1

Curve Sketching
To sketch graph of y = f (x), use

Curve Sketching
To sketch graph of y = f (x), use

(1) first derivative of f to find where

 the graph goes up ( f is increasing) , consider f 0 > 0
 or down ( f is decreasing) , consider f 0 < 0

Curve Sketching
To sketch graph of y = f (x), use

(1) first derivative of f to find where

 the graph goes up ( f is increasing) , consider f 0 > 0
 or down ( f is decreasing) , consider f 0 < 0

hence obtain
(1) local extremum points (local max/min) or neither

Curve Sketching
To sketch graph of y = f (x), use

(1) first derivative of f to find where

 the graph goes up ( f is increasing) , consider f 0 > 0
 or down ( f is decreasing) , consider f 0 < 0
(2) second derivative of f to find where

 the graph is bending up ( f is convex) , consider f 00 > 0

 or down ( f is concave) , consider f 00 < 0
hence obtain
(1) local extremum points (local max/min) or neither

Curve Sketching
To sketch graph of y = f (x), use

(1) first derivative of f to find where

 the graph goes up ( f is increasing) , consider f 0 > 0
 or down ( f is decreasing) , consider f 0 < 0
(2) second derivative of f to find where

 the graph is bending up ( f is convex) , consider f 00 > 0

 or down ( f is concave) , consider f 00 < 0
hence obtain
(1) local extremum points (local max/min) or neither
(2) inflection points or not

Curve Sketching
To sketch graph of y = f (x), use

(1) first derivative of f to find where

 the graph goes up ( f is increasing) , consider f 0 > 0
 or down ( f is decreasing) , consider f 0 < 0
(2) second derivative of f to find where

 the graph is bending up ( f is convex) , consider f 00 > 0

 or down ( f is concave) , consider f 00 < 0
hence obtain
(1) local extremum points (local max/min) or neither
(2) inflection points or not

Intercepts are also useful.

f 00 < 0

f 00 > 0

f0 > 0
f0 < 0

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

Solution

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45
= 3(x2 + 2x 15)

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45
= 3(x2 + 2x 15)
= 3(x 3)(x + 5)

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45
= 3(x2 + 2x 15)
= 3(x 3)(x + 5)
Critical pts of f :

3 and 5

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45

x < 5

5 < x < 3

x>3

= 3(x2 + 2x 15)

x3

= 3(x 3)(x + 5)

x+5

f 0(x)

&

Critical pts of f :

3 and 5

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45

x < 5

5 < x < 3

x>3

= 3(x2 + 2x 15)

x3

= 3(x 3)(x + 5)

x+5

f 0(x)

&

Critical pts of f :

3 and 5

f is increasing on (, 5),

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45

x < 5

5 < x < 3

x>3

= 3(x2 + 2x 15)

x3

= 3(x 3)(x + 5)

x+5

f 0(x)

&

Critical pts of f :

3 and 5

f is increasing on (, 5),
decreasing on (5, 3),

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45

x < 5

5 < x < 3

x>3

= 3(x2 + 2x 15)

x3

= 3(x 3)(x + 5)

x+5

f 0(x)

&

Critical pts of f :

3 and 5

f is increasing on (, 5),
decreasing on (5, 3),
increasing on (3, ).

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45

x < 5

5 < x < 3

x>3

= 3(x2 + 2x 15)

x3

= 3(x 3)(x + 5)

x+5

f 0(x)

&

Critical pts of f :

3 and 5

f is increasing on (, 5),
decreasing on (5, 3),
increasing on (3, ).

For the graph of f : (5, f (5)) = (5, 175) is a local maximum pt of the graph,

Example Sketch the graph of the function f given by

f (x) = x3 + 3x2 45x

Indicate (a)
(b)

relative extremum points and inflection points of the graph

intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing; concave or convex.

Solution

f 0(x) = 3x2 + 6x 45

x < 5

5 < x < 3

x>3

= 3(x2 + 2x 15)

x3

= 3(x 3)(x + 5)

x+5

f 0(x)

&

Critical pts of f :

3 and 5

f is increasing on (, 5),
decreasing on (5, 3),
increasing on (3, ).

