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Foundations of Computer Science - Chapter 1

This chapter provides an introduction to foundations of computer science including the Turing and von Neumann models of computation, computer components of hardware, software and data, a brief history of computers from the 1940s to present, some social and ethical issues related to computing, and an overview of computer science as an academic discipline.

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Shaun Neville
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2K views

Foundations of Computer Science - Chapter 1

This chapter provides an introduction to foundations of computer science including the Turing and von Neumann models of computation, computer components of hardware, software and data, a brief history of computers from the 1940s to present, some social and ethical issues related to computing, and an overview of computer science as an academic discipline.

Uploaded by

Shaun Neville
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Foundations of Computer Science

Second Edition
BEHROUZ FOROUZAN
FIROUZ MOSHARRAF

Chapter 1
Introduction

Outlines
z
z
z
z
z
z

Turing Model
von Neumann Model
Computer Components
History
Social and Ethical Issues
Computer Science as a Discipline

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Objectives
After studying this chapter, the student should be able to:
z Define the Turing model of a computer.
z Define the von Neumann model of a computer.
z Describe the three components of a computer: hardware,
data, and software.
z List topics related to computer hardware.
z List topics related to data.
z List topics related to software.
z Discuss some social and ethical issues related to the use of
computers.
z Give a short history of computers.

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1-1 Turing Model

Data Processors

A computer acts as a black box that accepts


input data, processes the data, and creates
output data.

Figure 1.1 A single purpose computing machine

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Programmable Data Processors(1)


The idea of a universal computational device
was first described by Alan Turing in 1937.
He proposed that all computation could be
performed by a special kind of a machine,
now called a Turing machine.

Programmable Data Processors(2)


z

The Turing model is a better model for a generalpurpose computer. This model adds an extra element
to the specific computing machine: the program. A
program is a set of instructions that tells the computer
what to do with data.

Figure 1.2 A computer based on the Turing model

An Example

Figure 1.3 The same program, different data

Another Example

Figure 1.4 The same data, different programs

The Universal Turing Machine


A Universal Turing Machine, a machine that can do
any computation if the appropriate program is
provided, was the first description of a modern
computer.
It can be proved that a very powerful computer and a
universal Turing machine can compute the same
thing.
We need only provide the data and the program
the description of how to do the computationto
either machine.
In fact, a Universal Turing Machine is capable of
computing anything that is computable.

10

1-2 von Neumann Model

11

Overview
z
z

12

Computers built on the Turing universal


machine store data in their memory.
Around 19441945, John von Neumann
proposed that, since program and data are
logically the same, programs should also be
stored in the memory of a computer.

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von Neumann Model


z
z

Every computer today is based on the von


Neumann Model.
It is based on 3 ideas:
1.
2.
3.

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Four subsystems
Stored Program Concept
Sequential Execution of Instructions

Four Subsystems
z
z
z
z

14

Memory the storage area of programs and data.


ALU arithmetic/logic operations take place
Control Unit control Memory, ALU, and I/O
I/O accept input data/send output data

Figure 1.5 The von Neumann model

Stored Program Concept


z
z

15

The von Neumann model states that


the program must be stored in memory.
The memory of modern computers
hosts both

a program

its corresponding data

Sequential Execution of Instructions


z
z

A program is made of a finite number of instructions.


The control unit

16

fetches one instruction from memory


interpret it
execute it

The instructions are executed one after another.

1-3 Computer Components

17

Overview

18

A computer is made up of three


components: computer hardware, data,
and computer software.
Computer hardware today has four
components under the von Neumann model

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Storing Data

20

Store data in the form of an electrical signal,


specifically its presence or absence.

This implies that a computer can store data in one of


two states.

Binary number system

Data Organization

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Although data should be stored only in one form (a binary


pattern) inside a computer,
data outside a computer can take many forms.

Data come in different forms:


Numbers
Text
Images
Audio
Video

Requirements of
von Neumann model
1.

2.

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The programs must be


stored in memory. (Fig. 1.6)
The programs must be
a sequence of instructions. (Fig. 1.7)

Algorithms
A programmer should

23

first solve the problem in a step-by-step manner


and then
try to find the appropriate sequence of
instructions that solves the problem.

The step-by-step solution


is called an algorithm.

Operating Systems
z

24

An operating system originally worked as a manager


to facilitate access of the computer components for a
program.

1-4 History

25

Before 1950
z
z

26

Mechanical machines (before 1930)


Early electronic computers (1930-1950)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator)
first general-purpose, totally electronic
computer
University of Pennsylvania, 1946

1950

27

The preceding computers used memory only


for storing data.

EDVAC
the first computer based on von Neumanns
idea,
University of Pennsylvania,1950

Computer generations
(1950-present)
z
z

28

First generation (1950-1959)


vacuum tubes
Second generation (1959-1965)
transistors,
High-level languages(FORTRAN, COBOL)
Third generation (1965-1975)
IC(Integrated Circuit),
Minicomputer, software industry was born
Fourth generation (1975-1985)
VLSI,
microcomputer
Fifth generation (1985-)
laptop and palmtop computer

Microcomputer
z

Microcomputers are designed to be used by


individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations
or notebook computers.
A microcomputer contains

29

a CPU on a microchip (the microprocessor),


a memory system (typically ROM and RAM),
a bus system and
I/O ports,

typically housed in a motherboard.

1-5 Social and Ethical Issues

30

Social issues
z

Dependency

Social Justice

Using computers at home is a luxury benefit that not all people can
afford.

Digital Divide

31

Some people think that computers have created a kind of


dependency, which makes peoples lives more difficult.

The concept divides society into two groups: those who are
electronically connected to the rest of society and those who are not.

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Ethical issues
z

Privacy

Copyright

The Internet has created opportunities to share ideas, but


has also brought with it a further ethical issue: electronic
copyright.

Computer Crime

32

Much needs to be done to make this type of communication


private.

Computers and information technology have created new


types of crime.

1-6 Computer Science as a


Discipline

33

Computer Science as a Discipline


z We can divide computer science into two
broad categories: systems areas and
applications areas.
z This book is a breadth-first approach to all
these areas.

34

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