MACHINE TOOLS

Assoc.Prof. Orhan AKIR

Assist.Prof. Mihrigl Eki ALTAN

Course Objective
Having knowledge about machine tools
industry. Defining optimal and economical
machine tools selection criteria according to
machining process.
Designing of driving systems and
mechanism in machine tools according to
machine tool construction.
Choosing proper machine tool and
equipments according to machining quality.
Having knowledge about machine tools and
their operation areas.
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Course Content
Driving systems and construction of
machine tools, power and efficiency
in machine tools, design principles of
machine tools, turning machines,
milling machines, sawing machines,
drilling machines, broaching
machines, grinding machines, gear
cutter machines, super finish
machines.
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Recommended Books
In English,
- Machine tools : design, reliability and safety
S.P.Anderson, New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2011
-Handbook of machine tools, Manfred Weck, New York : Wiley,
c1984 (Volume 1,2,3,4)
In Turkish
- Tala Kaldrma Bilimi ve Teknolojisi CNC Takm Tezgahlar ve
retim Otomasyonu, Mustafa AKKURT, Birsen Yaynevi,
2009
- Takm Tezgahlar Tasarm, Faruk MEND, Gazi Kitapevi, 1999
- Takm Tezgahlar, H. Oktay BODUR, Birsen Yaynevi, 1984
- Takm Tezgahlar, Faruk AKN, T Yaynlar, 1973-1978, Cilt
1 ve 2

Course Learning Outcomes

Gaining knowledge about design,
production and application of machine
tools.
Gaining knowledge about turning
machines, milling machines, sawing
machines, drilling machines, broaching
machines, grinding machines, gear cutter
machines, super finish machines.
Having ability of choosing appropriate
machine tool for machining operations by
making power and time analyses.
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The General Plan of the Course

Dr.Orhan akr s Section

Turning Machines
Drilling Machines
Milling Machines
Shaping Machines
Grinding Machines
Sawing Machines and
Broaching Machines
Gear Cutter Machines and
Super Finish Machines

Dr. Mihrigl Altan s Section

General Definitions, Basic

Concepts
Classification of Machine
Tools
Installation and Foundation
of Machine Tools
Constructive and Auxiliary
Machine Tool Elements
Driving Systems and
Mechanisms in Machine
Tools
Power and Efficiency in
Machine Tools

Evaluation and Exams

Two midterms; in the 8th week and 13th
week of the term.
The exact dates will be announced by
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
(effectiveness of each midterm is 25%)

One homework

(effectiveness is about 10%)

Details about the content of the homework will be given in

following weeks.

One final exam

(effectiveness is 40%)

What is machine tool?

Machine tools are machines that give
special forms to the materials in
desired shapes and tolerances.
These can be metal forming,
machining, welding, casting machines
or plastic processing machines, nontraditional manufacturing machines
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What is manufacturing?
Manufacturing is the industrial activity that changes the form
of raw materials to create products. The derivation of the
word manufacture reflects its original meaning: to make
by hand.
As the power of the hand tool is limited, manufacturing is
done largely by machinery today. Manufacturing
technology constitutes all methods used for shaping the
raw metal materials into a final product.

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*Parts manufactured by plastic forming, casting,

sintering,and molding are often finished by subsequent
machining operations.
*So machining is not only for shaping materials but also it is
for to obtain a finished product of the desired dimensions
and surface quality.

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If we classify them in general;

1- Machine tools for machining (lathes,
milling machines, drilling etc.)
2- Metal forming machines (press,
rolling, extrusion machines)
3- Thermoplastic machines (injection
molding, blow molding machines)
4- Chemical and physical non-traditional
machining machines (EDM)
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Short history of machine tools in

machining

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The development of metal cutting machines (once briefl y

called machine tools) started from the
invention of the cylinder, which was changed to a roller guided by
a journal bearing. The ancient
Egyptians used these rollers for transporting the required stones
from a quarry to the building site.
The first deep hole drilling machine was built by Leonardo da
Vinci (14521519).
In 1840, the first engine lathe was introduced. Maudslay
(17711831) added the lead screw, back gears, and the tool
post to the previous design.

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Further developments for these conventional machines came via the

introduction of copying techniques, cams, attachments, and automatic
mechanisms that reduced manual labor and consequently raised product
accuracy.

Machine tool dynamometers are used with machine tools to measure,

monitor, and control forces generated during machining operations. Such
forces determine the method of holding the tool or WP and are closely
related to product accuracy and surface integrity.

