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Exam Final Sol

The document is the key to solutions for a physics exam with 4 questions. 1) It provides the solution to calculating the final temperature and entropy change for an ideal gas system consisting of 2 tanks with different initial conditions that are allowed to reach thermal equilibrium. 2) It sketches the P-V diagram for an ideal gas engine cycle and calculates the heat, work, and efficiency in terms of the cycle parameters. 3) It finds the mean magnetic moment of a molecule that can have 3 values of magnetic dipole moment in an external magnetic field as a function of temperature. 4) It determines the occupation number for fermions and bosons at low temperatures and evaluates whether water can be treated classically

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Saikat Payra
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64 views4 pages

Exam Final Sol

The document is the key to solutions for a physics exam with 4 questions. 1) It provides the solution to calculating the final temperature and entropy change for an ideal gas system consisting of 2 tanks with different initial conditions that are allowed to reach thermal equilibrium. 2) It sketches the P-V diagram for an ideal gas engine cycle and calculates the heat, work, and efficiency in terms of the cycle parameters. 3) It finds the mean magnetic moment of a molecule that can have 3 values of magnetic dipole moment in an external magnetic field as a function of temperature. 4) It determines the occupation number for fermions and bosons at low temperatures and evaluates whether water can be treated classically

Uploaded by

Saikat Payra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics 425, Spring 2007

Final Exam
May 8 4:00-5:50, Tuesday
1. A tank has a volume of 0.1 m3 and is filled with a monatomic ideal gas at a pressure
of 6 x 106 Pa and temperature 200 K. A second tank has a volume of 0.2 m3 and is
filled with the same gas at a pressure of 3 x 106 Pa and temperature 300 K. A rigid
piston separating the two tanks allows thermal interaction but no particle transfer
between the two tanks. Assuming that the heat transfer between the two tanks is
quasi-static, the walls of the tanks are adiabatic and rigid, and the gas has a constant
molar specific heat cV = 3/2 R:
(a) Find the final temperature of the system in final equilibrium [Hint: the internal
energy of the combined system is constant.] (14 points)
(b) Find the entropy change of the system. [Hint: the change in the total entropy is
the sum of entropy change in each sub system.] (10 points)
Key to solutions :
(a) In final equilibrium, the gases have the same temperature T f .
3
3
3
N1kT1 + N 2 kT 2 = (N1 + N 2 )kT f
2
2
2
Using the ideal gas law : PV = NkT , there are :
PV
PV
N1T1k = P1V1, N 2 T2 k = P2V2 , N1k = 1 1 ,N 2 k = 2 2
T1
T2
N T + N 2T 2 P1V1 + P2V2
Therefore, T f = 1 1
=
= 240 K
P1V1 P2V2
N1 + N 2
+
T1
T2
C dT PdV
(b) Using the second law dS = (dE + PdV ) /T = V
+
T
T
Here the volumes of the two tanks are fixed, so dV = 0,
The constant internal energy is E =

CV dT ncV dT
=
, yielding "S = ncV ln(T f /T i )
T
T
PV
PV
Using PV = nRT , there is n1 = 1 1 ,n 2 = 2 2 . Therefore,
RT1
RT 2
thus dS =

"S = "S1 + "S2 =

3 P1V1
3 P2V2
ln(T f /T1) +
ln(T f /T 2 ) = 151 J/K
2 T1
2 T2

2. An engine works in the following idealized cycle:


A-B: adiabatic compression
B-C: isobaric expansion
C-D: adiabatic expansion
D-A: isobaric compression
Assuming this cycle to be carried out quasi-statically for 1 mole monatomic ideal gas
with constant specific heats and the specific heat ratio :
(a) Sketch the cycle in the P-V diagram (6 points)
(b) Calculate heat Q and total work W during one cycle; express your answers in
terms of the gas pressure PA and PB, the gas volume VB and VC, and . (15 points)
(c) Calculate the engine efficiency in terms of PA, PB, and . [Note: the engine
efficiency is the ratio of work to the amount of heat intake.] (6 points)
Key to solutions:
(a) Note that A - B is the adiabatic compression with decreasing volume
and increasing pressure because of the relation PV " = const, where " > 0.
(b) The simplest way to solve this problem is to calculate heat Q first :
A - B : adiabatic process, hence QAB = 0
B - C : isobaric process, PC = PB , QBC = #EBC + PB #VBC
C
C
As #EBC = CV (TC $ T B ) = V (PC VC $ PB VB ) = V PB (VC $ VB )
R
R
CV
"
There is : QBC = (
+ 1)PB (VC $ VB ) =
PB (VC $ VB )
R
" $1
Since VC > VB , QBC > 0, the engine intakes heat.
C - D : same as A - B, QCD = 0
"
D - A : same as B - C : QDA =
PA (VA $ VD )
" $1
Using the adiabatic relation for A - B and C - D processes, there is :
% P (1/ "
% P (1/ "
% P (1/ "
PA VA " = PB VB " , or VA = ' B * VB , samely, VD = ' C * VC = ' B * VC
& PA )
& PD )
& PA )
Therefore, the total heat :
+
% P (1/ "
% P (1/ " .
"
"
" Q = QBC + QDA =
PB (VC $ VB ) $
PA ' B * (VC $ VB ) =
PB $ PA ' B * 0(VC $ VB )
" $1
" $ 1 & PA )
" $ 1 -,
& PA ) 0/
During one cycle, the net change in the internal energy #E = 0, thus the total work
+
% P (1/ " .
" W = Q $ #E = Q =
PB $ PA ' B * 0(VC $ VB )
" $ 1 -,
& PA ) 0/
+
% P (1/ " .
" PB $ PA ' B * 0(VC $ VB )
1
1
"
$
1
& PA ) 0/
% P ( " $1
% P (1$ "
W
W
,
B
A
(c) The engine efficiency is 1 =
=
=
= 1$ ' * = 1$ ' *
"
Qin QBC
& PA )
& PB )
PB (VC $ VB )
" $1

