Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue I, January 2015

ISSN 2201-2796

55

Effects of Domestic Violence on Young People in

Family Setting: Evidence from Omu-Aran, Kwara
State, Nigeria
Ekundayo B. Babatunde
Department of Sociology, Landmark University
Omu-Aran, Kwara state, Nigeria

Babatunde E. Durowaiye
Department of Sociology, Landmark University
Omu-Aran, Kwara state, Nigeria
Ake B. Modupe
Department of Political Science and International Relations, Landmark University
Omu-Aran, Kwara state, Nigeria

Abstract- Interest on the effects of domestic violence has

increased recently. However, only a few studies have attended to
its effects on the witnesses, that is, Nigerian young people in
family setting. This article examines the perceptions, experiences,
and the various ways in which the occurrence of domestic
violence have shaped the lives of Nigerian young people. It uses
data emerging from a survey with the use of questionnaire
administered to 150 in-school and out of school young people in
OmuAran, Kwara state to examine the effects of domestic
violence on them. Findings suggest that the experiences of
respondents exert considerable influence on their perceptions of
violence, family life and significantly shaped their decision as
relates to choosing a life partner. The study concludes that
domestic violence is indeed a social problem that affects Nigerian
young people in the family setting. It recommends the
involvement of various stakeholders including counselors,
religious and community groups, government as well as other
institutions to focus on propagating anti-domestic violence
enlightenment programmes that discourage violence in family
setting.
Key TermsDomestic violence, Young people, Family setting

I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, domestic violence is a significant problem and
one of the most pervasive human rights challenges especially
for the most parts of African societies where issues relating to
partners violence are largely treated as hidden phenomena
(Izugbara et al., 2008). While some intimate relationships can
be pleasurable and fulfilling, others may be characterized by
assaultive and coercive behaviours including physical, sexual,
psychological attacks, and economic coercion which are
hazardous to the individuals physical and emotional wellbeing (Domestic Violence Facts, 2007; Adebayo and
Kolawole, 2013).
In most cases, domestic violence consists of individuals
who are married, cohabiting or as same sex couples (UNICEF,
2006). Despite the prevalence of under-reported cases of
domestic violence affirmed in previous studies (Durose et al.,
2005; Saidi et al., 2008; Olabode and Abayomi, 2013;
Adebayo and Kolawole, 2013), a global report identified one in

every five women to have been confronted with one form of

violent attack (WHO, 2005). In Nigeria, over 65 per cent of
educated women and 55 per cent of low income women are
subjected to domestic violence (Abayomi, 2013).
More importantly, studies have found that people who
witness subsequent domestic violence often suffer from
tension, guilt, anxiety, despair or from what sociologists
describes as cradle of violence (Gelles and Straus, 1988) or
a haven in a heartless world (Lasch,1977:216). As
documented previously, over 275 million children worldwide
were globally reported to have witnessed and consequently
exposed to domestic violence (UNICEF, 2006). Similarly, in a
US based study, about 15.5 million children were reported to
be living in households experiencing domestic violence (Mc
Donald et. al., 2006).
Furthermore, it has been argued that families with
continued marital conflicts are likely to produce children who
are vulnerable to problems of personality adjustment or
abnormalities (Carlson, 2000; Abayomi, 2013) and considered
vulnerable to a range of short and long term physical, mental,
and sexual consequences (Carlson, 2000; Borgat et. al., 2006;
Aihie, 2009; Abayomi and Olabode, 2013).This has been found
to be particularly true for young people who witnessed
domestic violence (Abraham and Jewkes; Gupta et al., 2008).
In addition, studies have found that such children often develop
some levels of emotional and behavioural problems which may
include adolescence delinquency and feelings of insecurity as
they grow up (Alexandra, 2005; Stanley, 2011).
While previous literature on family and domestic violence
have centered focus on the devastating effects of domestic
violence on women and the manner in which violence is
perpetrated among married and cohabiting couple, little is
known about the effect of the violent acts on the witnesses
especially the growing young members of such families. In
Nigeria, studies on domestic or intimate partners violence and
its effects on young people witnessing it has hardly been
established.
Therefore, the present study examines the effects of
domestic violence on young people growing up within the

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Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume III, Issue I, January 2015

