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QUESTION - Which of the following is not correct about calloc(...)?

C interview part 4

C interview part 6

-It allocates a block of memory for an array of elements of a certain size.

-It allocates an array in memory with elements initialized to 0 and returns a pointer to the allocated space.
-It allocates memory blocks and returns a void pointer to the allocated space, or NULL if there is insufficient memory available.
-All of above are correct

C interview part 7

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C interview part 5

C interview part 8

QUESTION - How can we reduce a final size of executable?

C interview part 9
-by using dynamic linking for libraries.
-by using static linking for libraries.
-Both are correct
-None of above are correct

C interview part 10
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C interview test - (42 questions)

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C interview part 14
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C Bit operations
C function and pointers
C functions

QUESTION - Which of the following is correct for "register" keyword?

-It is used to make the computation faster.
-The register keyword tells the compiler to store the variable onto the CPU register if space on the register is available.
-Using the register keyword can actually slowdown the operations if the usage is incorrect.
-All are correct
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C pointers
C preprocessor
C Structures and Union

QUESTION - Recursive data structures are almost always implemented with memory from the __________
-stack
-heap
-processor
-RAM
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QUESTION - Which of the following is not true for main() function?

-It is the first function to be called when the program starts execution.
-The function main() invokes other functions within it.
-It returns an int value to the environment that called the program.
-Recursive call is not allowed for main()
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QUESTION - Which of the following is not correct about stack?

-A stack is one form of a data structure.
-Data is stored in stacks using the FILO approach.
-Both top and rear end of the stack are accessible
-Storing data in a stack is referred to as a PUSH
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QUESTION - Which of the following is correct for header files?

-Header files are also called as library files.
-They carry two important things: the definitions and prototypes of functions being used in a program.
-stdio.h is a header file that contains definition and prototypes of commands like printf and scanf.
-All of above are correct
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QUESTION - static variables are local in scope to the block or file in which they are defined, but their
lifespan is throughout the program.
-True
-False
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QUESTION - Which of the following is not correct for static variables?

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-The value of a static variable in a function is retained between repeated function calls to the same function.
-static variables are allocated on the heap
-static variables do not retain its old value between function calls
-The scope of static variable is local to the block in which it is defined.
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QUESTION - One that can be modified by the class even when the object of the class or the member
function doing the modification is const it is known as______________
-member function
-mutable member
-constant member
-none of these
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QUESTION - A __________is a single-parameter constructor that is declared without the function specifier
explicit.
-converting constructor
-copy constant
-dangling pointer
-none of these
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QUESTION - What function should be used to release allocated memory which is no longer needed?
-free()
-dealloc()
-release()
-dropmem()
-unalloc()
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QUESTION - What is mean by inverted file?

-A file which stores opposite records
-Locates information about data in small files that are maintained apart from actual data record
-A file which stores information about records of a system
-None of above
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QUESTION - The size of a structure can be determined by

a. size of variable name
b. size of (struct tag)
-Only a
-Only b
-Both a and b
-None of these options
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QUESTION - What function should be used to free the memory allocated by calloc() ?
-dealloc();
-malloc(variable_name, 0)
-free();
-memalloc(variable_name, 0)
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QUESTION - What is the similarity between a structure, union and enumeration?

-All of them let you define new values
-All of them let you define new data types
-All of them let you define new pointers
-All of them let you define new structures
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QUESTION - In C, if you pass an array as an argument to a function, what actually gets passed?
-Value of elements in array
-First element of the array
-Base address of the array
-Address of the last element of array
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QUESTION - The library function used to find the last occurrence of a character in a string is
-strnstr()
-laststr()
-strrchr()
-strstr()
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QUESTION - Identify which of the following are declarations

-extern int x;
-float square ( float x ) { ... }
-double pow(double, double);
-None of these
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QUESTION - When we mention the prototype of a function?