In 1953, the introduction of numerical control (NC) technology opened

doors to computer numerical control (CNC) and direct numerical control
(DNC) machining centers that enhanced product accuracy and uniformity.

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** Machining technology covers a wide range of aspects that should be

understood for proper understanding and selection of a given machining
technology. Tooling, accessories, and the machine tool itself determine
the nature of machining operation used for a particular material.

** The main objective of the technology adopted is to utilize the selected

machining resources to produce the component economically and at high

rates of production. Parts should be machined at levels of accuracy, surface
texture, and surface integrity that satisfy the product designer and avoid the
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need for post machining treatment, which, in turn, maintains acceptable
machining costs.

 Metal cutting machines (machine tools) are characterized

by higher production accuracy compared with metal
forming machines. They are used for the production of
relatively smaller number of pieces; conversely, metal
forming machines are economical for producing larger
lots.
Machine tools constitute about 70% of the total
operating manufacturing machines in industry.

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The successful design of machine tool

requires the following fundamental
knowledge;
1. Mechanics of the machining processes to evaluate the
magnitude and direction and to control the cutting forces
2. The machinability of the different materials to be
processed
3. The properties of the materials used to manufacture the
different parts of the machine tool
4. The manufacturing techniques that are used to produce
each machine tool part economically
5. The durability and capability of the different tool materials
6. The principles of engineering economy.

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The productivity of a machine tool is measured either by the number of parts

produced in a unit of time, by the volumetric removal rate, or by the specific
removal rate per unit of power consumed.
Productivity levels can be enhanced using the following methods:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Increasing the machine speeds and feed rates

Increasing the machine tool available power
Using several tools or several WPs machined simultaneously
Increasing the traverse speed of the operative units during the non machining
parts of the production time
Increasing the level of automation for the machine tool operative units and
their switching elements
Adopting modern control techniques such as NC and CNC
Selecting the machining processes properly based on the machined part
material, shape complexity, accuracy, and surface integrity
Introducing jigs (for WP) and fixtures (for tool) that locate and clamp the
work parts in the minimum possible time

Machine tools are designed to achieve the maximum possible

productivity and to maintain the prescribed accuracy and the
degree of surface finish over their entire service life.
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Therefore, the machine tools must also provide the

following general requirements:

1. High static stiffness of the different machine tool elements

such as structure, joints, and spindles
2. Avoidance of unacceptable natural frequencies that cause
resonance of the machine tool
3. Acceptable level of vibration
4. Adequate damping capacity
5. High speeds and feeds
6. Low rates of wear in the sliding parts
7. Low thermal distortion of the different machine tool
elements
8. Low design, development, maintenance, repair, and
manufacturing cost
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CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE
TOOLS IN MACHINING
A- According to the geometrical shapes
of the workpieces.
B-According to the number of the
workpieces.
C-According to the functions of the
machines.

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A- According to the geometrical

shapes of the workpieces.
1- Machine tools for machining flat
surfaces (shapers, planers)
2- Machine tools for machining
cylindrical surfaces (lathes)
3- Machine tools for making holes
(drilling machines)
4- Machine tools for machining profiles
(milling, hobbing machine tools)
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B-According to the number of the

workpieces.
1-Simple Machine Tools
2-Universal Machine Tools (general purpose)
3-Production Machine Tools (special
purpose)

4- Special Machine Tools (limited purpose)

5-Transfer Machine Tools
6- Numerical Controlled Machine Tools

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A simple machine

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Universal Machine Tools

These machines can be used for
many aims. The capacity and the
efficiency of these machines are low,
the amortized value is high and the
necessity of qualified workers are the
disadvantages of these machines. For
example; universal turning machines
or universal milling machines.
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spindle

chuck

tool-post

tail-stock

tail-stock wheel

lead-screw
carriage wheel

carriage

cross-slide wheel

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Production Machine Tools

These machines are only for special
usage or aim. These machines
provide the work to be done in a
short time without the necessiy of
qualified worker. These kind of
machines can be used for bul
production in small scales.For
example, revolver turning machine.
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Special Machine Tools

These machines can be used for
special aims and these machines are
more economic and have high
efficiency.

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Transfer Machine Tools

They are for net shape bulk
production.They are the groups of
machine tools designed in a speacial
range of next to each other.They are
generally automatic. They can have
one station or multi station.

