GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 156

UNIT 7

approximate value of Ka that will reduce the time constant of the

closed loop system by one hundred times as compared to that of the
open-loop system is

CONTROL SYSTEMS

2013
7.1

ONE MARK

The Bode plot of a transfer function G ^s h is shown in the figure

below.

7.3

(A) 1

(B) 5

(C) 10

(D) 100

The signal flow graph for a system is given below. The transfer
Y ^s h
function
for this system is
U ^s h

s1
5s2  6s  2
(C) 2 s  1
s  4s  2

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(A)

s1
s 2  6s  2
(D) 2 1
5s  6s  2

(B)

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 4 and 5:

The state diagram of a system is shown below. A system is
o  AX  Bu ;
described by the state-variable equations X
y  CX  Du

7.4

7.5

The state-variable equations of the system shown in the figure above

are
o  > 1 0 H X  > 1H u
o  > 1 0 H X  > 1H u
X
X
(A)
(B)
1 1
1
1
1 1
y  61  1@X  u
y  6 1  1@X  u
o  > 1 0 H X  > 1H u
o  > 1  1H X  > 1H u
X
X
(C)
(D)
1 1
1
1
0 1
y  6 1  1@X  u
y  61  1@ X  u
The state transition matrix eAt of the system shown in the figure

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The gain _20 log G ^s h i is 32 dB
10 rad/s respectively. The phase
(A) 39.8
s
32
(C)
s
2013
7.2

and  8 dB at 1 rad/s and

is negative for all X. Then G ^s h is
(B) 392.8
s
(D) 322
s
TWO MARKS

The open-loop transfer function of a dc motor is given as

X ^s h
 10 . When connected in feedback as shown below, the
Va ^s h 1  10s

above is
et 0
(A) > t tH
te e

et
0
(B) >
H
 tet et

et 0
(C) > t tH
e e

et  tet
(D) >
H
0 et

2012
7.6

ONE MARK

(s  9) (s  2)
(s  1) (s  3) (s  4)
is excited by sin (Xt). The steady-state output of the system is zero
at
A system with transfer function G (s) 

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(A) X  1 rad/s
(C) X  3 rad/s

(B) X  2 rad/s
(D) X  4 rad/s

2012
7.7

Page 157

TWO MARKS

The feedback system shown below oscillates at 2 rad/s when

2011
7.11

(A) K  2 and a  0.75

(C) K  4 and a  0.5
7.8

(B) K  3 and a  0.75

(D) K  2 and a  0.5

The state variable description of an LTI system is given by

Jxo1N J 0 a1 0NJx1N J0N
K O K
OK O K O
Kxo2O  K 0 0 a2OKx2O  K0O u
Kxo O Ka
0 0OKx 3O K 1O
3
3
L P L
PL P L P
Jx1N
K O
y  _1 0 0iKx2O
Kx 3O
L P
where y is the output and u is the input. The system is controllable for
(B) a1  0, a2 ! 0, a 3 ! 0
(A) a1 ! 0, a2  0, a 3 ! 0
(D) a1 ! 0, a2 ! 0, a 3  0
(C) a1  0, a 3 ! 0, a 3  0
2011

7.9

The block diagram of a system with one input u and two outputs y1
and y2 is given below.

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ONE MARK

The root locus plot for a system is given below. The open loop
transfer function corresponding to this plot is given by

s (s  1)
(s  2) (s  3)
(s  1)
(B) G ^s h H ^s h  k
s (s  2) (s  3) 2
1
(C) G ^s h H ^s h  k
s (s  1) (s  2) (s  3)
(s  1)
(D) G ^s h H ^s h  k
s (s  2) (s  3)
(A) G ^s h H ^s h  k

7.10

TWO MARKS

For the transfer function G (jX)  5  jX , the corresponding Nyquist

plot for positive frequency has the form

A state space model of the above system in terms of the state vector x and the output vector y  [y1 y2]T is
(A) xo  [2] x  [1] u ; y  [1 2] x
1
(B) xo  [ 2] x  [1] u; y  > H x
2
2 0
1
(C) xo  >
x  > H u ; y  81 2B x
0  2H
1
2 0
1
1
(D) xo  > H x  > H u ; y  > H x
0 2
1
2

Common Data For Q. 7.4 & 7.5

100
.
s (s  10) 2
The plant is placed in a unity negative feedback configuration as
shown in the figure below.
The input-output transfer function of a plant H (s) 

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

7.12

7.13

Page 158

The gain margin of the system under closed loop unity negative
feedback is
(A) 0 dB
(B) 20 dB
(C) 26 dB
(D) 46 dB

(A) 10s  1
0. 1 s  1
(C) 100s
10s  1

(B) 100s  1
0. 1 s  1
0
(D) .1s  1
10s  1

The signal flow graph that DOES NOT model the plant transfer
function H (s) is
2010
7.17

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A unity negative feedback closed loop system has a plant with the
transfer function G (s)  2 1
and a controller Gc (s) in the
s  2s  2
feed forward path. For a unit set input, the transfer function of the
controller that gives minimum steady state error is
(A) Gc (s)  s  1
(B) Gc (s)  s  2
s2
s1
(s  1) (s  4)
(C) Gc (s) 
(D) Gc (s)  1  2  3s
s
(s  2) (s  3)

Common Data For Q. 7.10 & 7.11 :

The signal flow graph of a system is shown below:

7.18

The state variable representation of the system can be

0
1 1
1 1
0
o
xo  >
x > Hu
(A) x  > 1 0H x  >2H u
(B)
2
 1 0H
yo  80 0.5B x
yo  [0 0.5] x
1 1
0
xo  >
x > Hu
(D)
2
 1 0H
yo  80.5 0.5B x
The transfer function of the system is
(A) s2 1
(B)
s 1
(C) 2 s  1
(D)
s s1
(C)

2010

ONE MARK
7.19

7.14

The transfer function Y (s) /R (s) of the system shown is

1
s1
(C) 2
(D) 2
s1
s3
Y (s)
A system with transfer function
has an output
 s
X (s) s  p
Q
y (t)  cos a2t  k
3
for the input signal x (t)  p cos a2t  Q k. Then, the system param2
eter p is
(A) 3
(B) 2/ 3
(A) 0

7.15

(C) 1
7.16

1
xo  >
1
yo  80.5

1
0
x > Hu
0H
2
0.5B x

s1
s21
s1
s2s1

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(B)

(D)

TWO MARKS

2009
7.20

ONE MARK

The magnitude plot of a rational transfer function G (s) with real

coefficients is shown below. Which of the following compensators
has such a magnitude plot ?

3 /2

For the asymptotic Bode magnitude plot shown below, the system
transfer function can be

(A) Lead compensator

(B) Lag compensator

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(C) PID compensator

7.21

Page 159

(D) Lead-lag compensator

(C) 6 dB and 90c

(D) 3 dB and 90c

Consider the system

dx  Ax  Bu with A  =1 0G and B  = p G
q
0 1
dt
where p and q are arbitrary real numbers. Which of the following
statements about the controllability of the system is true ?
(A) The system is completely state controllable for any nonzero
values of p and q
(B) Only p  0 and q  0 result in controllability

2008
7.26

ONE MARKS

Step responses of a set of three second-order underdamped systems

all have the same percentage overshoot. Which of the following
diagrams represents the poles of the three systems ?

(C) The system is uncontrollable for all values of p and q

(D) We cannot conclude about controllability from the given data
2009
7.22

TWO MARKS

The feedback configuration and the pole-zero locations of

2
G (s)  s2  2s  2
s  2s  2
are shown below. The root locus for negative values of k , i.e. for
 3  k  0 , has breakaway/break-in points and angle of departure at pole P (with respect to the positive real axis) equal to

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7.23

(A) ! 2 and 0c

(B) ! 2 and 45c

(C) ! 3 and 0c

(D) ! 3 and 45c

The unit step response of an under-damped second order system

has steady state value of -2. Which one of the following transfer
functions has theses properties ?
(B) 2  3.82
(A) 2  2.24
s  1.91s  1.91
s  2.59s  1.12
 382
(C) 2  2.24
(D) 2
s  2.59s  1.12
s  1.91s  1.91

Common Data For Q. 7.16 and 7.17 :

The Nyquist plot of a stable transfer function G (s) is shown in the
figure are interested in the stability of the closed loop system in
the feedback configuration shown.

7.27

7.24

7.25

The pole-zero given below correspond to a

Which of the following statements is true ?

(A) G (s) is an all-pass filter
(B) G (s) has a zero in the right-half plane
(C) G (s) is the impedance of a passive network
(D) G (s) is marginally stable
The gain and phase margins of G (s) for closed loop stability are
(A) 6 dB and 180c
(B) 3 dB and 180c

(A) Law pass filter

(C) Band filter

(B) High pass filter

(D) Notch filter

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

2008
7.28

Page 160

TWO MARKS

Group I lists a set of four transfer functions. Group II gives a list

of possible step response y (t). Match the step responses with the
corresponding transfer functions.

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(A) P  3, Q  1, R  4, S  2
(C) P  2, Q  1, R  4, S  2
7.29

(B) P  3, Q  2, R  4, S  1
(D) P  3, Q  4, R  1, S  2

A signal flow graph of a system is given below

The set of equalities that corresponds to this signal flow graph is

x1
C  H 0 x1
0 0
u1
(A) d x2  H B 0 x2  0 1 e o
u2
dt
x3
 B C 0 x3
1 0


x1
0 B H x1
1 0
u1
(B) d x2  0  B  H x2  0 1 e o
u2
dt
x3
0 C  C x3
0 0


x1
 B C 0 x1
1 0
u1
(C) d x2   C  H 0 x2  0 1 e o
u2
dt
x3
B H 0 x3
0 0


x1
 B 0 C x1
1 0
u1
(D) d x2  H 0 B x2  0 1 e o
u2
dt
x3
 C 0  B x3
0 0


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7.30

A certain system has transfer function

G (s)  2 s  8
s  Bs  4
where B is a parameter. Consider the standard negative unity
feedback configuration as shown below

Which of the following statements is true?

(A) The closed loop systems is never stable for any value of B
(B) For some positive value of B, the closed loop system is stable,

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 161

but not for all positive values.

