = 0 E m e j t + 0 E m f ( x ) e j ( t x ) dx
0

D (t ) = 0 +

f (x ) e
0

jx

dx E m e j t

Chalmers University of Technology

Dispersive formula of polarisation

( ) = + f (t) e

jt

dt

relaxation polarisation

dielectric losses

( ) = + f (t) (cos t jsin t )dt =


0

+ f (t) cos tdt j f (t) sin tdt


0
144
42 4 44
3

0
1
4
42 44
3

( ) = ( ) j ( )

Chalmers University of Technology

Debye response function

P, E

E
P

Ps

dP r
( Ps P r )
dt

Pr(t)
P
t0

after integrating

t t0

Pr (t) = (Ps P ) 1 exp


and the response function is

s
t

f (t ) =
exp

Chalmers University of Technology

Debye polarisation
the dispersive formula of polarisation leads to

s
( ) = +
1 + j

s
( ) = +
1 + 2 2

s )
(
( ) =
1 + 2 2

Chalmers University of Technology

Debye polarisation

0 =

= lim ( )

s = lim ( )
0

d
<0
d
d 2
1
for =
2 =0
0
d
d
1
= 0 for =
0
d


tg =

Chalmers University of Technology

Polarisation mechanisms

electronic
molecular or ionic
dipole or orientation
hopping
interfacial

time

frequency

Chalmers University of Technology

Measurements
time domain
polarisation &
depolarisation
currents

frequency domain
Fourier transform
dielectric
permittivity &
losses

return voltage

Chalmers University of Technology

Time domain response


f(t)

Stretched exponential + General response


Curie von Schweidler t-n

Debye e

-t/

-n -t/

Stretched exponential
t e
n

m -1

General response ((t/t0) +(t/t0) )

log(Time)

Chalmers University of Technology

Frequency domain response


log

Stretched exponential + General response, (nummerical)

Curie von Schweidler n-1

Debye /(1+( )2 )
General response (nummerical)
Stretched exponential Re((m+i )n-1 )

log( )

Chalmers University of Technology

Frequency domain response


Stretched exponential + General response, (nummerical)

log

Curie von Schweidler

n-1

General response (nummerical)

Debye () /(1+( ) )
n-1

Stretched exponential Im((m+i )


log( )

Chalmers University of Technology

Interfacial polarisation
Maxwell- Wagner two-layer capacitor
Initial field distribution due to a step-like excitation

1 , 1
2 , 2

d1
d2

D1 = D 2

E1 / E 2 = 2 / 1

Final field distribution after a step-like excitation

J1 = J 2
E1 / E2 = 2 / 1

Chalmers University of Technology

Transient in M-W capacitor (step-like excitation)


v = v1 + v
R1

C1

R2

C2

I = C1

v1 = v

dv 1 v1
dv
v
+
= C2 2 + 2
dt
R1
dt
R2

C1 =

A
1
d1

R1 =

d1
A 1

after solving
R1 C2 R2 t /
e
1 1
R1 + R2

R2 C1 R1 t /
v2 = v
e
1 1
R1 + R2

A
2
d2
d2
R2 =
A 2
C2 =

R1 R2 (C1 + C 2 ) 1d 2 + 2 d1
=
R1 + R2
1d 2 + 2 d1

Chalmers University of Technology

M-W capacitor under ac field


circuit admitance
Y

I
Y 1Y 2
=
v
Y1 + Y

where
2

Y1 =

1
1 + j
+ j C1 =
R1
R1

j C

= +
j
1 + j

etc.

Chalmers University of Technology

M-W capacitor under ac field

d /0
=
d1 d 2
+

2
1

d /0
d1
d
+ 2

1 2

1 + d 1 d

1
2

1d 2 + 2 d 1
=
1d 2 + 2 d 1

1
1

2
2
d1

d1

1 2

1
d1
1 2
1

2

1

2
2

d2

2
d2
+

Chalmers University of Technology

M-W capacitor under ac field

Chalmers University of Technology

M-W capacitor under ac field


d1

d2

1
2

One can make a continuous


transition to a multilayer system

Chalmers University of Technology

M-W capacitor under ac field


a

a - sheets
c

b - spheres
c - ellipsoids
d - cylinders

tan

Chalmers University of Technology

New research areas


Dielectric and other properties of composite materials

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