ISSN 2201-2796

family setting. This research delves into questions about what

the sampled young people understand about domestic violence,
whether they have experienced or witnessed any form of
violence, and how such experiences shaped the various aspects
of their lives.
The Concept of Domestic Violence and Its Effects
Generally, domestic violence or intimate partner violence is
a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviours including
physical, sexual and psychological attacks as well as economic
coercion used by adults or adolescents against their current or
former intimate partners (UNICEF, 2006:3). It is a
considerable social problem which has both short and longterm effects on the victim (Straus, 1992). For instance, in a
sample of about 4,000 American adolescents, Song et al.,
(1998), reported that, anger is one of the most observable
symptoms in young people that had been previously exposed to
domestic violence.
Additionally, almost all the women who had experienced
violent attacks exhibit symptoms of major depression and
related health problems such as chronic pain, depression, drug
and alcohol abuse and so forth (WHO, 2013; Spilsbury et al.,
2008; Herrenkohl et al., 2005; Stanley, 2011). As can be
observed, children have been identified as principal victims of
domestic violence (Holden, 2003). Thus, witnessing abuse or
residing in an environment where someone else is a victim, can
be psychologically devastating for young people and the effects
vary from physical, mental, emotional to behavioural problems
(Abayomi, 2013).
At a theoretical level, Sutherland (1939) introduced social
learning theory along with some elements such as differential
association theory and other leaning theories based on the
premise that individuals behavior is learnt through interactions
and group learning (see also Akers, 1998). In this context,
learning takes place according to the frequency, duration,
intensity, and priority of social interactions with family, peers,
and other social groups with whom individual associates. By
applying this theory to the concept of domestic violence, the
family is viewed as the primary social group where individuals
have frequent and intense interactions over a long period of
time. Through interaction with members of family, individuals
learn and develop certain attitudes and behaviours which may
be classified as positive or negative behavior. Thus,
domestic violence is a less personal choice and more as a result
of differential socialization processes. In line with this,
Bandura (1977) as a chief proponent of social learning theory
also viewed human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal
interaction between cognitive, behavioural and environmental
influences. According to Bandura (1977), social learning or
"observational learning" involves how behaviours and attitudes
can be modeled merely by observing the behaviours and
attitudes of others. Thus, observational learning can occur in
relation to four components which can be highlighted as
follows:
Attention:Where an individual gives full attention to
the characteristics of the modeled behaviour. For
example, children from violent home give full
concentration to the quarrel between their parents in
order to know why and how it happens.
Retention: Having given their full attention to the
event, individuals have some way of retaining what
have been seen and able to remember the details of

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the behaviour in order to learn and reproduce the

behaviour.
Reproduction: An individuals have the necessary
motor skills to reproduce the behavior that was
modeled for one to be able to reproduce it in latter
life.
Motivation: There is always a motivation or driving
force to reproduce the observed behaviour. As
Bandura concludes, if all of the above factors are
present, an individual will probably know how to
imitate the model, however in some cases, individual
may choose not to reproduce the learnt behaviours.
From this theory, it can be deduced that individuals
especially children learn their roles through the process of
socialization. Socialization helps an individual to develop their
personality in the society. Thus, children who experienced
violent behaviours as victims, may likely emulate the act
(Mangolin, 1998, Mathias et al., 1999, Evans et al. 2008).
Succinctly, it could argued that the social learning theory
appears to be relevant to the present study in all aspects,
findings from the present research shall be explored to refute or
confirm the practicability of this theory among young people in
Omu-Aran, kwara state, Nigeria.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The descriptive survey method was used to provide
understanding to the problem of domestic violence among inschool and out-of school young people (male and female) who
live in Omu-Aran, Kwara state, Nigeria. A semi-structured
questionaire was administered to 180 young people. However,
a total of 150 questionnaires were retrieved from current
students of Landmark University (100 and 200 levels) and the
out of school young people (that is, those who are not currently
enrolled in any formal institution). The decision to involve only
100 and 200 level students in the University was to restrict
sample population to those between ages 11-17 which is
conceptualized as young people in the present study. This age
group was also considered as a way of covering those young
people that would provide rich and meaningful accounts of
their experiences and effects of domestic violence on them.
The inclusion of the out of school young people was also
considered as a way of covering the opinion of young people in
their different categories.
III. RESEARCH SETTING AND PROCEDURES
The research settingof the study was Landmark university
and Omu-Aran community. The Landmark University is a
private educational institution owned by Dr. David Olaniyi
Oyedepo, the presiding bishop of the Living Faith Church
world-wide. The community, Omu-Aran is located in Irepodun
Local Government Area (LGA), Kwara state. The LGA is
bounded by Osun state by the North, Ekiti state by the south,
Offa local government area by the East and West respectively.
It is composed of the following villages: Ajase, Arandun, Esie,
Agbonda, Omu-aran, and Oro. The people in this area speak
yoruba language and another local dialect called Igbo-na.
Omu-Aran community has approved primary schools,
secondary schools, and one private university (Landmark
University). Most of the inhabitants engage in farming because
the community is endowed with savannah/rain forest,
vegetation on a plain terrain with patches of rivers and streams
which helps in crop germination and animal grazing.