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-Defining
-Declaring
-Prototyping
-Calling
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C interview questions - May 31, 2013 at 11:55 AM by Kshipra Singh

What do you mean by a sequential access file?

- While writing programs that store and retrieve data in a file, it is possible to designate that file into different forms.
- A sequential access file is such that data are saved in sequential order: one data is placed into the file after another.
- If you want to access a particular data within the sequential access file, data has to be read - one data at a time, until you reach the data you
want.

Explain zero based addressing.

- The array subscripts always start at zero.
- These subscript values are used to identify the elements in the array.
- Since subscripts start at 0,arrays are said to use zero-based addressing.

Are bit fields portable?

- No, Bit fields are not portable.
- Since Bit fields cannot span machine words and the number of bits in a machine word is different on different machines, a particular program
using bit fields might not compile on some machines.
- One should avoid using bit fields except when the machines can directly address bits in memory and the compiler can generate code.

Explain high-order and low-order bytes.

- The numbers are written from left to right in the decreasing order of significance. Similarly, the bits in a byte of computer memory can be
considered as digits of a number written in base
- The byte holding the least significant 8 bits is called the low-order byte.
- The byte holding the most significant 8 bits is the most significant byte, or high- order byte.

What are the different types of endless loops?

An endless loop can be of two types
i.) A loop that is intentionally designed to go round and round until the condition within the loop is met. Once the condition is met, a break
function gets the program out of the loop.
ii.) A loop condition written by mistake, causing the loop to run erroneously forever. Endless loops are also referred to as infinite loops.

Why are all header files not declared in every C program?

- Declaring all header files in every program would lead to increase in the overall file size and load of the program. It is not a good
programming.
- The choice header files that you want to declare in the program depends on the commands/functions you want to use in the program. Each
header file contains different commands and functions. So we use only the files relevant to our program.

Which one would you prefer - a macro or a function?

It actually depends on the purpose of the program!
- In case of macros, the corresponding code is inserted directly into your source code at the point where macro is called. There is no overhead
involved in using a macro.This makes the Macros more efficient and faster than functions. However, macros are usually small and cannot
handle large, complex coding constructs. So, if it is a complex situation that the program wants to handle, functions are more suitable.
- Macros are expanded inline - this means that every time a macro occurs, the code is replicated. So, the code size in case of usage of macros
will be larger in comparison to functions.
So, the choice of using macros or functions actually depends of your requirement - speed vs program size.
If your program contains small, repeated code sections, you should use Macros. If the program requires, large number of unique code lines you should prefer functions.

What is break statement?

- A break statement causes the loop to terminate. The control then passes to the statement following the body of the loop.

Explain spaghetti programming.

- Spaghetti programming refers to codes that tend to get tangled and overlapped throughout the program.
- It makes a program complex and analyzing the code becomes difficult. It usually happends due to the lack of work experience on developer's
part.

Differentiate between the = symbol and == symbol?

- The = symbol is usually used in mathematical operations. It is used to assign a value to a given variable while the == symbol is a relational
operator that is used to compare two values.

What are actual arguments?

- When some functions are created and used to perform an action on some given values, some values need to be passed to them. The values
that are passed into the called function are referred to as actual arguments.

What is a newline escape sequence?

- A newline escape sequence is represented by the \n character.
- It is used to insert a new line while displaying the output data.
- To add more spaces you can use more \n characters.

How many levels deep can include files be nested?

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- As such, there is no limit to the number of levels of nested include files you can have but your compiler might run out of stack space while
trying to include an inordinately high number of files. This number depends on your hardware configuration and compiler.
- Although it is legal to nest include files yet you must avoid it. An include level should be created only where it is required and makes sense,
like creating an include file that has an #include statement for each header required by the module you are working with.

What are pre-processor directives?

- Pre-processor directives are placed at the beginning of a C program. They begin with # symbol.
- This is the place, where library files are specified depending on the functions to be used in the program.
- Pre-processor directives are also used for declaration of constants.