(C) For all positive values of B, the closed loop system is stable.
(D) The closed loop system stable for all values of B, both positive
and negative.
7.31

The number of open right half plane of

10
is
G (s)  5
s  2s 4  3s3  6s2  5s  3
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2

7.32

7.33

7.37

(D) 3

The magnitude of frequency responses of an underdamped second

order system is 5 at 0 rad/sec and peaks to 10 at 5 2 rad/sec.
3
The transfer function of the system is
500
(B) 2 375
(A) 2
s  5s  75
s  10s  100
720
(C) 2
(D) 2 1125
s  12s  144
s  25s  225
Group I gives two possible choices for the impedance Z in the diagram.
The circuit elements in Z satisfy the conditions R2 C2  R1 C1. The
transfer functions V0 represents a kind of controller.
Vi

5
(s  5)( s2  s  1)
The second-order approximation of T (s) using dominant pole concept is
5
1
(B)
(A)
(s  5)( s  1)
(s  5)( s  1)
(C) 2 5
(D) 2 1
s s1
s s1
The open-loop transfer function of a plant is given as G (s)  s 1- 1 .
If the plant is operated in a unity feedback configuration, then the
lead compensator that an stabilize this control system is
10 (s  4)
10 (s  1)
(B)
(A)
s2
s2
10 (s  2)
2 (s  2)
(C)
(D)
s  10
s  10
T (s) 

7.38

A unity feedback control system has an open-loop transfer function

K
G (s) 
s (s2  7s  12)
The gain K for which s  1  j1 will lie on the root locus of this

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Match the impedances in Group I with the type of controllers in

Group II

7.39

(A) Q  1, R  2
(C) Q  2, R  3
2007
7.34

7.35

(B) 5.5

(C) 6.5

(D) 10

The asymptotic Bode plot of a transfer function is as shown in the

figure. The transfer function G (s) corresponding to this Bode plot is

(B) Q  1, R  3
(D) Q  3, R  2
ONE MARK

If the closed-loop transfer function of a control system is given as

s5
, then It is
T (s)
(s  2)( s  3)
(A) an unstable system
(B) an uncontrollable system
(C) a minimum phase system
(D) a non-minimum phase system
2007

system is
(A) 4

1
1
(B)
(s  1)( s  20)
s (s  1)( s  20)
100
100
(C)
(D)
s (s  1)( s  20)
s (s  1)( 1  0.05s)
The state space representation of a separately excited DC servo
motor dynamics is given as
(A)

7.40

dX
dt

> di H  = 1  10G=ia G  =10Gu

dt

TWO MARKS

A control system with PD controller is shown in the figure. If the

velocity error constant KV  1000 and the damping ratio [  0.5 ,
then the value of KP and KD are

7.36

The transfer function of a plant is

(B) KP  100, KD  0.9

(D) KP  10, KD  0.9

1 X

where X is the speed of the motor, ia is the armature current and

X (s)
of the motor
u is the armature voltage. The transfer function
U (s)
is
10
s2  11s  11
(C) 2 10s  10
s  11s  11
(A)

(A) KP  100, KD  0.09

(C) KP  10, KD  0.09

1

1
s2  11s  11
(D) 2 1
s  s  11

(B)

Statement for linked Answer Question 8.33 & 8.34 :

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Consider a linear system whose state space representation is

1
x (t)  Ax (t). If the initial state vector of the system is x (0)  = G,
2
2x
e
then the system response is x (t)  >
H. If the itial state vector
 2e2t
1
of the system changes to x (0)  = G, then the system response
2
et
becomes x (t)  > tH
e
7.41

7.42

The system matrix A is

0 1
(A) =
 1 1G
2 1
(C) =
 1  1G

7.50

(D) 3

(D)

a2  4b , a2  4b

The Nyquist plot of G (jX) H (jX)for a closed loop control system,

passes through ( 1, j0) point in the GH plane. The gain margin of
the system in dB is equal to
(A) infinite
(B) greater than zero
(C) less than zero

(D) zero

The positive values of K and a so that the system shown in the

figures below oscillates at a frequency of 2 rad/sec respectively are

(A) 1, 0.75
(C) 1, 1

(B) 2, 0.75
(D) 2, 2

(D) 0.74

With the value of a set for a phase - margin of Q , the value of unit
4
- impulse response of the open - loop system at t  1 second is equal
to
(A) 3.40
(B) 2.40
(C) 1.84
(D) 1.74
2005

ONE MARK

A linear system is equivalently represented by two sets of state

equations :
Xo  AX  BU and Wo  CW  DU
The eigenvalues of the representations are also computed as [M]
and [N]. Which one of the following statements is true ?
(B) [M]  [N] and X ! W
(A) [M]  [N] and X  W
(C) [M] ! [N] and X  W
(D) [M]  [N] and X ! W

TWO MARKS

a2  4b , a2  4b

Consider a unity - gain feedback control system whose open - loop

1
transfer function is : G (s)  as 
s2
The value of a so that the system has a phase - margin equal to Q
4
is approximately equal to
(A) 2.40
(B) 1.40
(C) 0.84

7.51

Consider two transfer functions G1 (s)  2 1

and
s  as  b
.
G2 (s)  2 s
s  as  b
The 3-dB bandwidths of their frequency responses are, respectively
(A) a2  4b , a2  4b
(B) a2  4b , a2  4b
(C)

7.46

7.49

The open-loop function of a unity-gain feedback control system is

given by
K
G (s) 
(s  1)( s  2)

2006

A linear system is described by the following state equation

0 1
Xo (t)  AX (t)  BU (t), A  =
 1 0G
The state transition matrix of the system is
cos t sin t
 cos t sin t
(A) =
(B) =
 sin t cos t G
 sin t  cos t G
 cos t  sin t
cos t  sin t
(C) =
(D) =
 sin t cos t G
cos t sin t G

ONE MARK

(C) 20

The transfer function of a phase lead compensator is given by

Gc (s)  1  3Ts where T  0 The maximum phase shift provide by
1  Ts
such a compensator is
(B) Q
(A) Q
3
2
Q
(C)
(D) Q
4
6

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 7.41 & 7.42 :

The gain margin of the system in dB is given by

(A) 0
(B) 1

7.45

7.48

1 1
(B) =
 1  2G
0 1
(D) =
 2  3G

2006

7.44

7.47

The eigenvalue and eigenvector pairs (Mi vi) for the system are
1
1
1
1
(A) e 1 = Go and e 2 = Go
(B) e 1, = Go and e2, = Go
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
(C) e 1, = Go and e 2, = Go
(D) e 2 = Go and e1, = Go
1
2
1
2

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7.43

Page 162

7.52

Which one of the following polar diagrams corresponds to a lag

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GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

7.53

Despite the presence of negative feedback, control systems still have

problems of instability because the
(A) Components used have non- linearities
(B) Dynamic equations of the subsystem are not known exactly.
(C) Mathematical analysis involves approximations.
(D) System has large negative phase angle at high frequencies.
2005

7.54

Page 163

TWO MARKS

The polar diagram of a conditionally stable system for open loop

gain K  1 is shown in the figure. The open loop transfer function
of the system is known to be stable. The closed loop system is stable
for

Statement for Linked Answer Question 40 and 41 :

7.59

The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is given

by
2s
G (s)  3e
s (s  2)
The gain and phase crossover frequencies in rad/sec are, respectively

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7.55

7.56

7.57

7.58

(A) K  5 and 1  K  1
(B) K  1 and 1  K  5
2
8
8
2
(C) K  1 and 5  K
(D) K  1 and 5  K
8
8
In the derivation of expression for peak percent overshoot
 QY
Mp  exp e
o # 100%
1  Y2
Which one of the following conditions is NOT required ?
(A) System is linear and time invariant
(B) The system transfer function has a pair of complex conjugate
poles and no zeroes.
(C) There is no transportation delay in the system.
(D) The system has zero initial conditions.
A ramp input applied to an unity feedback system results in 5%
steady state error. The type number and zero frequency gain of the
system are respectively
(A) 1 and 20
(B) 0 and 20
1
(D) 1 and 1
(C) 0 and
20
20
2
A double integrator plant G (s)  K/s , H (s)  1 is to be compensated
to achieve the damping ratio [  0.5 and an undamped natural
frequency, Xn  5 rad/sec which one of the following compensator
Ge (s) will be suitable ?
(A) s  3
(B) s  99
s  99
s3
s
s

6
(C)
(D)  6
s  8.33
s
K (1  s)
An unity feedback system is given as G (s) 
.
s (s  3)
Indicate the correct root locus diagram.

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(A) 0.632 and 1.26
(C) 0.485 and 0.632
7.60

(B) 0.632 and 0.485

(D) 1.26 and 0.632

Based on the above results, the gain and phase margins of the
system will be
(B) 7.09 dB and 87.5c
(A) 7.09 dB and 87.5c
(C) 7.09 dB and  87.5c
(D)  7.09 and  87.5c
2004

7.61

7.62

ONE MARK

The gain margin for the system with open-loop transfer function
2 (1  s)
, is
G (s) H (s) 
s2
(A) 3
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D)  3
K
Given G (s) H (s) 
.The point of intersection of the
s (s  1)( s  3)
asymptotes of the root loci with the real axis is
(A)  4
(B) 1.33
(C)  1.33
(D) 4
2004

7.63

TWO MARKS

Consider the Bode magnitude plot shown in the fig. The transfer
function H (s) is

(A)

(s  10)
(s  1)( s  100)

(B)

10 (s  1)
(s  10)( s  100)

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

102 (s  1)
103 (s  100)
(D)
(s  10)( s  100)
(s  1)( s  10)
A causal system having the transfer function H (s)  1/ (s  2) is
excited with 10u (t). The time at which the output reaches 99% of
its steady state value is
(A) 2.7 sec
(B) 2.5 sec
(C) 2.3 sec
(D) 2.1 sec

Page 164

(D) controllable and observable

(C)

7.64

7.65

7.66

A system has poles at 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz and 80 Hz; zeros at 5 Hz, 100
Hz and 200 Hz. The approximate phase of the system response at
20 Hz is
(A)  90c
(B) 0c
(C) 90c
(D)  180c

(A)

1  (be  cf  dg)
abcd

abcd
1  (be  cf  dg)  bedg
2 2
If A  =
, then sin At is
1  3G
(C)

7.69

7.70

1 0
, the state transition matrix eAt is given by
0 1G

0 et
(A) > t
H
e
0
et 0
(C) >
H
0 et

et 0
(B) =
G
0 et
0 et
(D) = t G
e 0

2003
7.72

ONE MARK

Fig. shows the Nyquist plot of the open-loop transfer function

G (s) H (s) of a system. If G (s) H (s) has one right-hand pole, the
closed-loop system is

bedg
1  (be  cf  dg)
1  (be  cf  dg)  bedg
(D)
abcd

(A) always stable

(B) unstable with one closed-loop right hand pole
(C) unstable with two closed-loop right hand poles
(D) unstable with three closed-loop right hand poles
7.73

A PD controller is used to compensate a system. Compared to the

uncompensated system, the compensated system has
(A) a higher type number
(B) reduced damping
(C) higher noise amplification
(D) larger transient overshoot

(B)

2003
7.74

sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)  2 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)