For the graph of f : (5, f (5)) = (5, 175) is a local maximum pt of the graph,
(3, f (3)) = (3, 81) is a local minimum pt of the graph.

f 00(x) = 6x + 6

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)
Solve f 00(x) = 0, get x = 1.

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)
00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f 00(x)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)
00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f is concave on (, 1);

f 00(x)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)
00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f is concave on (, 1);
convex on (1, ).

f 00(x)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)
00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f 00(x)

x < 1

x > 1

f is concave on (, 1);
convex on (1, ).

For the graph: (1, f (1)) = (1, 47) is an inflection point.

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x)

00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f is concave on (, 1);
convex on (1, ).

For the graph: (1, f (1)) = (1, 47) is an inflection point.

(, 5)

(5, 1)

(1, 3)

(3, )

f0

f 00

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x)

00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f is concave on (, 1);
convex on (1, ).

For the graph: (1, f (1)) = (1, 47) is an inflection point.

(, 5)

(5, 1)

(1, 3)

(3, )

f0

f 00

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x)

00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f is concave on (, 1);
convex on (1, ).

For the graph: (1, f (1)) = (1, 47) is an inflection point.

(, 5)

(5, 1)

(1, 3)

(3, )

f0

f 00

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x)

00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f is concave on (, 1);
convex on (1, ).

For the graph: (1, f (1)) = (1, 47) is an inflection point.

(, 5)

(5, 1)

(1, 3)

(3, )

f0

f 00

f 00(x) = 6x + 6
= 6(x + 1)

x < 1

x > 1

f 00(x)

00

Solve f (x) = 0, get x = 1.

f is concave on (, 1);
convex on (1, ).

For the graph: (1, f (1)) = (1, 47) is an inflection point.

(, 5)

(5, 1)

(1, 3)

(3, )

f0

f 00

150
100
50

-8

-6

-4

-2
-50

Intercepts:

y-intercept: (0, 0)

150
100
50

-8

-6

-4

-2
-50

Intercepts:

y-intercept: (0, 0)
Solve

x3 + 3x2 45x = 0

150
100
50

-8

-6

-4

-2
-50

Intercepts:

y-intercept: (0, 0)
Solve

x3 + 3x2 45x = 0
x(x2 + 3x 45) = 0

150
100
50

-8

-6

-4

-2
-50

Intercepts:

y-intercept: (0, 0)
Solve

x3 + 3x2 45x = 0
x(x2 + 3x 45) = 0

x = 0 or x =

3 3 21
2

150
100
50

-8

-6

-4

-2
-50

Intercepts:

y-intercept: (0, 0)
Solve

x3 + 3x2 45x = 0
x(x2 + 3x 45) = 0

x = 0 or x =

3 3 21
2

x-intercepts: (0, 0), (8.37, 0), (5.37, 0)

150
100
50

-8

-6

-4

-2
-50

Absolute Extrema
In applied problems, interested in global extrema rather than local extrema.

Absolute Extrema
In applied problems, interested in global extrema rather than local extrema.
For example, below is the graph of a profit function

P : [0, qmax] R

P = P(q) (q = no. of units of goods).

B
A

Absolute Extrema
In applied problems, interested in global extrema rather than local extrema.
For example, below is the graph of a profit function

P : [0, qmax] R

P = P(q) (q = no. of units of goods).

B

Two local maximum points A and B.

A

Absolute Extrema
In applied problems, interested in global extrema rather than local extrema.
For example, below is the graph of a profit function

P : [0, qmax] R

P = P(q) (q = no. of units of goods).

B

Two local maximum points A and B.

Interested in the point B (largest profit).

Absolute Extrema
In applied problems, interested in global extrema rather than local extrema.
For example, below is the graph of a profit function

P : [0, qmax] R

P = P(q) (q = no. of units of goods).

B

Two local maximum points A and B.

Interested in the point B (largest profit).

Question Does maximum always exists ?