What are compound statements?

- Compound statements are made up of two or more program statements which are executed together. They can be executed with a loop.
- Curly brackets { } are placed before and after compound statements.
- Compound statements are usually used while handling conditions in which a series of statements are executed when a TRUE or FALSE is
evaluated.

How does placing some code lines between the comment symbol help in debugging the code?
- Placing comment symbols /* */ around a code isolates some code that the coder believes might be causing the errors in the program, without
deleting it. - If the code is correct, you can just remove the comment symbols, without needing to retype it.
- If it is wrong, you can just remove it.

Is it possible to pass an entire structure to functions?

Yes, it is possible to pass an entire structure to a function in a call by method style. Some programmers prefer to declare the structure globally,
then pass a variable of that structure type to a function. It helps in maintaining the consistency and uniformity in terms of argument type.

What are header files? What are their uses?

- Header files are also called as library files.
- They carry two important things: the definitions and prototypes of functions being used in a program.
- For example: stdio.h is a header file that contains definition and prototypes of commands like printf and scanf.

Is it possible to create your own header files?

- Yes, it is possible to create a customized header file.
- To do this, you just need to include the function prototypes that you want to use in your program in it, and use the #include directive followed
by the name of your header file.

Why is a semicolon (;) put at the end of every program statement?

- It is done for parsing process and compilation of the code.
- A semicolon acts as a delimiter. This tells the compiler where each statement ends, and can proceed to divide the statement into smaller
elements for checking the syntax.

How do you access the values within an array?

- Arrays contain a number of elements, depending on the size you assigned it during variable declaration.
- Each element is assigned a number from 0 to number of elements-1.
- To assign or retrieve the value of a particular element, refer to the element number. For example: if you have a declaration that says
intmarks[6];, then you have 6 accessible elements, namely: marks[0], marks[1], marks[2], marks[3], marks[4] and marks[5].

What is the role of && operator in a program code?

- The && is also referred to as AND operator.
- When this operator is used, all conditions specified must be TRUE before the next action can be carried out.
- If any of the conditions is false, the whole statement is false.

Differentiate between functions getch() and getche().

- Both functions accept a character input value from the user.
- When getch() is used, the key that was pressed will not appear on the screen. It is automatically captured and assigned to a variable.
- While when getche() is used, the key that was pressed by the user appears on the screen and is assigned to a variable.

What are the various types of control structures in programming?

- Mainly there are 3 types of control structures in programming: Sequence, Selection and Repetition.
- Sequential control follows a top- down flow in executing a program. This means that step 1 is first executed, followed by step 2 and so on.
- Selection means dealing with conditional statements. This means that the code is executed depending on the evaluation of conditions a
TRUE or FALSE. It means that not all codes may be executed and there are alternative flows within.
- Repetitions are also called as loop structures. They will repeat one or two program statements as set by a counter.

Differentiate between the expression ++a and a++?

- With ++a, the increment happens first on variable a, and the resulting value is used. This is called as prefix increment.
- With a++, the current value of the variable will be used in an operation. This is called as postfix increment.

What are control structures?

- Control structures decide which instructions in the program should be executed.
- This implies that the program flow may not necessarily move from one statement to the next one. Some alternative portions may be executed
depending on the conditional statements.

Explain enumerated types.

- Enumerated types allow the programmers to use more meaningful words as values to a variable.
- Each item in the enumerated type variable is actually associated with a numeric code. For an enumerated type variable named Months can be
created. Its values can be January, February,....December.

Are comments included during the compilation stage and placed in the EXE file as well?
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- No, comments encountered by the compiler are disregarded.

- Their only purpose is guidance and ease of programmer. They have no effect on the functionality of the program.

Define the scope of static variables.

The scope of a static variable is local to the block in which the variable is defined..............
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What are volatile variables?