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www.mossgroupautomation.com

Numerical Controlled (NC) Machine

Tools
These machines can be used to
machine complex geometrical parts in
high amount. The manufacturing time
is short and the efficiency is high.
The demand of fixturing, controlling
and measurement equipments is low
in NC machine tools.

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C-According to the functions of

the machines

Turning Machines
Drilling Machines
Milling Machines
Shaping Machines
Grinding Machines
Sawing Machines
Broaching Machines
Gear Cutter Machines
Super Finish Machines
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EFFECTIVE FACTORS IN
SELECTION OF THE MACHINE
TOOLS
The machine tools should be selected that
can reduce labor cost and other general
charges to minimum.
Constructively, one motor should be
present to drive the workpiece and the
machine tool itself. (A secondary motor
can be also for coolant or some other
necessities).
The slides should be machined precisely.
They must have high wear resistance and
be hardened.
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 Revolutions should be arranged by a

command. Some auxiliary equipments
shoul be present for minimising the
manufacturing time in bulk productions.
The elements of the machine tool, e.g.,
gears must be made from high quality
materials.
Big and heavy workpieces should be
machined in one fixturing.
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 Small workpieces shoul be machined

in small machine tools. If they are
machined on bigger machine tools,
this will increase cost. On the
contrary, if the big workpieces are
macihned on small machine tools
then, vibrations may occur and this
will shorthen the life of the machine
tool.
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 The usage of commands, switches

and buttons should be easy. Some
symbols or signs can be uses on
machines.
Safety precautions must be
considered and the design of the
machine tool is important for the easy
working of the employee.
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The sections of the machine tools;

1.
or
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A structure that is composed of bed, column,

frame
Slides and tool attachments
Spindles and spindle bearings
A drive system (power unit)
Work holding and tool holding elements
Control systems
chuck
spindle
A transmission linkage

tool-post

tail-stock

tail-stock wheel

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lead-screw
carriage wheel

carriage

cross-slide wheel

Stresses on Machine Tools

Stresses produced during machining, which tend to deform
the machine tool or a WP, are usually caused by one of
the following factors:
1. Static loads that include the weight of the machine and its
various parts
2. Dynamic loads that are induced by the rotating or
reciprocating parts
3. Cutting forces generated by the material removal process

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Structure of the Machine Tools

The machine tool structure includes a body, which carries
and accommodates all other machine parts.
The main functions of the machine structure include the
following:
1. Ability of the structure or the bed to resist distortion
caused by static and dynamic loads
2. Stability and accuracy of the moving parts
3. Wear resistance of the guideway
4. Freedom from residual stresses
5. Damping of vibration

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Driving Units in Machine Tools

There are two main types of motions
that are effective;
1-Rotational motion
2-Lineer (forward-backward motions)

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The extreme spindle speeds of a machine tool main gearbox

nmax and nmin can be determined by

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 Driving mechanisms that arrange

revolutions can be classified into two
categories:
A- Steppless speed drives
B- Stepped speed drives

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STEPPING OF SPEEDS
Arithmetic progression

Let n1, n2, , nz be arranged

according to arithmetic
progression. Then
n1 n2 = n3 n2 = constant
Accordingly, for an economical
cutting speed vo, the lowest speed
v1 is not constant; it decreases
with increasing diameter.
Therefore,
the arithmetic progression does
not permit economical machining
at large diameter ranges.

If the revolutions are stepped, then we use some diagrams

and progressions. This diagram is called sawtooth diagram.

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Geometric progression

--- The percentage drop from one

step to the other is constant, and the
absolute loss of economically
expedient cutting speed v is
constant all over the whole diameter
range.
---The relative loss of cutting speed
vmax/vo is also constant. Geometric
progression, therefore, allows
machining to take place between
limits vo and vu independent of the
WP diameter, where vo is the
economical cutting speed and vu is
the allowable minimum cutting
speed.
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Usage of both progression

together

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MACHINE TOOL DRIVES

To obtain a machined part by a machine tool, coordinated

motions must be imparted to its working members. These
motions are either primary (cutting and feed) movements,
which removes the chips from the WP or auxiliary motions that
are required to prepare for machining and ensure the
successive machining of several surfaces of one WP or a similar
surface of different WPs.
Principal motions may be either rotating or straight
reciprocating. In some machine tools, this motion is a
combination of rotating and reciprocating motions. Feed
movement may be continuous (lathes, milling machine, drilling
machine) or intermittent (shapers, planers).