Extreme Value Theorem Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function. Then f

attains its (absolute) maximum and minimum. That is, there exist x1, x2 [a, b]
such that

f (x1) f (x) f (x2) for all x [a, b]

Extreme Value Theorem Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function. Then f

attains its (absolute) maximum and minimum. That is, there exist x1, x2 [a, b]
such that

f (x2)

f (x1) f (x) f (x2) for all x [a, b]

f (x1)

x1

x2

Extreme Value Theorem Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function. Then f

attains its (absolute) maximum and minimum. That is, there exist x1, x2 [a, b]
such that

f (x1) f (x) f (x2) for all x [a, b]

Extreme Value Theorem Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function. Then f

attains its (absolute) maximum and minimum. That is, there exist x1, x2 [a, b]
such that

f (x1) f (x) f (x2) for all x [a, b]

Terminology

f has max at x0

Extreme Value Theorem Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function. Then f

attains its (absolute) maximum and minimum. That is, there exist x1, x2 [a, b]
such that

f (x1) f (x) f (x2) for all x [a, b]

Terminology

(x0, y0) is a max pt of the graph

f has max at x0

Extreme Value Theorem Let f : [a, b] R be a continuous function. Then f

attains its (absolute) maximum and minimum. That is, there exist x1, x2 [a, b]
such that

f (x1) f (x) f (x2) for all x [a, b]

Terminology

(x0, y0) is a max pt of the graph

max of f = y0

f has max at x0

Remark Result is not true if [a, b] is replaced by (a, b).

Remark Result is not true if [a, b] is replaced by (a, b).

1
x

Example Let f : (0, 2) R be defined by f (x) = .

Then f does not attain its max/min.

Remark Result is not true if [a, b] is replaced by (a, b).

1
x

Example Let f : (0, 2) R be defined by f (x) = .

Then f does not attain its max/min.

0.5

1.5

Remark Result is not true if [a, b] is replaced by (a, b).

1
x

Example Let f : (0, 2) R be defined by f (x) = .

Then f does not attain its max/min.

Question How to find max/min of functions ?

1

0.5

1.5

Remark Result is not true if [a, b] is replaced by (a, b).

1
x

Example Let f : (0, 2) R be defined by f (x) = .

Then f does not attain its max/min.

Question How to find max/min of functions ?

1

Max/min may occur at endpoint a, b

or at point between a and b.

0.5

1.5

Remark Result is not true if [a, b] is replaced by (a, b).

1
x

Example Let f : (0, 2) R be defined by f (x) = .

Then f does not attain its max/min.

Question How to find max/min of functions ?

1

Max/min may occur at endpoint a, b

or at point between a and b.

0.5

1.5

Remark Result is not true if [a, b] is replaced by (a, b).

1
x

Example Let f : (0, 2) R be defined by f (x) = .

Then f does not attain its max/min.

Question How to find max/min of functions ?

1

Max/min may occur at endpoint a, b

or at point between a and b.

0.5

1.5

Remark Functions under consideration are assumed to be nice .

If f attains its maximum/minimum at x0 where a < x0 < b, then x0 must be

a critical point of f .

Remark Functions under consideration are assumed to be nice .

If f attains its maximum/minimum at x0 where a < x0 < b, then x0 must be

a critical point of f .
Steps to find absolute extrema

Remark Functions under consideration are assumed to be nice .

If f attains its maximum/minimum at x0 where a < x0 < b, then x0 must be

a critical point of f .
Steps to find absolute extrema
(1) Find the critical points of f in (a, b).

Remark Functions under consideration are assumed to be nice .

If f attains its maximum/minimum at x0 where a < x0 < b, then x0 must be

a critical point of f .
Steps to find absolute extrema
(1) Find the critical points of f in (a, b).
(2) Find values of f at the endpoints a and b and that at the critical points.

Remark Functions under consideration are assumed to be nice .

If f attains its maximum/minimum at x0 where a < x0 < b, then x0 must be

a critical point of f .
Steps to find absolute extrema
(1) Find the critical points of f in (a, b).
(2) Find values of f at the endpoints a and b and that at the critical points.
(3) Compare the values found in (2)

Maximum = greatest values

Minimum = smallest values

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

f 0(x) = 6x2 36x + 30

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

f 0(x) = 6x2 36x + 30 = 6(x2 6x + 5)

= 6(x 1)(x 5)

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

f 0(x) = 6x2 36x + 30 = 6(x2 6x + 5)

= 6(x 1)(x 5)

Critical point of f in (0, 3): x = 1

x = 5 does not belong to [0, 3]

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

f 0(x) = 6x2 36x + 30 = 6(x2 6x + 5)

= 6(x 1)(x 5)

