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Transformations of Functions

This document discusses transformations of functions including vertical and horizontal shifting, reflecting graphs, vertical and horizontal stretching and shrinking, and even and odd functions. It provides examples of applying each type of transformation to graphs of common functions such as quadratic, cubic, square root, and absolute value functions. Examples are included of determining if a given function is even, odd, or neither based on its behavior under reflection about the y-axis or origin.

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277 views

Transformations of Functions

This document discusses transformations of functions including vertical and horizontal shifting, reflecting graphs, vertical and horizontal stretching and shrinking, and even and odd functions. It provides examples of applying each type of transformation to graphs of common functions such as quadratic, cubic, square root, and absolute value functions. Examples are included of determining if a given function is even, odd, or neither based on its behavior under reflection about the y-axis or origin.

Uploaded by

el_koptan00857693
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 2.

5 Transformations of Functions
Vertical Shifting

EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f (x) = x2 to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = x2 + 3

(b) h(x) = x2 2

EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f (x) = x3 9x to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = x3 9x + 10

(b) h(x) = x3 9x 20

EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f (x) = x3 9x to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = x3 9x + 10

(b) h(x) = x3 9x 20

Horizontal Shifting

EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f (x) = x2 to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = (x + 4)2

(b) h(x) = (x 2)2

EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f (x) = x2 to sketch the graph of each function.
(a) g(x) = (x + 4)2

(b) h(x) = (x 2)2

EXAMPLE: How is the graph of y = f (x 3) + 2 obtained from the graph of f ?


Answer: The graph shifts right 3 units, then shifts upward 2 units.
EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of f (x) =

x 3 + 4.

Reflecting Graphs

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of each function.

(a) f (x) = x2
(b) g(x) = x
3

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of each function.

(a) f (x) = x2
(b) g(x) = x

EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f (x) =


Step 1: f (x) =

Step 2: f (x) =

Step 3: f (x) = 1 + x (reflection)

EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f (x) =

x, use transformations to graph f (x) = 1

1 + x (horizontal shift)

Step 4: f (x) = 1

1 + x (vertical shift)

x, use transformations to graph f (x) = 1

1 + x.

1 x.

EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f (x) =


Step 1: f (x) =

x, use transformations to graph f (x) = 1


Step 2: f (x) =

Step 3: f (x) = 1 + x (reflection)

Step 5: f (x) = 1

1 + x (horizontal shift)

Step 4: f (x) = 1

1 x (reflection about the y-axis)

1 x.

1 + x (vertical shift)

Vertical Stretching and Shrinking

EXAMPLE: Use the graph of f (x) = x2 to sketch the graph of each function.
1
(a) g(x) = 3x2
(b) h(x) = x2
3

EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f (x) below, sketch the graph of 12 f (x) + 1.

EXAMPLE: Given the graph of f (x) below, sketch the graph of 12 f (x) + 1.

EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = 1 2(x 3)2 .

Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking

EXAMPLE: The graph of y = f (x) is shown below.

Sketch the graph of each function.


(a) y = f (3x)

(b) y = f

1
x
3

EXAMPLE: The graph of y = f (x) is shown below.

Sketch the graph of each function.


(a) y = f (2x)

(b) y = f

1
x
2

EXAMPLE: The graph of y = f (x) is shown below.

Sketch the graph of each function.


(a) y = f (2x)

(b) y = f

1
x
2

Even and Odd Functions

REMARK: Any function is either even, or odd, or neither.


PROPERTY: Graphs of even functions are symmetric with respect to the y-axis. Graphs of
odd functions are symmetric with respect to the origin.
IMPORTANT: Do NOT confuse even/odd functions and even/odd integers!

EXAMPLES:
1. Functions f (x) = x2 , x4 , x8 , x4 x2 , x2 + 1, |x|, cos x, etc. are even. In fact,
if f (x) = x2 , then f (x) = (x)2 = x2 = f (x)
if f (x) = x4 , then f (x) = (x)4 = x4 = f (x)
if f (x) = x8 , then f (x) = (x)8 = x8 = f (x)
if f (x) = x4 x2 , then f (x) = (x)4 (x)2 = x4 x2 = f (x)
if f (x) = x2 + 1, then f (x) = (x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1 = f (x)
if f (x) = |x|, then f (x) = | x| = |x| = f (x)
if f (x) = cos x, then f (x) = cos(x) = cos x = f (x)
One can see that graphs of all these functions are symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
2. Functions f (x) = x, x3 , x5 , x3 x7 , sin x, etc. are odd. In fact,
if f (x) = x, then f (x) = x = f (x)
if f (x) = x3 , then f (x) = (x)3 = x3 = f (x)
if f (x) = x5 , then f (x) = (x)5 = x5 = f (x)
if f (x) = x3 x7 , then f (x) = (x)3 (x)7 = x3 + x7 = (x3 x7 ) = f (x)
if f (x) = sin x, then f (x) = sin(x) = sin x = f (x)
One can see that graphs of all these functions are symmetric with respect to the origin.
3. Functions f (x) = x + 1, x3 + x2 , x5 2, |x 2| etc. are neither even nor odd. In fact,
if f (x) = x + 1, then
f (1) = 1 + 1 = 0,

f (1) = 1 + 1 = 2

so f (1) 6= f (1). Therefore f (x) = x + 1 is neither even nor odd.


if f (x) = x3 + x2 , then
f (1) = (1)3 + (1)2 = 1 + 1 = 0,

f (1) = 13 + 12 = 2

so f (1) 6= f (1). Therefore f (x) = x3 + x2 is neither even nor odd.


if f (x) = x5 2, then
f (1) = (1)5 2 = 1 2 = 3,

f (1) = 15 2 = 1 2 = 1

so f (1) 6= f (1). Therefore f (x) = x5 2 is neither even nor odd.


if f (x) = |x 2|, then
f (1) = | 1 2| = | 3| = 3,

f (1) = |1 2| = | 1| = 1

so f (1) 6= f (1). Therefore f (x) = |x 2| is neither even nor odd.

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