(A) 1 =
G
3  sin ( 4t)  sin ( t) 2 sin ( 4t)  sin ( t)
sin ( 2t) sin (2t)
(B) =
sin (t) sin ( 3t)G
sin (4t)  2 sin (t) 2 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)
(C) 1 =
2 sin (4t)  sin (t) G
3  sin ( 4t)  sin (t)
cos ( t)  2 cos (t) 2 cos ( 4t)  2 cos ( t)
(D) 1 =
G
3  cos ( 4t)  cos ( t)  2 cos ( 4t)  cos (t)
7.68

Given A  =

Consider the signal flow graph shown in Fig. The gain x5 is

x1

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7.67

7.71

The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is

K
G (s) 
s (s2  s  2)( s  3)
The range of K for which the system is stable is
(B) 13  K  0
(A) 21  K  0
4
(C) 21  K  3
(D)  6  K  3
4
2
4
For the polynomial P (s)  s  s  2s3  2s2  3s  15 the number
of roots which lie in the right half of the s plane is
(A) 4
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 1
The state variable equations of a system are : xo1  3x1  x2  u, xo2  2x1
and y  x1  u . The system is
(A) controllable but not observable
(B) observable but not controllable
(C) neither controllable nor observable

The signal flow graph of a system is shown in Fig. below. The

transfer function C (s)/ R (s) of the system is

(A)

6
s2  29s  6

(B)

s (s  2)
s2  29s  6

(D)

6s
s2  29s  6

s (s  27)
s2  29s  6
K
The root locus of system G (s) H (s) 
has the breaks (s  2)( s  3)
(C)

7.75

TWO MARKS

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away point located at
(A) ( 0.5, 0)
(C) ( 4, 0)
7.76

(B) ( 2.548, 0)
(D) ( 0.784, 0)

The approximate Bode magnitude plot of a minimum phase system

is shown in Fig. below. The transfer function of the system is

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 165

7.82

7.83

(s  0.1) 3
(s  0.1) 3
(B) 107
2
(s  10)( s  100)
(s  10) (s  100)
(s  0.1) 2
(s  0.1) 3
(C)
(D)
2
(s  10) (s  100)
(s  10)( s  100) 2
A second-order system has the transfer function
C (s)
 2 4
R (s)
s  4s  4
With r (t) as the unit-step function, the response c (t) of the system
(A) 108

7.77

The phase margin of a system with the open - loop transfer function
(1  s)
G (s) H (s) 
(1  s)( 2  s)
(A) 0c
(B) 63.4c
(C) 90c
(D) 3
The transfer function Y (s)/ U (s) of system described by the state
equation xo (t)  2x (t)  2u (t) and y (t)  0.5x (t) is
1
(A) 0.5
(B)
(s  2)
(s  2)
1
(C) 0.5
(D)
(s  2)
(s  2)
2002

7.84

is represented by
7.85

TWO MARKS

The system shown in the figure remains stable when

(A) k   1
(B)  1  k  3
(C) 1  k  3
(D) k  3
The transfer function of a system is G (s) 

100
. For a
(s  1)( s  100)

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unit - step input to the system the approximate settling time for 2%
criterion is

7.78

7.79

The gain margin and the phase margin of feedback system with
8
are
G (s) H (s) 
(s  100) 3
(A) dB, 0c
(B) 3, 3
(C) 3, 0c
(D) 88.5 dB, 3

2002

7.81

7.86

(C) unstable

ONE MARK

Consider a system with transfer function G (s)  2s  6 . Its

ks  s  6
damping ratio will be 0.5 when the value of k is
(B) 3
(A) 2
6
(D) 6
(C) 1
6
Which of the following points is NOT on the root locus of a system
k
with the open-loop transfer function G (s) H (s) 
s (s  1)( s  3)
(A) s  j 3
(B) s  1.5
(C) s  3
(D) s  3

The characteristic polynomial of a system is

The system is
(A) stable

7.87

et
(B) = G
t
t
(D) = t G
te

(B) 4 sec
(D) 0.01 sec
q (s)  2s5  s 4  4s3  2s2  2s  1

The zero-input response of a system given by the state-space equation

x1 (0)
1
1 0 x1
xo1
=xo G  =1 1G=x G and =x (0)G  = 0 G is
2
2
2
tet
(A) = G
t
et
(C) = t G
te

7.80

(A)100 sec
(C) 1 sec

The
system
with
the
open
loop
transfer
1
has
a
gain
margin
of
G (s) H (s) 
2
(B) 0 db
(A)  6 db s (s  s  1)
(C) 35 db
(D) 6 db
2001

7.88

7.89

(B) marginally stable

(D) oscillatory
function

ONE MARK

The Nyquist plot for the open-loop transfer function G (s) of a unity
negative feedback system is shown in the figure, if G (s) has no pole
in the right-half of s plane, the number of roots of the system
characteristic equation in the right-half of s plane is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
The equivalent of the block diagram in the figure is given is

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

7.90

If the characteristic equation of a closed - loop system is s2  2s  2  0

, then the system is
(A) overdamped
(B) critically damped
(C) underdamped

7.91

Page 166

(D) undamped

The root-locus diagram for a closed-loop feedback system is shown

in the figure. The system is overdamped.

7.93

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 Z3 (s)
Z3 (s)
,
Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)  Z4 (s) Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)
 Z3 (s)
 Z3 (s)
(B)
,
Z2 (s)  Z3 (s)  Z4 (s) Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)
Z3 (s)
Z3 (s)
(C)
,
Z2 (s)  Z3 (s)  Z4 (s) Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)
Z3 (s)
 Z3 (s)
(D)
,
Z2 (s)  Z3 (s)  Z4 (s) Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)
The open-loop DC gain of a unity negative feedback system with
is
closed-loop transfer function 2 s  4
s  7s  13
(B) 4
(A) 4
9
13
(A)

(C) 4
7.94

The feedback control system in the figure is stable

(A) for all K $ 0

(C) only if 0 # K  1
2000
7.95

2001
7.92

ONE MARK

TWO MARKS

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(B) only if 1  k  5
(D) if 0 # k  1 or k  5
TWO MARK

(B) only if K $ 0
(D) only if 0 # K # 1

An amplifier with resistive negative feedback has tow left half plane
poles in its open-loop transfer function. The amplifier
(A) will always be unstable at high frequency
(B) will be stable for all frequency
(C) may be unstable, depending on the feedback factor
(D) will oscillate at low frequency.
2000

(A) only if 0 # k # 1
(C) only if k  5

(D) 13

7.96

An electrical system and its signal-flow graph representations are

shown the figure (A) and (B) respectively. The values of G2 and H
, respectively are

1
A system described by the transfer function H (s)  3
s  Bs2  ks  3
is stable. The constraints on B and k are.
(B) B  0, Bk  3
(A) B  0, Bk  3
(C) B  0, Bk  3
(D) B  0, Bk  3
1999

7.97

ONE MARK

For a second order system with the closed-loop transfer function

T (s)  2 9
s  4s  9
the settling time for 2-percent band, in seconds, is
(A) 1.5
(B) 2.0

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(C) 3.0
7.98

(D) 4.0

the eigen values of the closed-loop system will be

(A) 0,  1,  2

The gain margin (in dB) of a system a having the loop transfer
function
G (s) H (s) 

7.99

Page 167

(B) 0,  1,  3
(C)  1,  1,  2
(D) 0,  1,  1

2
is
s (s  1)

(A) 0

(B) 3

(C) 6

(D) 3

1998

The system modeled described by the state equations is

0 1
0
X >
x  > Hu
2  3H
1

7.105

Y  81 1B x

7.106

(C) observable, but not controllable

(D) neither controllable nor observable
The phase margin (in degrees) of a system having the loop transfer
function G (s) H (s)  2 3 is
s (s  1)
(A) 45c
(B)  30c

7.103

7.104

The transfer function of a tachometer is of the form

(A) Ks
(B) K
s
K
K
(C)
(D)
(s  1)
s (s  1)

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TWO MARKS

An amplifier is assumed to have a single-pole high-frequency transfer

function. The rise time of its output response to a step function input
is 35 n sec . The upper 3 dB frequency (in MHz) for the amplifier to
as sinusoidal input is approximately at
(A) 4.55
(B) 10
(C) 20
(D) 28.6

7.102

(D) three

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7.107
7.101

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(C) 60c
(D) 30c
1999

The number of roots of s  5s  7s  3  0 in the left half of the s

-plane is
(A) zero
(B) one
(C) two

(A) controllable and observable

(B) controllable, but not observable

7.100

ONE MARK
3

If the closed - loop transfer function T (s) of a unity negative feedback

system is given by
an  1 s  an
T (s)  n
s  a1 sn  1  ....  an  1 s  an
then the steady state error for a unit ramp input is
(A) an
(B) an
an  1
an  2
a
(C) n  2
(D) zero
an  2
Consider the points s1  3  j4 and s2  3  j2 in the s-plane.
Then, for a system with the open-loop transfer function
G (s) H (s)  K 4
(s  1)
(A) s1 is on the root locus, but not s2
(B) s2 is on the root locus, but not s1
(C) both s1 and s2 are on the root locus
(D) neither s1 nor s2 is on the root locus
For the system described by the state equation
R 0 1 0V
R0V
S
S W
W
xo  S 0 0 1W x  S0W u
SS0.5 1 2WW
SS1WW
T
T X
X
If the control signal u is given by u  [ 0.5  3  5] x  v , then

7.108

Consider a unity feedback control system with open-loop transfer

K .
function G (s) 
s (s  1)
The steady state error of the system due to unit step input is
(A) zero
(B) K
(C) 1/K
(D) infinite
The transfer function of a zero-order-hold system is
(A) (1/s) (1  esT )
(B) (1/s) (1  esT )
(C) 1  (1/s) esT
(D) 1  (1/s) esT

7.109

7.110

7.111

In the Bode-plot of a unity feedback control system, the value of

phase of G (jX) at the gain cross over frequency is  125c. The phase
margin of the system is
(A)  125c
(B)  55c
(C) 55c
(D) 125c
Consider a feedback control system with loop transfer function
K (1  0.5s)
G (s) H (s) 
s (1  s) (1  2s)
The type of the closed loop system is
(A) zero
(B) one
(C) two
(D) three
The transfer function of a phase lead controller is 1  3Ts . The
1  Ts

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

maximum value of phase provided by this controller is

(A) 90c
(B) 60c
(C) 45c
(D) 30c
7.112

Page 168

(C) 0
(D) None of the above
***********

The Nyquist plot of a phase transfer function g (jX) H (jX) of a system

encloses the (1, 0) point. The gain margin of the system is
(A) less than zero
(B) zero
(C) greater than zero
(D) infinity

7.113

2s 2  6s  5
(s  1) 2 (s  2)
The characteristic equation of the system is
(A) 2s2  6s  5  0
(B) (s  1) 2 (s  2)  0
The transfer function of a system is

(C) 2s2  6s  5  (s  1) 2 (s  2)  0

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(D) 2s2  6s  5  (s  1) 2 (s  2)  0
7.114

In a synchro error detector, the output voltage is proportional to

[X (t)] n, where X (t) is the rotor velocity and n equals
(A) 2
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) 2
1997

7.115

ONE MARK

In the signal flow graph of the figure is y/x equals

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(A) 3
(B) 5
2
(C) 2
(D) None of the above
7.116

A certain linear time invariant system has the state and the output
equations given below
1  1 X1
0
Xo1
> o H  >0 1 H>X H  >1H u
2
X2
y  81 1B: X1 D
X2
If X1 (0)  1, X2 (0)  1, u (0)  0, then
(A) 1
(B) 1

dy
dt

is
t0

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 169

Pk2  ^1 h^s1h^1 h^1 h  s1

since, all the loops are touching to the paths Pk1 and Pk2 so,
% k 1  %k 2  1
Now, we have

SOLUTIONS
7.1

%  1  (sum of individual loops)

 (sum of product of nontouching

Option (B) is correct.