Critical point of f in (0, 3): x = 1

x = 5 does not belong to [0, 3]
Compare values:
x
f (x)

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

f 0(x) = 6x2 36x + 30 = 6(x2 6x + 5)

= 6(x 1)(x 5)

Critical point of f in (0, 3): x = 1

x = 5 does not belong to [0, 3]
Compare values:
x

f (x)

14

18

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

f 0(x) = 6x2 36x + 30 = 6(x2 6x + 5)

= 6(x 1)(x 5)

Critical point of f in (0, 3): x = 1

x = 5 does not belong to [0, 3]
Compare values:
x

f (x)

14

18

Maximum value is 14 (attained at x = 1);

Minimum value is 18 (attained at x = 3).

10

Example Find the absolute extremum values of the function f given by

f (x) = 2x3 18x2 + 30x

on the closed interval [0, 3].

Solution

f 0(x) = 6x2 36x + 30 = 6(x2 6x + 5)

= 6(x 1)(x 5)

Critical point of f in (0, 3): x = 1

x = 5 does not belong to [0, 3]
Compare values:

10

f (x)

14

18

-10

Maximum value is 14 (attained at x = 1);

Minimum value is 18 (attained at x = 3).

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

Want to find the one that has largest area.

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

Want to find the one that has largest area.
Area is determined by width w and height h.

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

Want to find the one that has largest area.
Area is determined by width w and height h.
In this question, w and h are related.

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

Want to find the one that has largest area.
Area is determined by width w and height h.
In this question, w and h are related.
Suppose one side is x.
Can express other side in terms of x.

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

Want to find the one that has largest area.
Area is determined by width w and height h.
In this question, w and h are related.
Suppose one side is x.
Can express other side in terms of x.
Can express area A in terms of x.

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

Want to find the one that has largest area.
Area is determined by width w and height h.
In this question, w and h are related.
Suppose one side is x.
Can express other side in terms of x.
Can express area A in terms of x.
There are restrictions on x (domain of A)

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

11

Applied Maxima and Minima

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Analysis

There are many rectangles with perimeter 20.

Want to find the one that has largest area.
Area is determined by width w and height h.
In this question, w and h are related.
Suppose one side is x.
Can express other side in terms of x.
Can express area A in terms of x.
There are restrictions on x (domain of A)
Maximize A(x) for x belonging to the domain.

(eg. 2 8, 3.5 6.5)

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

10 x

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

10 x

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is

A(x) =

x(10 x),

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

10 x

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is

A(x) =

x(10 x),

0 < x < 10

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

10 x

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is

A(x) =

x(10 x),

= 10x x2

0 < x < 10

(find x such that A has maximum value)

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

10 x

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is

A(x) =

x(10 x),

= 10x x2
A0(x) = 10 2x = 2(5 x)

0 < x < 10

(find x such that A has maximum value)

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

10 x

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is

A(x) =

x(10 x),

= 10x x2
A0(x) = 10 2x = 2(5 x)
Critical point: x = 5

0 < x < 10

(find x such that A has maximum value)

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

10 x

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is
A(x) =

x(10 x),

0 < x < 10

= 10x x2

(find x such that A has maximum value)

A0(x) = 10 2x = 2(5 x)
Critical point: x = 5
x

(0, 5)

(5, 10)

A0(x)

&

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

10 x

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is
A(x) =

x(10 x),

0 < x < 10

= 10x x2

(find x such that A has maximum value)

A0(x) = 10 2x = 2(5 x)
Critical point: x = 5
A has max when x = 5.

(0, 5)

(5, 10)

A0(x)

&

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

10 x

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is
A(x) =

x(10 x),

0 < x < 10

= 10x x2

(find x such that A has maximum value)

A0(x) = 10 2x = 2(5 x)
Critical point: x = 5
A has max when x = 5.
Maximum area is
A(5) = 25 cm2

(0, 5)

(5, 10)

A0(x)

&

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

10 x

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is
A(x) =

x(10 x),

0 < x < 10

= 10x x2

(find x such that A has maximum value)

A0(x) = 10 2x = 2(5 x)
Critical point: x = 5
A has max when x = 5.
Maximum area is
A(5) = 25 cm2

(0, 5)

(5, 10)

A0(x)

&

Answer It is a 5cm 5cm rectangle (in fact, a square).