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In terms of cultural values, the community is a patrilineal

and patriarchal society, where the family is viewed as a sacred
institution and the basis of social organization. As in most of
Africa (Izugbara, 2004), men are the heads of their households
and their wives live under their oversight. In common with
most Nigerian societies, landowning and land use rights are
patriarchal and the community is headed by a king (Oba)
assisted by a council of chiefs, consisting of old men rooted in
the traditions and culture of the community.
The sampling method used was stratified and
randomsampling for the selection of 100 sampled students
from the 3 colleges of the Landmark University while
purposive sampling was utilized to select 50 out of school
institution) young people (that is, those within ages 11-17 years
that are not currently enroll in any formal institution).
Two eld assistants were recruited from Landmark
University, Omu-Aran. Respondents consents were sought
before administering each questionnaire, and condentiality of
their responses were fully guaranteed and adhered.
The questionaire consist of a set of close ended questions
which cover different aspects of the research focus. It is
divided into three sections, A, B and C. Section A addresses
the respondents personal data such as their age, sex, level of
education, parental marital status,and religion. Section B deals
with the respondents specific knowledge of domestic violence
while section C focuses on the effects of domestic violence on
the sampled young people.
Data analysis was carried out with the use of statistical
analysis with the use of frequency tables and percentages.
IV. RESULTS
Section A: Table 1.0. Respondents Demographic Data
Sex
Frequency
Distribution of Respondents by Sex
Male
61
Female
89
Total
150
Educational qualification
100 students
50
200 students
50
The out of
50
school
group
(primary
school
certificate or no
formal education)
Total
150
Respondents religious affiliation

Percentage %

57

Married
93
Widowed
7
Separated
45
Divorced
5
Total
150
Source: Researchers survey, 2014.

Table 1.0 above unfolds the demographical information of

the respondents. The first is on the sex distribution of the
respondents. The result shows that, 59.3% are female, while
40.6% of the respondents are male. This suggests that there
were more females in the distribution than males.
Second, the above table reveals the level of education
attained by respondents. As observed from the above table, the
first category of the sampled young people are 50 (33.3%) who
are currently in their first year (100 level) of tertiary institution.
Similarly, another category of respondents are 50 (33.3%)
students in their 200 level of tertiary institution while the third
set is the out of school young people, consisting of 50(33.3%)
respondents with primary education certificates and those that
never attended school.
In addition, the above reveals frequency distribution of
respondents by religious affiliations. It can be deduced from
the table that 65.3% of respondents were Christians, 32.6%
were Muslims while only 2% were traditionalists. This
demonstrates that the sampled population was dominantly
Christians. This is unsurprising based on the fact that the
tertiary institution where the present research is conducted is a
faith based- (Christian) institution.
The last on table 1.0 is the distribution of respondents by
parental marital status. The table shows that a majority (62 %,)
of the respondents parents were currently married, 4.6 % were
widows or widowers, 30% were separated, while the remaining
3.36% were divorced. A further analysis of the respondents
data will shed light on reasons behind these figures.

40.6
59.3
100%
33.3
33.3
33.3

100%

Christianity
Muslim
Tradionalist

98
49
3

65.3
32.6
2

Total

150

100

62
4.6
30
3.3
100

Distribution of Respondents according to parents

marital status

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Section B: Table 2.0. Distribution of respondents by meanings of domestic violence, the types of domestic violence they
have mostly witnessed their perceptions of the events and who was the perpetrator
Variables

Responses

Frequency (150)

Percentag
e (%)

Respondents
meanings
of
domestic violence

Persistent argument between spouses

Husband and wife fighting
Physical attack of ones spouse
others (specified)

13
138
143
3

8.6
92
95.3
2

The types of
domestic violence
mostly witnessed
by respondents

Physical attack of wife

Damaging or throwing out
property
Causing physical injury on wife
Husbands battering

141
123
98
22

94
82
65.3
4

How
respondents view
domestic violence

Inhuman
Very bad
An act of hatred for ones spouse
Self-defense
Corrective measure

123
146
113
24
2

82
97.3
75.3
16
1.3

wifes

Source: Researchers survey, 2014.