From the given plot, we obtain the slope as
20 log G2  20 log G1
Slope 
log w2  log w1

loops)
Here, the loops are

L1  ^ 4h^1 h  4
L2  ^ 4h^s1h  4s1
L 3  ^ 2h^s1h^s1h  2s2
L 4  ^ 2h^s1h^1 h  2s1
As all the loop L1, L2, L 3 and L 4 are touching to each other so,

From the figure

and

20 log G2
20 log G1
X1
X2

 8 dB
 32 dB
 1 rad/s
 10 rad/s

%  1  ^L1  L2  L 3  L 4h
 1  ^ 4  4s1  2s2  2s1h

So, the slope is

Slope   8  32
log 10  log 1
 40 dB/decade
Therefore, the transfer function can be given as
G ^s h  k2
S
at X  1
G ^ jXh  k 2  k
w
In decibel,
20 log G ^ jXh  20 log k  32
32

7.2

or,
k  10  39.8
Hence, the Transfer function is
G ^s h  k2  392.8
s
s
Option (C) is correct.
Given, open loop transfer function
G ^s h  10Ka  Ka 1
1  10s s  10
By taking inverse Laplace transform, we have
g ^ t h  e t

 5  6s1  2s2

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20

From Masons gain formulae

Y ^s h
 4Pk %k
%
U ^s h
s2  s1

5  6s1  2s2
 2s1
5s  6s  2

1
10

Comparing with standard form of transfer function, Aet/U , we get

the open loop time constant,
Uol  10
Now, we obtain the closed loop transfer function for the given
system as
G ^s h
10Ka
H ^s h 

1  G ^s h 1  10s  10Ka
Ka

s  ^Ka  101 h
By taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
h ^ t h  ka .e^k  ht
So, the time constant of closed loop system is obtained as
Ucl  1 1
ka  10
or,
Ucl  1
ka
(approximately)
a

1
10

Now, given that ka reduces open loop time constant by a factor of

100. i.e.,
Ucl  Uol
100
1  10
or,
100
ka
Hence,
ka = 10
7.3

Option (A) is correct.

For the given SFG, we have two forward paths
Pk1  ^1 h^s1h^s1h^1 h  s2

7.4

Option (A) is correct.

For the shown state diagram we can denote the states x1 , x2 as below

So, from the state diagram, we obtain

xo1  x1  u
xo2  x2  ^1 h^ 1h^1 h^ 1h u  ^ 1h^1 h^ 1h x1
xo2  x2  x1  u
and

y
 ^ 1h^1 h x2  ^ 1h^1 h^ 1h x1  ^1 h^ 1h^1 h^ 1h^1 h u

 x1  x 2  u
Hence, in matrix form we can write the state variable equations
1
 1 0 x1
xo1
> o H  > 1  1H >x H  > 1 H u
x2
2
x1
and
y  81  1B > H  u
x2
which can be written in more general form as
1
1 0
Xo  >
X > H
1  1H
1
y  81  1B X  u

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

7.5

Page 170

Option (A) is correct.

From the obtained state-variable equations
We have
1 0
A >
1  1H

s  j k2
jX  j k  2

S1 0
SI  A  >
 1 S  1H

So,

1 >S  1 0 H
^S  1h2 1 S  1
R 1
V
S
0 W
S1
W
S 1
1 W
S
2
S^S  1h S  1W
T
X
Hence, the state transition matrix is obtained as
1
At
1
e  L ^SI  Ah
V_
ZR 1
0 Wbb
]]S
1 S S  1
W
L [
1 W`
S 1
]S^S  1h2 S  1Wb
\T
Xa

X 

^SI  Ah1 

and

7.8

(s2  9) (s  2)
(s  1) (s  3) (s  4)
( X2  9) (jX  2)

(jX  1) (jX  3) (jX  4)
The steady state output will be zero if
G (s) 

G (jX)  0
X 2  9  0
7.7

&

X  3 rad/s

7.9

7.10

Option (A) is correct.

K (s  1)
[R (s)  Y (s)]
s3  as2  2s  1
K (s  1)
K (s  1)
R (s)

Y (s) ;1  3
s  as2  2s  1E s3  as2  2s  1
Y (s) [s3  as2  s (2  k)  (1  k)]  K (s  1) R (s)
Y (s)
Transfer Function,
H (s) 
R (s)
K (s  1)
 3
s  as2  s (2  k)  (1  k)
Routh Table :
Y (s) 

Option (D) is correct.

General form of state equations are given as
xo  Ax  Bu

Option (B) is correct.

For given plot root locus exists from  3 to 3, So there must be odd
number of poles and zeros. There is a double pole at s  3
Now
poles  0,  2,  3,  3
zeros  1
k (s  1)
Thus transfer function
G (s) H (s) 
s (s  2) (s  3) 2
Option (A) is correct.
We have
G (jX)  5  jX
Here T  5 . Thus G (jX) is a straight line parallel to jX axis.

7.11

Option (B) is correct.

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Here

Now

For oscillation,

a (2  K)  (1  K)
0
a
a  K1
K2

(Oscillation frequency)

yo  Cx  Du
For the given problem
R 0 a 0V
R0V
1
W
S
S W
A  S 0 0 a2W, B  S0W
SSa
SS1WW
0 0WW
3
RT 0 a 0VXR0V R 0VT X
1
S
WS W S W
AB  S 0 0 a2WS0W  Sa2W
SSa
0 0WWSS1WW SS 0WW
3
RT 0
0XT aX1 a2VWTRS0XVW RSa1 a2VW
S
0
0WS0W  S 0W
A2 B  Sa2 a 3
SS 0 a a
WWSS1WW SS 0WW
0
3 1
T
XT X T
X
For controllability it is necessary that following matrix has a tank
of n  3 .
R0 0 a a V
1 2W
S
2
0W
U  6B : AB : A B@  S0 a2
SS1 0
0WW
So,
a2 ! 0
X
T
a 3 may be zero or not.
a1 a 2 ! 0 & a1 ! 0

e1 0
 > t tH
te e

Option (C) is correct.

k2  2

k 2
a  2  1  3  0.75
22 4

and

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7.6

A (s)  as2  (k  1)  0
s2  k  1   k  1 (k  2)  (k  2)
a
(k  1)

Auxiliary equation

dy
x  y1 and xo  1
dx
y1
x
1
y  > H  > H  > Hx
y2
2x
2
1
u
y1 
s2
y1 (s  2)  u
yo1  2y1  u
xo  2x  u

xo  2x  u
xo  [ 2] x  [1] u
Drawing SFG as shown below

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 171

Y (s)
 1
R (s) s  1
7.15

Y (s)
 s
X (s) s  p
jX
H (jX) 
jX  p
H (s) 

xo1  [ 2] x1  [1] u
y1  x1 ; y2  2x1

Thus

1
y1
y  > H  > H x1
2
y2

Amplitude Response
H (jX) 

x1  x

Here
7.12

Option (C) is correct.

Phase Response

100
We have
G (s) H (s) 
s (s  10) 2
100
Now
G (jX) H (jX) 
jX (jX  10) 2
If Xp is phase cross over frequency +G (jX) H (jX)  180c
 180c  100 tan1 0  tan1 3  2 tan1 a

Thus
or
or
or
or
Now

Option (B) is correct.

Transfer function is given as

Input
Output
Xp
10 k

 180c  90  2 tan1 (0.1Xp)

45c  tan1 (0.1Xp)
tan 45c 0.1Xp  1
Xp  10 rad/se
100
G (jX) H (jX) 
X (X2  100)

7.14

y (t)  H (jX) x (t  Rh)  cos a2t  Q k

3
X
H (jX)  p 
X2 p 2

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100
 1
10 (100  100) 20

1 
p

Gain Margin  20 log 10 G (jX) H (jX)

 20 log 10 b 1 l
20
 26 dB
7.13

Rh (X)  90c  tan1 a X k

p
Q
x (t)  p cos a2t  k
2

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At X  Xp
G (jX) H (jX) 

or
or
Alternative :

Option (D) is correct.

From option (D)
TF  H (s)
100
100

!
s (s  10) 2
s (s2  100)

So,

Option (B) is correct.

From the given block diagram

2
,
(X  2 rad/ sec)
4p2
4p 2  4  p 2 & 3p 2  4
p  2/ 3
Rh  9 Q  a Q kC  Q
3
2
6
Q  Q  tan1 X
apk
6
2
tan1 a X k  Q  Q  Q
2 6
3
p
X  tan Q  3
a3k
p
2 
p

or
7.16

H (s)  Y (s)  E (s) $

1
s1

E (s)  R (s)  H (s)

 R (s)  Y (s) 

E (s)
(s  1)

1
 R (s)  Y (s)
s  1D
sE (s)
 R (s)  Y (s)
(s  1)
E (s)
Y (s) 
s1

E (s) :1 

From (1) and (2)

Transfer function

sY (s)  R (s)  Y (s)

(s  1) Y (s)  R (s)

X
X2 p 2

...(1)

(X  2 rad/ sec)

3,

p  2/ 3

Option (A) is correct.

Initial slope is zero, so K  1
At corner frequency X 1  0.5 rad/ sec , slope increases by  20 dB/
decade, so there is a zero in the transfer function at X 1
At corner frequency X 2  10 rad/ sec , slope decreases by  20 dB/
decade and becomes zero, so there is a pole in transfer function at
X2
K a1  s k
X1
Transfer function
H (s) 
s

1
a
X2k


...(2)
7.17

Option (D) is correct.

Steady state error is given as
eSS  lim
s"0

1 a1  s k (1  10s)
0.1

s
(1  0.1s)

1
a
0.1 k

sR (s)
1  G (s) GC (s)

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

R (s)  1
s

Page 172

%  1  [L1  L2]  1  : 1  12 D  1  1  12
s s
s s

(unit step unit)

1
1  G (s) GC (s)
1
 lim
s"0
G (s)
1 2 C
s  2s  2
eSS will be minimum if lim GC (s) is maximum
s"0
In option (D)
lim GC (s)  lim 1  2  3s  3
s
s"0
s"0
1
So,
eSS  lim  0 (minimum)
s"0 3
eSS  lim
s"0

7.18

Option (D) is correct.

