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Lecture 4 Hydraulic Design of Drainage Structures

This document provides an overview of a lecture on hydraulic design of drainage structures. It discusses concepts and design considerations for stable channels, curb and gutter design, drainage inlets, detention basins, culverts, and sewers. Specific topics covered include permissible velocity and shear stress approaches for stable channel design, types of channel linings, pavement drainage design objectives, curb and gutter configurations/terminology, types of drainage inlets and their capacity, and culvert design using the FHWA HY-8 program.

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Silas Nana-Baah Mensah
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436 views

Lecture 4 Hydraulic Design of Drainage Structures

This document provides an overview of a lecture on hydraulic design of drainage structures. It discusses concepts and design considerations for stable channels, curb and gutter design, drainage inlets, detention basins, culverts, and sewers. Specific topics covered include permissible velocity and shear stress approaches for stable channel design, types of channel linings, pavement drainage design objectives, curb and gutter configurations/terminology, types of drainage inlets and their capacity, and culvert design using the FHWA HY-8 program.

Uploaded by

Silas Nana-Baah Mensah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIV 457 - Lecture 5

Hydraulic Design of Drainage Structures

Kodwo Beedu Keelson Msc Env Eng

MODULE CONTENTS

Stable Channel Design

Curb and Gutter Design

Drainage Inlet Design

Detention Basin Design

Culvert Design

Sewer Design

Stable Channel Design

What is a stable channel?

Stable channel has immovable boundaries.

Roadside and median channels

General Design Concepts - Hydraulics

The capacity of a drainage channel depends upon its


shape, size, slope, and roughness.

The capacity becomes greater when the grade or the


depth of flow is increased.

The channel capacity decreases as the channel surface


becomes rougher. For example, a riprap-lined ditch has
only about half the capacity of a concrete-lined ditch of
the same slope and dimensions.

A rough channel is sometimes an advantage on steep


slopes where it is desirable to keep velocities from
becoming too high.

General Design Concepts Economy/Safety

In addition to performing its hydraulic function, the


drainage channel should be economical to construct and
require little maintenance during the life of the roadway.

Channels should also be safe for vehicles accidentally


leaving the traveled way, pleasing in appearance, and
dispose of collected water without damage to the adjacent
property.

Most of these additional requirements for drainage


channels reduce the hydraulic capacity of the channel.

The best design is therefore a compromise among the


various requirements, sometimes with each requirement
having a different influence on the design.

Stable Channel Design Concepts

The gradient of roadside channels typically parallels the


grade of the highway.

Highly erosive hydraulic conditions can exist in adjacent


roadside channels even at relatively mild highway grades.

Consequently, designing a stable conveyance becomes


a critical component in the design of roadside channels.

Erosion and maintenance are minimized largely by the


use of flat side slopes rounded and blended with natural
terrain.

Types of Channel Linings

Lining materials may be classified as flexible or rigid.

Flexible linings are able to conform to changes in channel


shape and can sustain such changes while maintaining
the overall integrity of the channel.

Rigid linings cannot change shape and tend to fail when a


portion of the channel lining is damaged. Channel shape
may change due to frost-heave, slumping, piping, etc.

Typical flexible lining materials include grass and riprap,


while a typical rigid lining material is concrete.

A rigid lining can typically provide higher capacity and


greater erosion resistance and in some cases may be the
only feasible alternative

Flexible Lining Materials

Flexible linings can be either long-term, transitional or


temporary.

Long-term flexible linings are used where the channel


requires protection against erosion for the life of the
channel.

Long-term lining materials include vegetation, cobbles,


rock riprap, wire-enclosed riprap, and turf reinforcement.

Transitional flexible linings are used to provide erosion


protection until a long-term lining, such as grass, can be
established.

Stable Channel Design Methods

Two methods used are the permissible velocity approach


and the permissible tractive force (shear stress)
approach.

In the permissible velocity approach the channel is


assumed stable if the adopted mean velocity is lower than
the maximum permissible velocity for the given channel
boundary condition.

The tractive force approach requires that the shear


stresses on the channel bed and banks do not exceed the
allowable amounts for the given channel boundary.

