XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention Cheat Sheet...

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XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention

Cheat Sheet
From OWASP

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Untrusted Data
1.2 Escaping (aka Output Encoding)
1.3 Injection Theory
1.4 A Positive XSS Prevention Model
1.5 Why Can't I Just HTML Entity Encode Untrusted Data?
1.6 You Need a Security Encoding Library
2 XSS Prevention Rules
2.1 RULE #0 - Never Insert Untrusted Data Except in Allowed Locations
2.2 RULE #1 - HTML Escape Before Inserting Untrusted Data into HTML
Element Content
2.3 RULE #2 - Attribute Escape Before Inserting Untrusted Data into HTML
Common Attributes
2.4 RULE #3 - JavaScript Escape Before Inserting Untrusted Data into HTML
JavaScript Data Values
2.5 RULE #4 - CSS Escape Before Inserting Untrusted Data into HTML Style
Property Values
2.6 RULE #5 - URL Escape Before Inserting Untrusted Data into HTML URL
Parameter Values
2.7 RULE #6 - Use an HTML Policy engine to validate or clean user-driven
HTML in an outbound way
2.8 RULE #7 - Prevent DOM-based XSS
3 Encoding Information
4 Additional XSS Defense (HTTPOnly cookie flag)
5 Related Articles
6 Authors and Primary Editors

Introduction
This article provides a simple positive model for preventing XSS using output
escaping/encoding properly. While there are a huge number of XSS attack vectors,
following a few simple rules can completely defend against this serious attack. This
article does not explore the technical or business impact of XSS. Suffice it to say that it

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can lead to an attacker gaining the ability to do anything a victim can do through their
browser.
These rules apply to all the different varieties of XSS. Both reflected and stored XSS can
be addressed by performing the appropriate escaping on the server-side. The use of an
escaping/encoding library like the one in ESAPI is strongly recommended as there are
many special cases. DOM Based XSS can be addressed by applying these rules on the
client on untrusted data.
For a great cheatsheet on the attack vectors related to XSS, please refer to the excellent
XSS Cheat Sheet (http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html) by RSnake. More background on browser
security and the various browsers can be found in the Browser Security Handbook
(http://code.google.com/p/browsersec/) .

Untrusted Data
Untrusted data is most often data that comes from the HTTP request, in the form of URL
parameters, form fields, headers, or cookies. But data that comes from databases, web
services, and other sources is frequently untrusted from a security perspective. That is,
it might not have been perfectly validated. The OWASP Code Review Guide has a decent
list of methods that return untrusted data in various languages, but you should be
careful about your own methods as well.
Untrusted data should always be treated as though it contains an attack. That means you
should not send it anywhere without taking steps to make sure that any attacks are
detected and neutralized. As applications get more and more interconnected, the
likelihood of a buried attack being decoded or executed by a downstream interpreter
increases rapidly.
Traditionally, input validation has been the preferred approach for handling untrusted
data. However, input validation is not a great solution for injection attacks. First, input
validation is typically done when the data is received, before the destination is known.
That means that we don't know which characters might be significant in the target
interpreter. Second, and possibly even more importantly, applications must allow
potentially harmful characters in. For example, should poor Mr. O'Malley be prevented
from registering in the database simply because SQL considers ' a special character?
While input validation is important and should always be performed, it is not a complete
solution for injection attacks. It's better to think of input validation as defense in depth
and use escaping as described below as the primary defense.

Escaping (aka Output Encoding)

"Escaping (http://www.w3.org/TR/charmod/#sec-Escaping) " is a technique used to
ensure that characters are treated as data, not as characters that are relevant to the
interpreter's parser. There are lots of different types of escaping, sometimes confusingly

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called output "encoding." Some of these techniques define a special "escape" character,
and other techniques have a more sophisticated syntax that involves several characters.
Do not confuse output escaping with the notion of Unicode character encoding
(http://www.w3.org/TR/charmod/#sec-Digital) , which involves mapping a Unicode
character to a sequence of bits. This level of encoding is automatically decoded, and does
not defuse attacks. However, if there are misunderstandings about the intended charset
between the server and browser, it may cause unintended characters to be
communicated, possibly enabling XSS attacks. This is why it is still important to specify
(http://www.w3.org/TR/charmod/#sec-Encodings) the Unicode character encoding
(charset), such as UTF-8, for all communications.
Escaping is the primary means to make sure that untrusted data can't be used to convey
an injection attack. There is no harm in escaping data properly - it will still render in
the browser properly. Escaping simply lets the interpreter know that the data is not
intended to be executed, and therefore prevents attacks from working.