Assign output of each integrator by a state variable

So,

7.20

7.21

Option (C) is correct.

This compensator is roughly equivalent to combining lead and lad
compensators in the same design and it is referred also as PID
compensator.
Option (C) is correct.
Here

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xo1  x1  x2
xo2  x1  2u
y  0.5x1  0.5x2
State variable representation
1 1
0
xo  >
x  > Hu
 1 0H
2
yo  [0.5 0.5] x
7.19

Option (C) is correct.

By massons gain formula

Transfer function
Y (s)

H (s) 
U (s)
Forward path given

%1  1, %2  2
Y (s)
 P1 % 1  P2 % 2
H (s) 
%
U (s)
1 :11:1
2
(1  s)
s
s
 2
(s  s  1)
1  1  12
s s

1
A =
0
1
AB  =
0

0
p
and B  = G
1G
q
0 p
p

1G=q G =q G
p q
S  8B AB B  =
q pG

S  pq  pq  0
Since S is singular, system is completely uncontrollable for all values of p and q .
7.22

Option (B) is correct.

The characteristic equation is
1  G (s) H (s)  0
K (s2  2s  2)
or
1
0
s 2  2s  2
2
2
or
s  2s  2  K (s  2s  2)  0
2
or
K  s2  2s  2
s  2s  2
For break away & break in point differentiating above w.r.t. s we
have
2
2
dK  (s  2s  2)( 2s  2)  (s  2s  2)( 2s  2)  0
2
ds
(s  2s  2) 2

Thus

(s2  2s  2)( 2s  2)  (s2  2s  2)( 2s  2)  0

s ! 2
Let Rd be the angle of departure at pole P , then
or

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/ PK %K
%

P1 (abcdef )  2 # 1 # 1 # 0.5  12
s
s
s
1
P2 (abcdef )  2 # # 1 # 0.5
3
Loop gain
L1 (cdc)  1
s
1
1
L2 (bcdb)  # #  1  21
s
s
s

 Rd  Rp1  Rz1  Rz2  180c

 Rd  180c  ( Rp1  Rz1  R2)

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 173

 180c  (90c  180  45c)  45c

7.23

kXn2
s  2YXn s  Xn2
Thus (A) or (B) may be correct
For option (A)
Xn  1.12 and 2YXn  2.59
For option (B)
Xn  1.91 and 2YXn  1.51
T (s) 

7.24

7.25

7.26

7.27

1  G (s) H (s)
s8
s 2  Bs  4
or
s 2  Bs  4  s  8
or
s2  (B  1) s  4
This will be stable if (B  1)  0
1

Option (B) is correct.

For under-damped second order response
where Y  1

Y  1.12
Y  0.69

7.31

Option (C) is correct.

1  G (s)  0
or
s5  2s 4  3s3  6s2  5s  3  0
Substituting s  z1 we have
3z 5  5z 4  6 z 3  3 z 2  2 z  1  0
The routh table is shown below. As there are tow sign change in

Option (C) is correct.

The Nyzuist plot intersect the real axis ate - 0.5. Thus
G. M.  20 log x  20 log 0.5  6.020 dB
And its phase margin is 90c.

first column, there are two RHS poles.

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Option (C) is correct.

Percent overshoot depends only on damping ratio, Y .
2

Option (D) is correct.

P  2 25
2YXn  0, Y  0
s  25

2YXn  20, Y  1

62
R 2
s  12s  62

2YXn  12, Y  1

S
7.29

Graph 3

21
5

7
5

z2

4
3

z0

62
s2  20s  62

Q

z5

Undamped

Overdamped

Critically

7
4

Graph 4
7.32

Graph 1

Option (C) is correct.

For underdamped second order system the transfer function is
KXn2
s  2YXn s  Xn2
It peaks at resonant frequency. Therefore
T (s) 

7
s2  7s  72

2YXn  7, Y  1

underdamped

Graph 2

and peak at this frequency

Nr 

From this SFG we have

xo1  Hx1  Cx3  N1
xo2  Hx1  Bx3
xo3  Cx1  Bx3  u2
x1
 H 0 C x1
0 1
u1
Thus
x2  H 0 B x2  0 0 e o
u2
 C 0  B x3
x3
1 0


7.30

Option (C) is correct.

The characteristic equation of closed lop transfer function is

5
2Y 1  Y2

We have Xr  5 2 , and Nr  10 . Only options (A) satisfy these

3
values.
Xn  10, Y  1
2
where
Xr  10 1  2` 1 j  5 2
4
and
Hence satisfied
Nr  1 5 1  10
22 1 4
3

Xr  Xn 1  2Y2

Resonant frequency

Option (C) is correct.

We labeled the given SFG as below :

B   1. Thus system is stable

The characteristic equation is

Mp  e YQ 1  Y
If Mp is same then Y is also same and we get
Y  cos R
Thus
R  constant
The option (C) only have same angle.
7.28

0
0

for all positive value of B.

Option (B) is correct.

The plot has one encirclement of origin in clockwise direction. Thus
G (s) has a zero is in RHP.

Option (C) is correct.

Transfer function for the given pole zero plot is:
(s  Z1)( s  Z2)
(s  P1)( s  P2)
From the plot Re (P1 and P2 )>(Z1 and Z2 )
So, these are two lead compensator.
Hence both high pass filters and the system is high pass filter.

0
0

7.33

Option (B) is correct.

The given circuit is a inverting amplifier and transfer function is
Vo   Z   Z (sC1 R1  1)
R
R1
Vi
sC R + 1
1

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(sC2 R2  1)
sC2
(sC2 R2  1) (sC1 R1  1)
PID Controller

#
sC2
R1
R2

(sC2 R2  1)
(sC1 R1  1)
R2

#
(sC2 R2  1)
R1

Z 

For Q ,

Vo
Vi
For R,

Z
Vo
Vi

Page 174

7.38

1  G (s)  0
K
or
1
0
s (s2  7s  12)
2
or
s (s  7s  12)  K  0
Point s  1  j lie on root locus if it satisfy above equation i.e

Since R2 C2  R1 C1, it is lag compensator.

7.34

7.35

Option (D) is correct.

In a minimum phase system, all the poles as well as zeros are on the
left half of the s plane. In given system as there is right half zero
(s  5), the system is a non-minimum phase system.

( 1  j)[(  1  j) 2  7 ( 1  j)  12)  K]  0
or
K  10
7.39

Option (B) is correct.

We have

Kv  lim sG (s) H (s)

1000  lim s

or

(Kp  KD s) 100
 Kp
s (s  100)

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0s

Hence
7.40

7.36

or

2YXn  10  100KD
KD  0.9

or
or

5
(s  5)( s2  s  1)
5

 2 1
5`1  s j (s2  s  1)
s s1
5

. We can see easily that pole at s  0.5 ! j 23 is dominant then

pole at s  5 . Thus we have approximated it.
Option (A) is correct.
1 
1
s  1 (s  1)( s  1)
The lead compensator C (s) should first stabilize the plant i.e.
1
term. From only options (A), C (s) can remove this
remove
(s  1)
term
Thus

satisfies.

or

T (s) 

G (s) 

1 X

dX  X  i
n
dt
dia  X  10i  10u
a
dt

sX (s)  X (s)  Ia (s)

or
(s  1) X (s)  Ia (s)
Taking Laplace transform (ii) we get

Kp  100

In given transfer function denominator is (s  5)[( s  0.5) 2  43 ]

7.37

1

...(1)
...(2)

Taking Laplace transform (i) we get

Option (D) is correct.

We have

dX
dt

> di H = = 1  10G=in G + =10Gu

dt

and

or
s2  (10  100KD) s  10 4  0
Comparing with s2  2YXn  Xn2  0 we get
or

100
s (s  1)( 1  .05s)

Option (A) is correct.

or

Now characteristics equation is

or

G (s) 

We have

(Kp  KD s) 100
 Kp
s (s  100)

1  G (s) H (s)  0
(100  KD s) 100
1
0
s (s  10)

K 5

Thus

1  G (s) H (s)  0

Option (D) is correct.

At every corner frequency there is change of -20 db/decade in slope
which indicate pole at every corner frequency. Thus
K
G (s) 
s (1  s)`1  s j
20
Bode plot is in (1  sT) form
 60 dB = 1000
20 log K
X X = 0. 1

Now characteristics equations is

1000  lims

Option (D) is correct.

For ufb system the characteristics equation is

10 (s  1)
1
G (s) C (s) 
#
(s  1)( s  1)
(s  2)
10
Only option (A)

(s  1)( s  2)

7.41

sIa (s)  X (s)  10Ia (s)  10U (s)

X (s)  ( 10  s) Ia (s)  10U (s)
 ( 10  s)( s  1) X (s)  10U (s)

...(3)

From (3)

X (s)  [s2  11s  10] X (s)  10U (s)

2
(s  11s  11) X (s)  10U (s)
X (s)
 2 10
U (s)
(s  11s  11)

Option (A) is correct.

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xo (t)  Ax (t)
p q
A =
r sG

We have
Let

1
For initial state vector x (0)  = G the system response is
2
e2t
x (t)  >
H
 2e2t
Thus

e2t

> d ( 2e2t)H
dt
d
dt

t0

or

2 (0)

=

p q 1
r s G= 2G

> 4e2 (0) H  =r s G= 2G

 2e

p q

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

2
p  2q
= 4 G  = r  2s G
p  2q  2 and r  2s  4
1
For initial state vector x (0)  = G the system response is
1
et
x (t)  > tH
e

We get

Thus

t

> d ( et)H
dt
d
dt

t0

 e (0)

=

Page 175

Given system is 2nd order and for 2nd order system G.M. is infinite.
7.44

...(i)

7.45

Option (D) is correct.

If the Nyquist polt of G (jX) H (jX) for a closed loop system pass
through ( 1, j0) point, the gain margin is 1 and in dB
GM  20 log 1
 0 dB

p q 1
r s G= 1G

7.46

> e (0) H  =r s G= 1G

p q

Option (D) is correct.

Option (B) is correct.

The characteristics equation is

1  G (s) H (s)  0

1
pq
= 1G  = r  s G

We get
p  q  1 and r  s  1
Solving (1) and (2) set of equations we get
p q
0 1
=r s G  = 2  3G
The characteristic equation
MI  A  0
M 1
0
2 M3

K (s  1)
0
s3  as2  2s  1

s3  as2  (2  K) s  K  1  0
The Routh Table is shown below. For system to be oscillatory
stable

...(2)

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M (M  3)  2  0
or
M  1,  2
Thus Eigen values are  1 and  2
Eigen vectors for M1  1
(M1 I  A) X1  0
or

or

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M1  1 x11
= 2 M  3G=x G  0
1
21
 1  1 x11
= 2 2 G=x G  0
21

or

as2  K  1  0
At 2 rad/sec we have
s  jX

7.43

s2  X2  4 ,

7.47

2K

1K

s1

(1  K) a  (1  K)
a

s0

1K

Option (D) is correct.