Volatile variables get special attention from the compiler. A variable declared with the volatile keyword may be modified externally from the
declaring function................
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Explain the meaning of "Segmentation violation".

A segmentation violation usually indicates an attempt to access memory which doesn't even exist............
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What is "Bus error"?

A bus error indicates an attempt to access memory in an illegal way,perhaps due to an unaligned pointer...........
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Define recursion in C
A programming technique in which a function may call itself. Recursive programming is especially well-suited to parsing nested markup
structures.............
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What does static variable mean in C?

static is an access qualifier that limits the scope but causes the variable to exist for the lifetime of the program....................
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List out differences between structures and arrays

The following are the differences between structures and arrays: - Array elements are homogeneous. Structure elements are of different data
type.............
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Define macros. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Macros?

A macro is a name given to a block of C statements as a pre-processor directive. Being a pre-processor, the block of code is communicated to
the compiler before entering............
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List out differences between pass by reference and pass by value

Pass by value always invokes / calls the function or returns a value that is based on the value. This value is passed as a constant or a variable
with value.............
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Define static identifier in C?

The static identifier is used for initializing only once, and the value retains during the life time of the program / application. A separate memory is
allocated for static variables............
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What are the auto variables? Where are they stored?

The auto variables are stored in the memory of the system. The keyword auto is optional. Many of the variables used by the program.............
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List out differences between arrays and linked list

The difference between arrays and linked lists are: - Arrays are linear data structures. Linked lists are linear and non-linear data
structures............
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Explain the term enumerations in C

A set of named integer constants is known as an enumeration. The enumeration type declaration includes the name of the enumeration tag and
the definition of a set of named integers............
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Describe about storage allocation and scope of global, extern, static, local and register variables
The storage allocation / class determine the memory part where the storage space is allocated for variables, functions and how long the
allocation of storage continues to exist............
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Define register variables. What are the advantages of using register variables?
The variables of register type modifier will inform the compiler for storing the variables in a register of CPU.............

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What is the use of typedef?

The keyword typedef is used for defining user defined data types. A new definition of existing data types is created by using typedef...............
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Can we specify variable field width in a scanf() format string? If possible how?
It is possible to specify variable field width in a scanf() format string. By using %s control string...........
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Out of fgets() and gets() which function is safe to use and why?
The function fgets() function is safer to use. It checks the bounds.........
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List out differences between strdup() and strcpy()

The function strcpy() will not allocate the memory space to copy..............
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What is the difference between char *a and char a[]?

For char[] array, such size is not accepted by the compiler. If the size is specified, the following are the differences between char *a and char
a[]...........
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Define void pointer

A void pointer is pointer which has no specified data type. The keyword void is preceded the pointer variable.............
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What is a const pointer?

A const pointer is not the pointer to constant, it is the constant. For example, int* const ptr; indicates that ptr is a pointer..............
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Explain memory leak

An unwanted increase in programs is referred as a memory leak is C language. The intake of program increases...............
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What is static memory allocation and dynamic memory allocation?

Static Memory Allocation: Memory is allocated for the declared variable by the compiler............
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What is the purpose of main( ) function?

The function main() calls / invokes other functions within it. The execution of the program always starts with main() function...........
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What is the difference between #define and constant in C?

A #define is used as immediate constant or as a macro. Where as the constant is a variable whose value can not change.............
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What are storage class in c?