12

Example Find the rectangle with maximum area if its perimeter is 20 cm.

Solution

Let length of one side of the rectangle be x cm.

10 x

Then length of adjacent side is (10 x) cm.

Area A (in cm2) of rectangle is
A(x) =

x(10 x),

0 < x < 10

= 10x x2

(find x such that A has maximum value)

A0(x) = 10 2x = 2(5 x)
Critical point: x = 5
A has max when x = 5.
Maximum area is
A(5) = 25 cm2

(0, 5)

(5, 10)

A0(x)

&

Answer It is a 5cm 5cm rectangle (in fact, a square).

10

13

Remark Above example:

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 < x < 10 has maximum.

That is, maximize A over an open interval.

13

Remark Above example:

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 < x < 10 has maximum.

That is, maximize A over an open interval.

Can change to the problem of maximizing A over a closed interval.

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 x 10 has maximum

13

Remark Above example:

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 < x < 10 has maximum.

That is, maximize A over an open interval.

Can change to the problem of maximizing A over a closed interval.

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 x 10 has maximum

because maximum cant be attained at the endpoints

13

Remark Above example:

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 < x < 10 has maximum.

That is, maximize A over an open interval.

Can change to the problem of maximizing A over a closed interval.

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 x 10 has maximum

because maximum cant be attained at the endpoints

Alternative solution

Find critical point(s): get x = 5

13

Remark Above example:

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 < x < 10 has maximum.

That is, maximize A over an open interval.

Can change to the problem of maximizing A over a closed interval.

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 x 10 has maximum

because maximum cant be attained at the endpoints

Alternative solution

Find critical point(s): get x = 5

Compare values A(5), A(0), A(10)

13

Remark Above example:

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 < x < 10 has maximum.

That is, maximize A over an open interval.

Can change to the problem of maximizing A over a closed interval.

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 x 10 has maximum

because maximum cant be attained at the endpoints

Alternative solution

Find critical point(s): get x = 5

Compare values A(5), A(0), A(10)

10

25

13

Remark Above example:

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 < x < 10 has maximum.

That is, maximize A over an open interval.

Can change to the problem of maximizing A over a closed interval.

Find x such that

A(x) = x(10 x),

0 x 10 has maximum

because maximum cant be attained at the endpoints

Alternative solution

Find critical point(s): get x = 5

Compare values A(5), A(0), A(10)
Maximum area is 25
(attained when x = 5).

10

25

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

Second Derivative Test (Special Version)

Suppose f has only one critical point x = x0 on

an open interval (a, b) and f 00(x0) < 0. Then f
has an absolute maximum at x = x0.

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

Second Derivative Test (Special Version)

Suppose f has only one critical point x = x0 on

an open interval (a, b) and f 00(x0) < 0. Then f
has an absolute maximum at x = x0.

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

Second Derivative Test (Special Version)

Suppose f has only one critical point x = x0 on

an open interval (a, b) and f 00(x0) < 0. Then f
has an absolute maximum at x = x0.

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

Second Derivative Test (Special Version)

Suppose f has only one critical point x = x0 on

an open interval (a, b) and f 00(x0) < 0. Then f
has an absolute maximum at x = x0.

Cant happen

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

Second Derivative Test (Special Version)

Suppose f has only one critical point x = x0 on

an open interval (a, b) and f 00(x0) < 0. Then f
has an absolute maximum at x = x0.
Alternative solution

A0(x) = 10 2x
Critical pt: 5

Cant happen

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

Second Derivative Test (Special Version)

Suppose f has only one critical point x = x0 on

an open interval (a, b) and f 00(x0) < 0. Then f
has an absolute maximum at x = x0.
Alternative solution

A0(x) = 10 2x
Critical pt: 5
A00(x) = 2

Cant happen

14

Question Can we apply 2nd derivative test ?

Second Derivative Test (Special Version)

Suppose f has only one critical point x = x0 on

an open interval (a, b) and f 00(x0) < 0. Then f
has an absolute maximum at x = x0.
Alternative solution

A0(x) = 10 2x

Cant happen

Critical pt: 5
A00(x) = 2
Because A00(5) = 2 < 0 and 5 is the only critical point in (0, 10), A has max
when x = 5, continue ...