The transfer function of given compensator is
Gc (s)  1  3Ts
1  Ts
Comparing with
Gc (s)  1  aTs we get a  3
1  Ts
The maximum phase sift is

or
7.48

...(2)

s3
s

Option (D) is correct.

As shown in previous solution the system matrix is
0 1
A =
 2  3G
Option (D) is correct.

Thus
 4a  K  1  0
Solving (i) and (ii) we get K  2 and a  0.75 .

or
 x11  x21  0
or
x11  x21  0
We have only one independent equation x11  x21.
Let x11  K, then x21  K , the Eigen vector will be
x12
K
1
=x G  = 2K G  K = 2G
22
7.42

...(1)

Then we have

or
 x11  x21  0
or
x11  x21  0
We have only one independent equation x11  x21.
Let x11  K , then x21  K , the Eigen vector will be
1
x11
K
=x G  = K G  K = 1G
21
Now Eigen vector for M2  2
(M2 I  A) X2  0
M2  1 x12
or
= 2 M  3G=x G  0
2
22
 2  1 x11
or
= 2 1 G=x G  0
21

a (2  K)  (K  1)
0
a
a  K1
K2

Gmax  tan1 a  1
2 a
1 3  1
 tan
 tan1 1
2 3
3
Q
Gmax 
6

Option (A) is correct.

T0

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

(sI  A)  =
(sI  A) 1 

Page 176

s 0
0 1
s 1


0 s G = 1 0G =1 s G

s
1 =s  1G  >s  1
1
2
1
s
s 1
s 1
2

1
s2  1
s
2
s 1

T (s)  1  sT
1  sCT

7.49

Option (C) is correct.

1
G (s)  as 
We have
s2
+G (jX)  tan1 (Xa)  Q
Since PM is Q i.e. 45c, thus
4
Q  Q  + G (j X ) X
g
g
4
cy

and
At X  0 ,

or
or

At X  0 ,
At X  3 ,

+T (jX)  tan1 (XT)  tan1 (XCT)

T (jX)  1
+T (jX)  tan1 0  0
T (jX)  1
C

At X  3 ,
7.53

1  X2 T2
1  X2 C2 T2

T (jX) 

cos t sin t
G (t)  eAt  L1 [(sI  A)] 1  =
 sin t cos t G

Gain cross over Frequen-

Q  Q  tan1 (X a)  Q
g
4
Q  tan1 (X a)
g
4

7.54
7.55

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C  1; T  0

+T (jX)  0

Option (A) is correct.

Despite the presence of negative feedback, control systems still have
problems of instability because components used have nonlinearity.
There are always some variation as compared to ideal characteristics.
Option (B) is correct.
Option (C) is correct.
The peak percent overshoot is determined for LTI second order
closed loop system with zero initial condition. Its transfer function
is
Xn2
s2  2YXn s  Xn2
Transfer function has a pair of complex conjugate poles and zeroes.
T (s) 

7.56

Option (A) is correct.

For ramp input we have R (s)  12
s
Now
ess  lim sE (s)


or
aXg  1
At gain crossover frequency G (jXg)  1
Thus
or
or
7.50

Xg  (2)

or

Option (C) is correct.

For a  0.84 we have

C (s)  G (s) R (s)  G (s)

 0.84s2  1  12  0.84
s
s
s
Taking inverse Laplace transform
At t  1,

7.52

c (t)  (t  0.84) u (t)

c (1 sec)  1  0.84  1.84

Option (C) is correct.

We have
where M is set of Eigen values
Xo  AX  BU
o
and
where N is set of Eigen values
W  CW  DU
If a liner system is equivalently represented by two sets of state
equations, then for both sets, states will be same but their sets of
Eigne values will not be same i.e.
X  W but M ! N
Option (D) is correct.
The transfer function of a lag network is

Finite

kv is finite for type 1 system having ramp input.

1
4

G (s)  0.84s2  1
s
Due to ufb system H (s)  1 and due to unit impulse response
R (s)  1, thus

7.51

But

(as aXg  1)

1 + a2 Xg2
1
Xg2
1  1  Xg2

R (s)
1
 lim
1  G (s) s 0 s  sG (s)
ess  lim 1  5%  1
s 0 sG (s)
20
1
 lim sG (s)  20
kv 
s 0
ess
 lim s

7.57
7.58

Option (A) is correct.

Option (C) is correct.
Any point on real axis of s  is part of root locus if number of OL
poles and zeros to right of that point is even. Thus (B) and (C) are
possible option.
The characteristics equation is
1  G (s) H (s)  0

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or
or

K (1  s)
0
s (s  3)
2
K  s  3s
1s

For break away & break in point

dK  (1  s)( 2s  3)  s2  3s  0
ds
or
 s2  2s  3  0
which gives s  3 ,  1
Here  1 must be the break away point and 3 must be the break in
point.

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

7.59

Page 177

Option (D) is correct.

2s

G (s)  3e
s (s  2)
2jX
or
G (jX)  3e
jX (jX  2)
3
G (jX) 
X X2  4
Let at frequency Xg the gain is 1. Thus
3
1
Xg (Xg2  4)

7.62

7.63

or
or
or
Now

Xg4  4Xg2  9  0

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5XG XG3

Q
2
24
2
5XG
Q
.
2
2

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At X  1 change in slope is +20 dB
1 zero at X  1
At X  10 change in slope is  20 dB
1 poles at X  10
At X  100 change in slope is  20 dB
1 poles at X  100
K (s  1)
Thus
T (s)  s
s
 1)
( 10  1)( 100
Now
20 log10 K  20 K  0.1
0.1 (s  1)
100 (s  1)
Thus

T (s)  s
s
 1) (s  10)( s  100)
( 10  1)( 100

XG  0.63 rad

or
7.60

Option (D) is correct.

The gain at phase crossover frequency XG is
3
3

G (jXg) 
XG (XG2  4)
0.63 (0.632  4)
or
G (jXg)  2.27
G.M.  20 log G (jXg)
 20 log 2.26  7.08 dB
Since G.M. is negative system is unstable.

1
2

7.64

The phase at gain cross over frequency is

X
+G (jXg)  2Xg  Q  tan1 g
2
2
Q
 2 # 1.26   tan1 1.26
2
2
or
7.61

Option (C) is correct.

The given bode plot is shown below

Xg2  1.606
Xg  1.26 rad/sec
+G (jX)  2X  Q  tan1 X
2
2

Let at frequency XG we have +GH  180c

X
 Q  2XG  Q  tan1 G
2
2
1 XG
Q
or

2XG  tan
2
2
XG 1 XG 3
or
 ` jm  Q
2XG  c
2
2
3 2
or

X2  3
G (jX) H (jX)  2 1 
X2
Thus gain margin is  1  0 and in dB this is  3 .
3
Option (C) is correct.
Centroid is the point where all asymptotes intersects.
4Real of Open Loop Pole  4Real Part of Open Loop Pole
T =
4No.of Open Loop Pole  4No.of Open Loop zero
  1  3  1.33
3

C (s)  H (s) $ R (s) 

 4.65 rad or  266.5c

PM  180c  +G (jXg)  180c  266.5c  86.5c

Option (D) is correct.

The open loop transfer function is
2 (1  s)
G (s) H (s) 
s2
Substituting s  jX we have
2 (1  jX)
...(1)
G (jX) H (jX) 
 X2
+G (jX) H (jX)  180c  tan1 X
The frequency at which phase becomes  180c, is called phase
crossover frequency.
Thus
 180  180c  tan1 XG
or
tan1 XG  0
or
XG  0
The gain at XG  0 is

Option (C) is correct.

We have
r (t)  10u (t)
or
R (s)  10
s
Now
H (s)  1
s2

or

1 $ 10 10
s  2 s s (s  2)

C (s)  5  5
s s2

c (t)  5 [1  e2t]
The steady state value of c (t) is 5. It will reach 99% of steady
state value reaches at t , where
or
or
or
7.65

5 [1  e2t]  0.99 # 5
1  e2t  0.99
e2t  0.1
 2t  ln 0.1
t  2.3 sec

Option (A) is correct.

Approximate (comparable to 90c) phase shift are
Due to pole at 0.01 Hz  90c
Due to pole at 80 Hz  90c
Due to pole at 80 Hz 0
Due to zero at 5 Hz 90c


GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 178

Due to zero at 100 Hz 0

Due to zero at 200 Hz 0
Thus approximate total  90c phase shift is provided.

1  2 x12
= 1 2 G=x G  0
22

or

7.66

We have only one independent equation x12  2x22

Let x22  K , then x12  2K . Thus Eigen vector will be
x12
2
2K
=x G  = K G  K = 1 G
22

Option (C) is correct.

Mason Gain Formula
T (s) 

4pk 3 k
3

Digonalizing matrix

In given SFG there is only one forward path and 3 possible loop.
p1  abcd
31  1
3 1  (sum of indivudual loops) - (Sum of two non touching
loops)

Now

Now Diagonal matrix of sin At is D where

sin (M1 t)
0
sin ( 4t)
0
D =

0
sin (M2 t)G =
0
sin (M2 t)G

 1  (L1  L2  L3)  (L1 L3)

Non touching loop are L1 and L3 where
L1 L2  bedg
Thus

Now matrix

C (s)
p1 3 1

1  (be  cf  dg)  bedg
R (s)

abcd
1  (be  cf  dg)  bedg

 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t) 2 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)

` 1 j=
sin ( 4t)  2 sin (t)  2 sin ( 4t)  sin ( t)G
3
 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t) 2 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)
` 1 j=
sin ( 4t)  sin ( t)  2 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)G
3
sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)  2 sin ( 4t)  2 sin ( t)
 ` 1 j=
Gs
3  sin ( 4t  sin ( t) 2 sin ( 4t)  sin ( t)
7.68

Option (A) is correct.

We have

2 2
A =
1  3G

1  G (s)  0

[MI  A]  0
M  2 2
0
1 M  3

or
(M + 2)( M + 3)  2  0
or
M2  5M  4  0
Thus
M1  4 and M2  1
Eigen values are  4 and  1.
Eigen vectors for M1  4

or

s4

Now Eigen vector for M2  1

(M2 I  A) X2  0
M2  2  2 x12
or
=  1 M  3G=x G  0
2
22

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(M1 I  A) X1  0
M1  2  2 x11
= 1 M  3G=x G  0
1
21
 2  2 x11
= 1  1G=x G  0
21

or
 2x11  2x21  0
or
x11  x21  0
We have only one independent equation x11  x21.
Let x21  K , then x11  K , the Eigen vector will be
K
1
x11
=x G  = K G  K = 1 G
21

Option (A) is correct.