From the above table, a majority of respondents (92%)
believed that domestic violence implies fighting between
spouses and most especially when it involves physical attack of
ones spouse (95.3%). A few respondents also describe
domestic violent as persistent argument between couples
(8.6%) while the remaining 2% of the respondents gave other
meanings like yelling, insulting or intimidating ones spouse.
From the above, it could be observed that a majority of
respondents understood domestic violence as physical attack of
ones partner especially wives.
In addition, the table reveals the various types of domestic
violence that has been witnessed by the respondents. The first
response shows that physical attack of wife is the major means
through which violence are been perpetrated. This ranked
highest (94%) among other types of abuse. Following this is
another form of violence which involves damaging or throwing
out wifes property by the male partner or husband. About 82%
of the respondents attest to have witnessed this form of
violence. From above data, it was also revealed that over 65%
of respondents have witnessed cases of domestic violence
whereby the male partner inflicted physical injury on wife.
Only 2% of respondents affirmed to have witnessed situations
of husband battering. Thus, the above data corroborate existing
literature which viewed women as the dominant victims of
intimate partners violence (Huang and Gunn, 2001; Durose et
al., 2005; Saidi et al., 2008; Olabode and Abayomi, 2013;
Adebayo and Kolawole, 2013).

When the young people were asked about their perceptions

of domestic violence, most of them used negative connotations
such as inhuman (82%), very bad (97.3%), and a
demonstration of hatred for ones spouse (75.3%). It was also
found that some of the respondents viewed abuse of ones
partner as self defense (16%) while a few (1.3%) construct
domestic violence as a corrective measure for ones spouse.

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Section C: Table 3.0. Effects of Domestic Violence on children (young people) in the family
Variable

Response

Frequency (150)

Percentage (100%)

Have you ever been

physically hurt during fight
between your parents

Yes
No

23
127

15.3
84.6

Have you ever encountered

any form of danger due to fight
between your parents

Yes
No

63
87

42
58

Do you think you lack some

good thing(s) as a result of fight
between your parents

Yes
No

128
22

85.3
14.6

Source: Researchers survey, 2014.

From the above table, the respondents were asked whether
they had been physically hurt or injured during fight between
parents. Over 15% of the respondents indicated to have been
physically hurt in the process of chaos or violence in their
households. One could then argue that this figure is alarming
especially when considering the total population of the sampled
respondents (150), it further suggests that a number of children
in families where violence occur are being affected in different
forms. Importantly, when the respondents were asked whether
they have encountered any form of danger due to fights
between their parents, a total of 42% of the young people
signified to have been in danger. Although due to the
structured nature of this research instrument adopted for this
study, the extent and various forms of dangers encountered

were not unfold by respondents, however a further probe about

how domestic violence have affected the young people reveal
that over 80% of the sampled respondents are being denied
access to, or lack basic necessities due to quarrels or
occurrence of violence between their parents. In addition, as
indicated in the above table, 27.3% of the respondents now live
under single parenting, about 19 % now reside with members
of extended family or guardian due to parents disagreements,
41.3% indicated that they lacked adequate parental care, about
32% indicated financial stress on them as a consequence of
chaos between their parents with a considerable number of
respondents (82.6%) signifying not being happy or often suffer
loss of concentration whenever they remember the issue of
violence occurrence in their families.

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Chart 1.0:

Source: Researchers survey, 2014

The above 1.0 shows the percentage of respondents based
on the ways in which domestic violence has affected them. At
this point it is important to mention that some of the
respondents are affected by more than one of the different
dimensions highlighted above. Thus, while about 82.6% of the
total sample indicated that they were often unhappy or lose
concentration in their different endeavours whenever they
remembered this existing problem, a relatively large number of
them (43.1%) also stated that they lacked adequate parental
care due to disagreement and crisis occurring between their
parents... In similar to this finding, other studies have found
that children that have been exposed to violent acts are more
vulnerable to feelings of emotional trauma and loss of

confidence and self-esteem (Izugbara et al, 2008; Herrenkohl et

al., 2008).
In addition, about 19.3% of the respondents attest to the
fact that they now reside with guardians or members of
extended family while almost 30% reveal that their parents are
currently separated or divorced. Due to the structured nature of
the instrument adopted for this study, it was impossible to
explore in-depth the specific circumstances that resulted in the
young peoples relocation to members of extended family or
the extent of disagreement or violent acts that led to their
parents separation or divorce. However, this study is important
as it reveals some important implications of domestic violence
on the sampled young people.