3. A certain liquid is made of identical molecules, each of them having only three values
for the component of its magnetic moment along the direction of an external magnetic
field: z = (1, 0, 1) 0 , and 0 is the Bohr magneton (0 = 0.93 x 10-23 J/Tesla).
"

(a) Find the mean magnetic moment of one molecule when the liquid is kept at a
constant temperature T with the external magnetic field B. (10 points)
"

(b) Derive the approximate expressions for at very high temperatures (kT
>>0) and very low temperatures (kT !
<< 0) (10 points)
"

(c) Make a qualitative graph to show the temperature dependence of (5 points)


(d) If B = 1 Tesla, calculate the total!magnetic energy at room temperature (T = 300
K) for 1 mole molecules of this liquid (5 points)
!

Key to solutions:

(a) The magnetic moment z = (1, 0,"1) 0 , with the energy # = - z B = ("1, 0,1) 0 B
The mean magnetic moment is then given by :
$ ze"# / kT

0 (e 0 B / kT " e" 0 B / kT )
$e
e 0 B / kT + e" 0 B / kT + 1
(b) When 0 B / kT << 1,e 0 B / kT % 1 + 0 B / kT , e" 0 B / kT % 1 " 0 B / kT , so
"

"

"# / kT

0 (1 + 0 B / kT " 1 + 0 B / kT ) 2 0 2 B
=
1 + 0 B / kT + 1 " 0 B / kT + 1 3 kT

When 0 B / kT >> 1,e 0 B / kT >> 1,e" 0 B / kT % 0, therefore,


"

0e 0 B / kT
= 0
e 0 B / kT

"

(c) decreases monotonically with increasing temperature. At very high


temperatures, it shows a 1/T dependence, and at very low temperatures,
it reaches the maximum value 0 .
"
0B
= 0.002 << 1, so we can calculate at the high
kT
"
2 02B
temperature limit : %
= 1.4 & 10"26 J/Tesla
3 kT

(d) When B = 1 Tesla,

"

And the total magnetic energy is E = " BN a = "8.4 & 10"3 J.

4. Answer the following questions:


(a) A gas consists of identical Fermions with the Fermi energy . When temperature
T = 0, find the occupation number for the state with energy . [Hint: distinguish
" > and " < cases] (7 points)

(b) A gas consists of N (N>>1) identical Bosons. Show that at very low temperatures
when
all particles are in the lowest energy state = 0, the chemical potential
!
varies with the temperature T according to: (T " 0) # $
ln(1+ x) " x ] (7 points)

1
kT [Hint: for small x,
N

(c) At room temperature (T = 300 K) and


! pressure, 1 gram of liquid water (H2O)
3
occupies a volume of 1 cm . Water molecule has atomic weight of 18. Can we
treat liquid water molecules using classical statistics? (5 points)

Key to solutions:
"

(a) n s =

1
, when T = 0 :
e(# " )/ kT + 1
"

# > , (# " ) / kT = $, e(# " )/ kT = $, so n s = 0


"

# < , (# " ) / kT = "$, e(# " )/ kT = 0, so n s = 1


"

"

1
=N
"1
e" / kT " 1
1
1
1
So e" / kT " 1 = ,e" / kT = + 1, " / kT = ln( + 1)
N
N
N
1
1
1
As N >> 1,
<< 1, ln( + 1) % , therefore,
N
N
N
1
"kT
" / kT = , or =
N
N
Na
(c) 1g water has N =
= 3.3 & 10 22 molecules in 1 cm-3 , so the mean distance
18
' V *1/ 3
between two molecules is d = ) , = 3.1 & 10"10 m. The de Broglie
(N +
h
wavelength of water molecule is - %
, where the mass of a water
3mkT
(b) n s =

(# " )/ kT

When # = 0, n s =

molecule m = 18 & 1.67 & 10"27 kg = 3.0 & 10 -26 kg, yielding - % 5.5 & 10"12 m.
Since d >> - , we can use classical statistics to treat water molecules.

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