For ufb system the characteristic equation is
K1 + G (s)
1
0
s (s2  2s  2)( s  3)
4
3
2
s  4s  5s  6s  K  0
The routh table is shown below. For system to be stable,
(21  4K)
0  K and 0 
2/7
21
This gives
0K
4

Characteristic equation is

or

B  sin At  MDM1
 1 2 sin ( 4t)
0
1 2
` 1 j=
1 1G=
0
sin ( t)G= 1  1G
3

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7.67

1 2
x11 x12

M =
x21 x22 G = 1 1G
1 2
M1  `  1 j=
G
3 1 1

s3

7
2

21  4K
7/2

s
s
7.69

Option (B) is correct.

We have
P (s)  s5  s 4  2s3  3s  15
The routh table is shown below.
If F 0+ then 2F +F 12 is positive and 15F2F 2412F  144 is negative. Thus
there are two sign change in first column. Hence system has 2 root
2

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 179

on RHS of plane.

7.70

s5

2F + 12
F

15

 12

s1

15F2  24F  144

2F  12

s0

15


7.75

Option (D) is correct.

det QC ! 0
The observability matrix is

Thus controllable

Q0  [CT AT CT ]
1 3
=
!0
0  1G
det Q0 ! 0

(sI  A) 1 

s (s  27)
s2  29s  6

1 ^

3
s

^ s s27 h

 24s  s2 h  s2 . s3

s  27
s

1  29s  s62

Option (D) is correct.

We have
1  G (s) H (s)  0
K
0
1
s (s  2)( s  3)

or

K  s (s2  5s2  6s)

dK  (3s2  10s  6)  0
ds

or

which gives

s   10 ! 100  72  0.784,  2.548

6

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Thus observable

Option (B) is correct.

(sI  A)  =

The location of poles on s  plane is

s 0
1 0
s1 0


0 s G =0 1G = 0 s  1G

1
0
(s  1)
s1
1
>
G
2=
0
(s  1)
0
(s  1)

0
1
s1

et 0
eAt  L1 [(sI  A)] 1  =
G
0 et
7.72

1
 3  1 x1
x1
We have
=x G = = 2 0 G=x G + = 0 Gu
2
2
1
x1
and
Y  [1 0]= G  = G u
2
x2
3 1
1
Here
, B  = G and C  [1 0]
A =
2 0G
0
The controllability matrix is
1 3
QC  [B AB ]  =
0 2G

7.71

where L1 and L3 are non-touching

C (s)
This
R (s)
p1 3 1

1  (loop gain) + pair of non  touching loops

Since breakpoint must lie on root locus so s  0.748 is possible.

7.76

Option (A) is correct.

Z  PN
N Net encirclement of ( 1  j0) by Nyquist plot,
P Number of open loop poles in right hand side of s  plane
Z Number of closed loop poles in right hand side of s  plane
Here N  1 and P  1
Thus
Z 0
Hence there are no roots on RH of s plane and system is always
stable.

Option (A) is correct.

The given bode plot is shown below

7.73

7.74

At X  0.1 change in slope is  60 dB 3 zeroes at X  0.1

At X  10 change in slope is  40 dB 2 poles at X  10
At X  100 change in slope is  20 dB 1 poles at X  100
K ( 0s.1  1) 3
Thus
T (s)  s
s
 1)
( 10  1) 2 ( 100
Now
20 log10 K  20
or
K  10
10 ( 0s.1  1) 3
108 (s  0.1) 3
Thus

T (s)  s
2 s
(s  10) 2 (s  100)
( 10  1) ( 100  1)


Option (C) is correct.

PD Controller may accentuate noise at higher frequency. It does not
effect the type of system and it increases the damping. It also reduce
the maximum overshoot.

Option (D) is correct.

Mason Gain Formula
T (s) 

4pk 3 k
3

In given SFG there is only forward path and 3 possible loop.

p1  1
31  1  3  24  s  27
s
s
s


2
24
and L3   3
, L2 
L1 
s
s
s

7.77

Option (B) is correct.

The characteristics equation is
s2  4s  4  0
Comparing with
s2  2YXn  Xn2  0

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

we get
Thus

7.78
7.79

2YXn  4 and Xn2  4

Y 1
ts  4  4  2
YXn
1#2

Critically damped

Option (C) is correct.

We have
1
xo1
=xo G  =1
2
1
A =
1
s
(sI  A)  =
0

7.84

0 x1
x1 (0)
1
and =

1G=x2 G
x2 (0)G = 0 G
0
1G
0
1 0
s1 0


s G =1 1G =  1 s  1G

7.85

1
s1
1
(s  1)2

0
1
s1

7.83

7.86

ks2  s  6  0
s2  1 s  6  0
K
K

Comparing with s2  2YXn s  Xn2  0 we have

we get
2YXn  1 and Xn2  6
K
K
1
or
2 # 0.5 # 6 KX =
K
1
6
or
 2 & K 1
6
K
K

or
Now

sX (s)  2X (s)  2U (s)

(s  2) X (s)  2U (s)
2U (s)
X (s) 
(s  2)
y (t)  0.5x (t)

Option (B) is correct.

Routh table is shown below. Here all element in 3rd row are zero, so
system is marginal stable.
s5

s0
Given Y  0.5

Option (D) is correct.

From the expression of OLTF it may be easily see that the maximum
magnitude is 0.5 and does not become 1 at any frequency. Thus gain
cross over frequency does not exist. When gain cross over frequency
does not exist, the phase margin is infinite.

or

Overdamped

s1

Option (B) is correct.

Any point on real axis lies on the root locus if total number of poles
and zeros to the right of that point is odd. Here s  1.5 does not
lie on real axis because there are total two poles and zeros (0 and
 1) to the right of s  1.5 .

Option (D) is correct.

We have
xo (t)  2x (t)  2u (t)
Taking Laplace transform we get

Option (B) is correct.

The characteristics equation is

For overdamped system settling time can be determined by the

dominant pole of the closed loop system. In given system dominant
pole consideration is at s  1. Thus
1 1
and Ts  4  4 sec
T
T

Option (C) is correct.

The characteristics equation is
or

Option (D) is correct.

From Mason gain formula we can write transfer function as
K
Y (s)
K
s


R (s)
1  ( s3  sK ) s  3 (3  K)
For system to be stable (3  K)  0 i.e. K  3

(s  1)( s  100)  0
s2  101s  100  0
2
Comparing with s  2YXn  Xn2  0 we get
2YXn  101 and Xn2  100
Thus
Y  101
20

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7.82

or
or

0
1 >(s  1)
H>
(s  1) 2  1 (s  1)
et 0
L1 [(sI  A) 1]  eAt  = t t G
te e
et 0 1
et
x (t)  eAt # [x (t0)]  = t t G= G  = t G
te e 0
te

7.81

Y (s)  0.5X (s)

0.5 # 2U (s)
Y (s) 
s2
Y (s)
1

U (s)
(s  2)

Option (B) is correct.

(sI  A) 1 

7.80

Page 180

...(i)

7.87

Option (B) is correct.

The open loop transfer function is
1
G (s) H (s) 
s (s2  s  1)
Substituting s  jX we have
1
G (jX) H (jX) 
jX ( X2  jX  1)

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+G (jX) H (jX)  Q  tan1 X 2
2
(1  X )
The frequency at which phase becomes  180c, is called phase
crossover frequency.
XG
Thus
 180  90  tan1
1  X2G
XG
or
 90  tan1
1  X2G
or
1  X2G  0
XG  1 rad/sec
The gain margin at this frequency XG  1 is

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 181

GM  20 log10 G (jXG) H (jXG)

Comparing (1) and (6) we have

Z3 (s)
H 
Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)

 20 log10 (XG (1  XG2 ) 2  XG2

 20 log 1  0
7.88

Option (A) is correct.

N
P

7.93

Z  PN
Net encirclement of ( 1  j0) by Nyquist plot,

Number of open loop poles in right had side of s  plane

Z Number of closed loop poles in right hand side of s  plane
Here N  0 (1 encirclement in CW direction and other in CCW)


and P  0
Thus Z  0

or

Hence there are no roots on RH of s  plane.

7.89

7.90

or

Option (D) is correct.

Take off point is moved after G2 as shown below

For DC gain s  0 , thus

Option (C) is correct.

The characteristics equation is

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7.94

Xn 

2
Y  1
2
Since Y  1 thus system is under damped
Option (D) is correct.
If roots of characteristics equation lie on negative axis at different
positions (i.e. unequal), then system response is over damped.
From the root locus diagram we see that for 0  K  1, the roots
are on imaginary axis and for 1  K  5 roots are on complex plain.
For K  5 roots are again on imaginary axis.
Thus system is over damped for 0 # K  1 and K  5 .

 G1 Vi (s)  HI2 (s)

 G2 I1 (s)
 G3 I2 (s)
KVL in given block diagram we have

Vi (s) = I1 (s) Z1 (s) + [I1 (s)  I2 (s)] Z3 (s)

0  [I2 (s)  I1 (s)] Z3 (s)  I2 (s) Z2 (s)  I2 (s) Z4 (s)
From (4) we have
or
Vi (s)  I1 (s)[ Z1 (s)  Z3 (S)]  I2 (s) Z3 (S)
Z3 (s)
1
or
 I2
I1 (s)  Vi
Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)
Z1 (s)  Z3 (s)

1  G (s) H (s)  0
K (s  2)
1
(s  2)  0
(s  2) 2
2
or
(s  2)  K (s  2) 2  0
2
or
(1  K) s  4 (1  K) s  4K  4  0
Routh Table is shown below. For System to be stable 1  k  0 ,
and 4  4k  0 and 4  4k  0 . This gives  1  K  1
As per question for 0 # K  1

...(1)
...(2)
...(3)

or

I1 (s) Z3 (S)  I2 (s)[ Z2 (s)  Z3 (s)  Z4 (s)]

I1 (s) Z3 (s)
Is (s) 
Z3 (s)  Z2 (s)  Z4 (s)

7.95

...(6)

Comparing (2) and (7) we have

Z3 (s)
G2 
Z3 (s)  Z2 (s)  Z4 (s)

7.96

...(7)

1k

4  4k

4  4k

s0

4  4k

s2

...(4)
...(5)

From (5) we have

Option (C) is correct.

From the Block diagram transfer function is
G (s)
T (s) 
1  G (s) H (s)
K (s  2)
Where
G (s) 
(s  2)
and
H (s)  (s  2)
The Characteristic equation is

Option (C) is correct.