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STEPPED SPEED DRIVES

Stepped Speed Drives with Two Axises.
These kind of stepped mechanisms are
compose of one belted transmission
mechanism or a couple of gear .

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Classification of transmission of
rotary motion

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STEPPED SPEED DRIVES

1- Mechanism with Belting Transmission
A belted transmission is compose of
a belt and tombours. It is possible
to change the location of the belt
according to the selected revolution.

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2- Mechanisms with gear transmission

Gear mechanisms can be grouped into 3
caterigories;
1- Mechanisms with couplings
2- Mechanisms with sliding key
3- Mechanisms with sliding gears

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Illustrations of gears with keys and

couplings

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Main mechanism with coupling and two axises

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Main mechanism of sliding gears with

two axises

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Mechanism for reverse variable

transmission

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Stepped mechanisms with multi axises

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DIAGRAMS OF REVOLUTIONS
IN STEPPED MECHANISMS AND
THE FORCE LINES

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A mechanism with 12 outputs and 4 spindles

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STEPLESS SPEED DRIVES

Mechanical stepless speed drives
Hydraulic stepless speed drives
Electric stepless speed drives

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Mechanical stepless speed drives

5 categories;
1-Friction stepples drives with wheels
2-Friction stepples drives with conical wheels
3-Friction stepples drives with spheres and discs

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4-Friction stepples drives with

spherical friction component
5-Friction stepples drives with conical
wheels
(positive infinitively variable-PIV)
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An example of combination of
stepped and steppless drive
mechanisms on a turning machine
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-Hydraulic steppless drivesThe advantages of the hydraulic

systems are as follows:
1. Has a wide range of speed
variation
2. Changes in the magnitude and
direction of speed can be easily
performed
3. Provides smooth and quiet
operation
4. Ensures self-lubrication
5. Has automatic protection against
overloads

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Types of Hydraulic Steppless Drive

Mechanisms
Open looped: Oil turns back to tank
Closed looped: Oil travels on the
system without turning back to tank.

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Open looped hydraulic cycle

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Closed looped hydraulic cycle

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Open looped with directional valve

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Elements of hydraulic cycles

1- Pumps
A-Gear pumps
B-Adjustable pumps
B1-Tracked valve
B2-Pump with pistons
B2.1- Radial piston pumps
B2.2- Axial piston pumps
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2- Adjusting elements
A-Gates B-Valves

3-Directional elements (D.E.)

A- Manual bolts
B- D.E. with mechanic controls
C- D.E. with hdraulic controls
D- D.E. with electromagnetic controls

4- Pipe plant
5- Hydraulic motors
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PUMPS

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-Electrical stepless speed drives1-Direct current and alternativa current

motors
2- Step motors
3-Tri-phase current motors

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CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF
MACHINE TOOLS

79

1- BODY AND GUIDEWAYS

2-SPINDLES AND BEARINGS
3-COUPLINGS

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BODY AND GUIDEWAYS

A crisscross rib structure for long bodies

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This figure shows a typical machine tool bed of the lathe and
a frame of the drilling machines.

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Machine tool structures are classified by layouts into open (C-frames)

and closed frames. Open frames provide excellent accessibility to the
tool and the WP. Typical examples of open frames are found in turning,

drilling, milling, shaping, grinding, slotting, and boring machines

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Closed frames find application in planers, jig boring, and

double-spindle milling machines.

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Machine tool frames can be produced as cast or welded construction.

Welded structures ensure great saving of the material and the pattern
costs. Figure shows typical cast and fabricated machine tool structures.
A cast iron (CI) structure ensures the following advantages:
Better lubricating property (due to the presence of free graphite); most
suitable for beds in which rubbing is the main criterion,
High compressive strength, Better damping capacity
Easily cast and machined.

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GUIDEWAYS
Guideways are required to perform the necessary machine tool motion at a
high level of accuracy under severe machining conditions. Generally
guideways, therefore, control the movement of the different parts of the
machine tool in all positions during machining and non-machining times.

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Sliding friction guideways

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Rolling friction guideways

Rollers, needles, or balls are inserted between the moving parts to

minimize the frictional resistance, which is kept constant
irrespective of the traveling speed.

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Externally pressurized guideways

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SPINDLES
Machine tool spindles are supported inside housings by means of ball,
roller, or antifriction bearings. Precision bearings are used for a
precision machine tool. The geometrical accuracy and surface
finish of the machined components depend on the quality of the
spindle bearings.

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COUPLINGS

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