The scope and lifetime of a variable or / and function within a C program is defined by storage class. There are four storage classes in
C............
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cquestion
read
anurag 09-20-2014 05:49 AM
C Interview questions and answers
What are near and far pointers?
Near and Far pointers are system specific and the use of it, has been decreased over the years, it has now become obsolete. These are
supported by 16-bit programming languages. To know the machine that doesnt require these kinds of pointers, use a preprocessor or remove
the unnecessary near, far pointer keywords.
How can I change the size of the dynamically allocated array?
You can change the size of the array if it is defined dynamically, by using the realloc() function. realloc() functions syntax is written as:
dynarray = realloc(dynarray, 20 * sizeof(int));
But, realloc() function cant just enlarge the memory, and this memory allocation depends on the space available in the system. If realloc()
cant find the space available, then it returns null pointer.
How to write a multi-statement macro?
Macro are simple statements which are written to, dynamically execute the method or function. The function call syntax is:
MACRO(arg1, arg2);
Macro can be included with the conditional statements using the external else clause. You can include simple expressions in macro with no
declarations or loops like:
#define FUNC(arg1, arg2) (expr1, expr2, expr3)
What's the right way to use errno?
The errors should be checked by return values. Errno defines among various causes of an error, such as File not found or Permission
denied. Errno detects only when a function doesnt have a unique or unambiguous errors. Errno can be set manually to 0 to find the errors.
Error messages can be made useful if the program name with the error can be printed so that the error can be noticed and solved.

Rohit Sharma 12-16-2011 03:48 AM

C Interview questions and answers
Why can't I perform arithmetic on a void* pointer?
There are no arithmetic operations that can be performed on void* pointer is because the compiler doesnt know the size of the pointed
objects. Arithmetic operations can only be done on the pointed objects. Some compilers make it an exception to perform the arithmetic
functions on the pointer.
How can I return multiple values from a function?
A function can return multiple values in several ways by using the pointers. These include the examples like hypothetical calculation of polarto-rectangular coordinate functions. The pointer allows you to have a function in which you can pass multiple values and use them.
Example code:
#include
polar_to_rectangular(double a, double b, double *xp, double *yp)
{ a=10;
b=20;
*xp = a;
*yp = b;
}
What's the total generic pointer type?
There is nothing like total generic pointer type, only void* holds the object (i.e. data) pointers. Converting function pointer to type void* is not a
portable and it is not appropriate to convert it also. You can use any function type like int*() or void*(), these pointers can be treated as a
generic function pointer. The best way to have the portability, is to use void* and a generic pointer combination.

Rohit Sharma 12-16-2011 03:48 AM

C Interview questions and answers
Which one to choose from "initialization lists" or "assignment", for the use in the constructor?
Initialization list consists of all the member objects, which a constructor initializes. By doing this, performance of the execution increases and
compiler does faster processing in the case of initialization list. This is better than the assignment as it is an inefficient way to represent the
objects and the performance also degrades, when it gets used. The code runs faster by using the initialization list rather than the assignment.
Can this pointer by used in the constructor?
It is not advised to use this pointer inside the constructor, because of the object initialization, as it takes more time for the object to be ready
for the execution. You can use this pointer in the constructor body part and also in the initialization list. The rules of the programming
language have to be known before using this operator in the constructor.
What is the "Named Constructor Idiom"?
Named constructor idiom is a technique that gives better intuitive and safer construction operations for user to perform in the class. The way
by which the constructor name and the class name can be differentiated is by storing the name in the parameter list. Using this idiom
declaration of all the classs constructor method can be used in private and protected sections. These are the static methods which are used
to return the objects of that class in which the constructor is defined.
For example:
class t {
public:
t(float x);
t(float r); // ERROR: Overload is Ambiguous: t::t(float)
};
int main()
{
t p = t(5.7); // Ambiguous: Which coordinate system?
// Your statements
}
To solve this ambiguity we use the Named Constructor Idiom:
#include // To get std::sin() and std::cos()
class t {

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public:
static t rectangular(float x); // Rectangular coord's
static Point polar(float radius); // Polar coordinates
// These static methods are the so-called "named constructors"
}

Rohit Sharma 12-16-2011 03:47 AM

Difference between Function to pointer and pointer to function

A function to pointer is one which returns a pointer.............
Read answer

What is the difference between a string and an array?

The following are the differences: - String can hold only char data. Where as an array can hold any data type.............
Read answer

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