From SFG we have
I1 (s)
I2 (s)
V0 (s)
Now applying

G (0)  4
9

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and

7.92

1  s2  7s  13  1  s2  6s  9
G (s)
s4
s4
G (s)  2 s  4
s  6s  9

Thus

s2  2s  2  0
Comparing with s2  2YXn  Xn2  0 we get
2YXn  2 and Xn2  2

7.91

Option (B) is correct.

For unity negative feedback system the closed loop transfer function
is
G (s)
s4
,
CLTF 

G (s) OL Gain
1  G (s) s2  7s  13
2
1  G (s)
or
 s  7s  13
G (s)
s4

Option (B) is correct.

It is stable at all frequencies because for resistive network feedback
factor is always less than unity. Hence overall gain decreases.
Option (B) is correct.
The characteristics equation is s2  Bs2  ks  3  0
The Routh Table is shown below
For system to be stable B  0 and BK  3  0
B
Thus B  0 and BK  3

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

s3

BK  3
B

s1
s

Page 182

The observability matrix is

1 2
!0
Q0  [CT AT CT ]  =
1  2G
Option (D) is correct.
G (s) H (s)  2 3
s (s  1)

we have
7.97

Option (B) is correct.

Closed loop transfer function is given as
T (s)  2 9
s  4s  9
by comparing with standard form we get natural freq.

G (jX) H (jX) at X  X  1
g

4  2/3
2#3
for second order system the setting time for 2-percent band is given
by
Y 

Xg 

 180  150  30c

7.101

Option (D) is correct.

Given loop transfer function is
2
s (s  1)

2
jX (jX  1)
Phase cross over frequency can be calculated as
G (jX) H (jX) 

so
7.99

1
G (jX) H (jXp) o

R (s)  12 (unit Ramp)

s
1
1
so
E (s)  lim 2
s " 0 s 1  G (s)
n
n1
2
a1 s  ....  an  2 s
 lim 12 s 
s"0 s
sn  a1 sn  1  ....  an
 an  2
an

0
0
1
, B  = G and C  [1 1]
A =
1
2  3G

The controllability matrix is

7.103

0 1
QC  [B AB ]  =
1  3G
det QC ! 0

G (s) 

Here input

Xp

Option (A) is correct.

Here

an  1 s  an
sn  a1 sn  1  ....an  2 s2

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2
0
X2p  1
G.M.  20 log 10 b 1 l  3
0

G (jXp) H (jXp) 

G (s) H (s) 

an  1 s  an
sn  a1 sn  1  ....an  2 s2
Steady state error is given by
1
E (s)  lim R (s)
s"0
1  G (s) H (s)
for unity feed back H (s)  1

Thus

Gain margin

G.M.  20 log 10 e

Option (C) is correct.

Closed-loop transfer function is given by
an  1 s  an
T (s)  n
s  a1 sn  1  ...  an  1 s  an
an  1 s  an
n
n1
2
 s  a1 s  ...an  2 s

a
s
a
n1
n
1 n
s  a1 sn  1  ...an  2 s2

For unity feed back H (s)  1

1
at X  Xp
G (jX) H (jX) G

Option (B) is correct.

Thus

G (X) at X  X  180c
G (X)  90c  tan1 (X)
1
 90c  tan (Xp)  180c
tan1 (Xp)  90c
Xp  3
20 log 10 =

3
G (X) at X  X  90  tan1 (Xg)

 90  tan1 3  90  60  150
Phase margin  180  G (X) at X  X

4
4 2
ts  4 
YXn
3 # 2/3 2

G (s) H (s) 

X1, X2  ! 3

which gives

7.102

So here

2 3
1
X X2  1
12  X2 (X2  1)
4
2
X  X  12  0
2
(X  4) (X2  3)  0
X2  3 and X2  4

or

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2 3
jX (jX  1)

Gain cross over frequency

X 9
Xn  3
2YXn  4

7.98

G (jX) H (jX) 

or

2
A

damping factor

Thus observable

det Q0 ! 0
7.100

Option (B) is correct.

7.104
7.105

Option (A) is correct.

7.106

Option (A) is correct.

Thus controllable

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 183

By applying Rouths criteria

Phase is
G (X)  tan1 (3TX)  tan1 (TX)
X
G (X)  tan1 ; 3TX  T
1  3T 2 X2 E
G (X)  tan1 ; 2TX2 2 E
1  3T X
For maximum value of phase
dG (X)
0
dX

s3  5s2  7s  3  0
s3

s2

7#53
5

s0

7
3


32
5

There is no sign change in the first column. Thus there is no root

lying in the left-half plane.
7.107

7.108

Option (A) is correct.

Techometer acts like a differentiator so its transfer function is of the
form ks .
Option (A) is correct.
Open loop transfer function is
K
G (s) 
s (s  1)
Steady state error
sR (s)
E (s)  lim
s " 0 1  G (s) H (s)
R (s)  input

Where

H (s)  1 (unity feedback)

R (s)  1
s
s1
s (s  1)
s
0
 lim 2
s"0
s"0 s  s  K
1 K
s (s  1)
Option (B) is correct.
Fig given below shows a unit impulse input given to a zero-order hold
circuit which holds the input signal for a duration T & therefore,
the output is a unit step function till duration T .
so

7.109

1  3T 2 X2
TX  1
3
So maximum phase is
or

Gmax  tan1 ; 2TX2 2 E at TX  1

1  3T X
3
R
V
1
2
S
W
3 W  tan1 1  30c
 tan1 S
; 3E
1
SS1  3 # 3 WW
T
X

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E (s)  lim

7.113

7.114

Option (A) is correct.

G (jX) H (jX) enclose the ( 1, 0) point so here G (jXp) H (jXp)  1
Xp  Phase cross over frequency
1
Gain Margin  20 log 10
G (jXp) H (jXp)
so gain margin will be less than zero.
Option (B) is correct.
The denominator of Transfer function is called the characteristic
equation of the system. so here characteristic equation is
(s  1) 2 (s  2)  0

h (t)  u (t)  u (t  T)
Taking Laplace transform we have
H (s)  1  1 esT  1 61  esT @
s s
s
7.110

7.111

7.112

7.115

7.116

Option (C) is correct.

Phase margin  180c  Rg where Rg  value of phase at gain
crossover frequency.
Here
Rg  125c
so
P.M  180c  125c  55c
Option (B) is correct.
Open loop transfer function is given by
K (1  0.5s)
G (s) H (s) 
s (1  s) (1  2s)
Close looped system is of type 1.
It must be noted that type of the system is defined as no. of poles
lies at origin in OLTF.
lying
Option (D) is correct.
Transfer function of the phase lead controller is
1  (3TX) j
T.F  1  3Ts 
1s
1  (TX) j

Option (C) is correct.

In synchro error detector, output voltage is proportional to [X (t)],
where X (t) is the rotor velocity so here n  1
Option (C) is correct.
By massons gain formulae
/ %k Pk
y

x
%
Forward path gain

so gain
7.117

P1  5 # 2 # 1  10
%  1  (2 #  2)  1  4  5
%1  1
y
 10 # 1  2
5
x

Option (C) is correct.

By given matrix equations we can have
Xo1  dx1  x1  x2  0
dt
dx
o
X2  2  0  x2  N
dt
x1
y  [1 1] > H  x1  x2
x2
dy
 dx1  dx2
dt
dt
dt

GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

Page 184

dy
 x1  N
dt
dy
dt

 x1 (0)  N (0)
t0

 10  0

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GATE Electronics and Communication Topicwise Solved Paper by RK Kanodia & Ashish Murolia

UNIT 8

Page 184

8.6

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The optimum threshold to achieve minimum bit error rate (BER) is

(A) 1
(B) 4
2
5
(C) 1

(D) 3
2

2012
2013

ONE MARK

8.7

The bit rate of a digital communication system is R kbits/s . The

modulation used is 32-QAM. The minimum bandwidth required for
ISI free transmission is
(A) R/10 Hz
(B) R/10 kHz
(C) R/5 Hz
(D) R/5 kHz

8.1

2013

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8.8

P ^3V F 2U h is

(A) 4/9
(C) 2/3

(B) 1/2
(D) 5/9

Consider two identically distributed zero-mean random variables U

and V . Let the cumulative distribution functions of U and 2V be
F ^x h and G ^x h respectively. Then, for all values of x
(B) F ^x h  G ^x h $ 0
(A) F ^x h  G ^x h # 0
(C) ^F (x)  G (x)h .x # 0
(D) ^F (x)  G (x)h .x $ 0

8.3

8.9

8.10

Let U and V be two independent and identically distributed random

variables such that P ^U  1h  P ^U  1h  1 . The entropy
2
H ^U  V h in bits is
(A) 3/4
(B) 1
(C) 3/2
(D) log 2 3

8.4

(B) 6400/Q, 0

(C) 6400/Q, 20/ (Q 2 )

(D) 6000/Q, 20/ (Q 2 )

In a baseband communications link, frequencies upto 3500 Hz are

used for signaling. Using a raised cosine pulse with 75% excess
bandwidth and for no inter-symbol interference, the maxi mum
possible signaling rate in symbols per second is
(A) 1750
(B) 2625
(C) 4000
(D) 5250
A source alphabet consists of N symbols with the probability of the
first two symbols being the same. A source encoder increases the
probability of the first symbol by a small amount F and decreases
that of the second by F. After encoding, the entropy of the source
(A) increases
(B) remains the same
(C) increases only if N  2
(D) decreases
Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly
distributed in the interval 6 1, 1@. The probability that max 6X, Y @
is less than 1/2 is
(A) 3/4
(B) 9/16
(C) 1/4
(D) 2/3
TWO MARKS

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8.11

If the detection threshold is 1, the BER will be

(B) 1
(A) 1
2
4
1
(C)
(D) 1
8
16

(A) 6000/Q, 0

2012

Bits 1 and 0 are transmitted with equal probability. At the receiver, the pdf of the respective received signals for both bits are
as shown below.

8.5

The power spectral density of a real process X (t) for positive

frequencies is shown below. The values of E [X 2 (t)] and E [X (t)] ,
respectively, are

TWO MARKS

Let U and V be two independent zero mean Gaussain random

variables of variances 1 and 1 respectively. The probability
9
4

8.2

ONE MARK

8.12

A BPSK scheme operating over an AWGN channel with noise

power spectral density of N 0 /2, uses equiprobable signals
s1 (t)  2E sin (Xc t) and s2 (t)  2E sin (Xc t) over the symbol
T
T
interval (0, T). If the local oscillator in a coherent receiver is ahead
in phase by 45c with respect to the received signal, the probability
of error in the resulting system is
(A) Q c 2E m
(B) Q c E m
N0
N0
E
E
(C) Q c
(D) Q c
2N 0 m
4N 0 m
A binary symmetric channel (BSC) has a transition probability of
1/8. If the binary symbol X is such that P (X  0)  9/10, then the