Based on the actual physical processes involved in


maintaining a stable channel, the tractive force procedure
is a more realistic approach.

Parameters for Stable Channel Design

Channel geometry

Side slopes

Bottom slope

Lining type

Freeboard

Shear stress

Parameters for Stable Channel Design

Channel geometry - drainage channels are typically


trapezoidal in shape.

Side slopes - should generally be 3:1 or flatter.

Bottom slopes - are generally dictated by the road profile


and may range form 2 to 10%.

Lining type - Most flexible lining materials are suitable for


protecting channel gradients of up to 10 percent, with the
exception of some grasses.

Freeboard - 150 mm is adequate for roadside or median


channels

Permissible shear stress a factor of safety ranging from


1 to 1.5 is generally considered to be adequate.

Permissible Shear Stress Lining Materials

Flexible Lining Design Flow Chart

Stable Channel Design Example

Pavement Drainage Design


(Curbs and Gutters, Drainage Inlets)

Pavement Drainage Design Objectives

Pavement drainage design is typically based on a design


discharge and an allowable spread of water across the
pavement.

Spread on traffic lanes can be tolerated more frequently


and to greater widths where traffic volumes and speeds
are low.

High speed, high volume facilities, such as freeways,


should be designed to minimize or eliminate spread of
water on the traffic lanes during the design event.

Standard roadway geometric design features greatly


influence pavement drainage design. These features
include curbs, gutter configuration, longitudinal and lateral
pavement slope, shoulders and parking lanes.

Curbs and Gutters

Curbing at the right edge of pavements is normal practice


for low-speed, urban highway facilities.

Gutters adjacent to the curb combined with a portion of


the shoulder or roadway pavement, depending on
allowable spread, are used to carry runoff.

Curbs and Gutter Terminology

T is the spread in metres

Sx is the cross slope in m/m

Curb and Gutter Configurations

Gutter cross slopes may be same as that of the pavement


or may be designed with a steeper cross slope.

AASHTO guidelines specify a maximum value of 8%.

Curb and Gutter Design Concepts

A curb and gutter combination forms a triangular channel


that can convey runoff equal to or less than the design
flow without interruption of the traffic.

When a design flow occurs, there is a spread or widening


of the conveyed water surface.

The water spreads to include not only the gutter width, but
also parking lanes or shoulders, and portions of the
travelled surface.

Two of the variables considered in the design of


pavement drainage are the frequency of the design event
and the allowable spread of water on the pavement.

Selection of Design Frequency and Spread

Drainage Inlets

Drainage Inlets are the receptors for surface water


collected in ditches and gutters, and serve as the
mechanism whereby surface water enters storm drains.

Drainage inlet locations are often established by the


roadway geometries as well as by the intent to reduce the
spread of water onto the roadway surface.

Inlets are generally placed at low points in the gutter


grade, intersections, crosswalks, cross-slope reversals,
and on side streets to prevent the water from flowing onto
the main road.

Types of Drainage Inlets

Drainage Inlet Capacity

Inlet capacity is a function of a variety of factors, including


type of inlet, grate design, location, gutter design etc.

Inlets on continuous grade operate as weir flow, while


inlets in sag locations will initially operate as weir flow but
will transition to orifice flow as depth increases.

Orifice flow begins at depths dependent on the grate size,


the curb opening height, or the slot width of the inlet,
depending on the type of inlet/grate.

At depths between weir flow occurs and orifice flow


occurs, flow is in a transition stage and may be ill-defined
and poorly behaved

Inlet capacity is typically defined by design charts


developed for standard inlet configurations.

Culvert Design

Culvert Design using HY-8

The FHWA culvert program HY-8 is an interactive culvert


analysis program that uses the HDS-5 analysis methods.

The program will compute the culvert hydraulics and


water surface profiles for circular, rectangular, elliptical,
pipe arch, metal box and user-defined geometry.

Improved inlets can be specified and the user can analyze


inlet and outlet control for full and partially full culverts,
analyze the tailwater in trapezoidal and coordinate
defined downstream channels, analyze flow over the
roadway embankment, and balance flows through
multiple culverts

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