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Chart 2.0

Source: Researchers survey, 2014

Finally, when the respondents were asked about their future
plans and how they would avoid crisis or violence in their
marriages, the above chart presents statistics of their responses
which speak volumes of how exposure to domestic violence
has affected a number of them especially as regards to what
they construct as prerequisites in their decisions in choosing a
life partner. First, a majority of the respondents (nearly 80%)
believe they must be economically buoyant before settling
down in marriage. Unsurprisingly, a number of respondents
(32.4%) indicated that their choice of life partner would be
based on whether they have a secured employment or jobs that
would meet their financial needs. Such finding suggests that
the young people understood financial stress as a root cause of
disagreement, crisis and subsequent violence among couples.
Second, a majority (over 82%) of the sampled young
people opined to marry someone that has the fear of God.
This finding corroborates the fact that majority of respondents
belong to one form of religious group where followers are
being guided or admonished through their religious doctrines
on appropriate norms and positive behaviours that could
enhance peaceful marriage.
Third, it was further observed that a percentage of
respondents (21.9%) considered the need to delay getting
married based on their understanding of marriage as less
pleasurable and the fear of confronting similar violence that
they had witnessed during their childhood. Moreover, several
studies have indicated that one of the risks associated with
childrens exposure to violence is that they often have
difficulties in adjusting to normal kind of relationships in their
adulthood (Charlette et al., 2012). In addition, such children

have been identified with increased risks of encountering

problematic relationships such as marital conflict, marital
instability, and may develop psychological distress which may
include self directed violence, physical fighting and intimate
partner violence as victims or perpetrators (Sternberg et al.,
2006; Finkelhor et al., 2007; Holt et al., 2007; Flaherty et al.,
2009; Richmond et al., 2009; Elliott et al., 2009; Duke et al.,
2010; Turner et al., 2010).
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This article contributes to the understanding of the effects
of domestic violence on young people witnessing it within
family settings. It attempted to answer specific questions about
what the young people understand about domestic violence.
Whether they have experienced or witnessed any form of
violence? And how such experiences have shaped the various
aspects of their lives.
This study concludes with a number of interesting findings.
First, it was found that most young people in the study setting
construct domestic violence with negative connotations.
Majority viewed domestic violence as very bad, inhuman
and a demonstration of hatred to ones spouse.
Second, it is evident from this study that most respondents
have witnessed one form of domestic violence in their
households. The major forms of violence that the young people
attested to have witnessed are mainly perpetrated by the male
partners, these include physical attack of wife, damaging or
throwing out wifes property and causing physical hurts on the
female partner. Only a few acknowledged husband battering as
a form of domestic violence they have witnessed.

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Third, most of the young people considered economic

capacities or having a stable personal income as a way of
avoiding violence in their future relationships. This suggests
that the young people view family income or financial strains
as a causal factor for domestic violence. Thus, their decisions
and choices of what they considered important in a
marriageable partner were narrowed to socio-economic
stability rather than the pleasures or shared emotions that exist
in an intimate relationship.
Fourth, this study found social learning theory to be
relevant to findings from the study. For instance, the theory
analyzes the role of socialization with variables such as
attention, retention, reproduction and motivation as to what is
observable (such as domestic violence). This explains the
processes through which violence could be learnt and practiced
by exposed children. In relating to this theory, it can be
observed that the witnessing of violence in a relationship as a
child can have lasting effects on children in adulthood. As can
be observed in this study, the young peoples experiences
appeared to have influenced many aspects of their lives. For
instance, a large number of young people in this setting do not
focus on the affection, love or pleasure that accomplish
intimate relationships, rather, their attention were focused on
the circumstances that could lead to, or avoidance of violence
in their future relationships.
Finally, this study affirms that domestic violence is indeed
a social problem in Nigeria and most importantly among the
growing young people in family settings. To reduce domestic
violence, communities, religious groups, government and other
institutions need to be duly involved. These institutions need to
organize seminars, where trained counselors or professionals
communities, religious groups, government and other
institutions can help in propagating anti- domestic violence
campaign and enlightenment programmes that discourage
violence within the family institution.
Government should establish and fund counseling centers
at the local, state, federal levels and employ professionals to
assist or provide possible rehabilitation for victims and
perpetrators of domestic violence.
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