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Digital Logic Gates - Pages

Digital Logic Gates perform logical operations on inputs to produce outputs. The common logic gates are AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR, and NOT. Each gate has a specific truth table that defines its output based on the input values. Logic gates can be combined in circuits to perform more complex logic functions. The order that inputs change does not affect the output in combinational logic circuits, which use logic gates without feedback to produce outputs solely based on the current input values.

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Jhon Errol L. Borlagdan
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132 views

Digital Logic Gates - Pages

Digital Logic Gates perform logical operations on inputs to produce outputs. The common logic gates are AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR, and NOT. Each gate has a specific truth table that defines its output based on the input values. Logic gates can be combined in circuits to perform more complex logic functions. The order that inputs change does not affect the output in combinational logic circuits, which use logic gates without feedback to produce outputs solely based on the current input values.

Uploaded by

Jhon Errol L. Borlagdan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Logic Gates

In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical


device implementing a Boolean function; that is, it
performs a logical operation on one or more logical
inputs, and produces a single logical output. Depending
on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate,
one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited
fan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device.
Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or
transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be
constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays
(relay logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics,
molecules, or even mechanical elements. With
amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same
way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing
the construction of a physical model of all of Boolean
logic, and therefore, all of the algorithms and
mathematics that can be described with Boolean logic.

In the following examples, each logic gate except the


NOT gate has two inputs, A and B, which can either be 1
(True) or 0 (False). The resulting output is a single value
of 1 if the result is true or 0 if the result is false.

OR - True if either A or B are True


NOR - OR followed by NOT: True only if A and B

are both False


AND - True if A and B are both True
NAND - AND followed by NOT: False only if A

and B are both True


NOT - Inverts value: True if input is False; False

if input is True
XOR - True if either A or B are True, but False if

both are True


XNOR - XOR followed by NOT: True if A and B
are both True or both False

Logic Gate
Symbols
OR

The OR gate
gets its name
from the fact
that it behaves
after the fashion
of the logical
inclusive "or."
The output is
"true" if either
or both of the inputs are "true." If
both inputs are "false," then the
output is "false."

NOR

INPUT

OUTPUT

INPUT
A
B

OUTPUT
A OR B

A
0

B
0

A OR
0 B

0
0

0
1

0
1

0
1

1
0

1
1

1
1

0
1

1
1

INPUT

OUTPUT

A OR B

The NOR gate is a


combination OR gate followed
by an inverter. Its output is
"true" if both inputs are
"false." Otherwise, the output
is "false."

AND

The AND
gate is so
named
because, if 0
is called
"false" and 1
is called
gate acts in
way as the
operator.

INPUT
A

A OR B

"true," the
the same
logical "and"

NAND

OUTPUT

The NAND gate operates as an


AND gate followed by a NOT gate.
It acts in the manner of the logical
operation "and" followed by
negation. The output is "false" if
both inputs are "true." Otherwise,
the output is "true."

NOT

A logical inverter,
sometimes called a
NOT gate to
differentiate it from
other types of electronic
inverter devices, has
only one input. It
reverses the logic state.

XOR

The XOR
(exclusive-OR)
gate acts in the
same way as
the logical
"either/or." The
output is "true"
if either, but not
both, of the
inputs are
"true." The output is "false" if both inputs
are "false" or if both inputs are "true."

XNOR

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR)


gate is a combination XOR gate
followed by an inverter. Its
output is "true" if the inputs are
the same and "false" if the
inputs are different.

Combinational Logic
The term "combinational" comes to us from
mathematics. In mathematics a combination is an
unordered set, which is a formal way to say that nobody
cares which order the items came in. Most games work
this way, if you rolled dice one at a time and get a 2
followed by a 3 it is the same as if you had rolled a 3
followed by a 2. With combinational logic, the circuit
produces the same output regardless of the order the
inputs are changed.
There are circuits which depend on the when the inputs
change, these circuits are called sequential logic. Even
though you will not find the term "sequential logic" in the
chapter titles, the next several chapters will discuss
sequential logic.
Practical circuits will have a mix of combinational and
sequential logic, with sequential logic making sure
everything happens in order and combinational logic
performing functions like arithmetic, logic, or conversion.
You have already used combinational circuits. Each logic
gate discussed previously is a combinational logic
function. Let's follow how two NAND gate works if we
provide them inputs in different orders.

We begin with both inputs being 0.

We then set one input high.

We then set the other input high.

So NAND gates do not care about the order of the


inputs, and you will find the same true of all the other
gates covered up to this point (AND, XOR, OR, NOR,
XNOR, and NOT).

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