Injection Theory
Injection is an attack that involves breaking out of a data context and switching into a
code context through the use of special characters that are significant in the interpreter
being used. A data context is like <div>data context</div>. If the attacker's data gets
placed into the data context, they might break out like this <div>data <
script>alert("attack")</script> context</div>.
XSS is a form of injection where the interpreter is the browser and attacks are buried in
an HTML document. HTML is easily the worst mashup of code and data of all time, as
there are so many possible places to put code and so many different valid encodings.
HTML is particularly difficult because it is not only hierarchical, but also contains many
different parsers (XML, HTML, JavaScript, VBScript, CSS, URL, etc...).
To really understand what's going on with XSS, you have to consider injection into the
hierarchical structure of the HTML DOM (http://www.w3schools.com/HTMLDOM
/default.asp) . Given a place to insert data into an HTML document (that is, a place
where a developer has allowed untrusted data to be included in the DOM), there are two
ways to inject code:
Injecting UP
The most common way is to close the current context and start a new code context.
For example, this is what you do when you close an HTML attribute with a "> and
start a new <script> tag. This attack closes the original context (going up in the
hierarchy) and then starts a new tag that will allow script code to execute.
Remember that you may be able to skip many layers up in the hierarchy when trying
to break out of your current context. For example, a </script> tag may be able to
terminate a script block even if it is injected inside a quoted string inside a method
call inside the script. This happens because the HTML parser runs before the
JavaScript parser.

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Injecting DOWN
The less common way to perform XSS injection is to introduce a code subcontext
without closing the current context. For example, if the attacker is able to change
<img src="...UNTRUSTED DATA HERE..." /> into < img
src="javascript:alert(document.cookie)" /> they do not have to break out of the
HTML attribute context. Instead, they introduce a subcontext that allows scripting
within the src attribute (in this case a javascript url). Another example is the
expression() functionality in CSS properties. Even though you may not be able to
escape a quoted CSS property to inject up, you may be able to introduce something
like xss:expression(document.write(document.cookie)) without ever leaving the
current context.
There's also the possibility of injecting directly in the current context. For example, if
you take untrusted input and put it directly into a JavaScript context. While insane,
accepting code from an attacker is more common than you might think in modern
applications. Generally it is impossible to secure untrusted code with escaping (or
anything else). If you do this, your application is just a conduit for attacker code to get
running in your users' browsers.
The rules in this document have been designed to prevent both UP and DOWN varieties
of XSS injection. To prevent injecting up, you must escape the characters that would
allow you to close the current context and start a new one. To prevent attacks that jump
up several levels in the DOM hierarchy, you must also escape all the characters that are
significant in all enclosing contexts. To prevent injecting down, you must escape any
characters that can be used to introduce a new sub-context within the current context.

A Positive XSS Prevention Model

This article treats an HTML page like a template, with slots where a developer is allowed
to put untrusted data. These slots cover the vast majority of the common places where a
developer might want to put untrusted data. Putting untrusted data in other places in
the HTML is not allowed. This is a "whitelist" model, that denies everything that is not
specifically allowed.
Given the way browsers parse HTML, each of the different types of slots has slightly
different security rules. When you put untrusted data into these slots, you need to take
certain steps to make sure that the data does not break out of that slot into a context that
allows code execution. In a way, this approach treats an HTML document like a
parameterized database query - the data is kept in specific places and is isolated from
code contexts with escaping.
This document sets out the most common types of slots and the rules for putting
untrusted data into them safely. Based on the various specifications, known XSS vectors,
and a great deal of manual testing with all the popular browsers, we have determined
that the rule proposed here are safe.
The slots are defined and a few examples of each are provided. Developers SHOULD NOT
put data into any other slots without a very careful analysis to ensure that what they are

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doing is safe. Browser parsing is extremely tricky and many innocuous looking
characters can be significant in the right context.

Why Can't I Just HTML Entity Encode Untrusted Data?

HTML entity encoding is okay for untrusted data that you put in the body of the HTML
document, such as inside a <div> tag. It even sort of works for untrusted data that goes
into attributes, particularly if you're religious about using quotes around your attributes.
But HTML entity encoding doesn't work if you're putting untrusted data inside a
<script> tag anywhere, or an event handler attribute like onmouseover, or inside CSS,
or in a URL. So even if you use an HTML entity encoding method everywhere, you are
still most likely vulnerable to XSS. You MUST use the escape syntax for the part of
the HTML document you're putting untrusted data into. That's what the rules
below are all about.

You Need a Security Encoding Library

Writing these encoders is not tremendously difficult, but there are quite a few hidden
pitfalls. For example, you might be tempted to use some of the escaping shortcuts like \"
in JavaScript. However, these values are dangerous and may be misinterpreted by the
nested parsers in the browser. You might also forget to escape the escape character,
which attackers can use to neutralize your attempts to be safe. OWASP recommends
using a security-focused encoding library to make sure these rules are properly
implemented.
The OWASP ESAPI project has created an escaping library in a variety of languages
including Java, .NET, PHP, Classic ASP, Cold Fusion, Python, and Haskell. The ESAPI
library can be used for escaping as described here and also for decoding (aka
canonicalization), which is critical for input validation. Microsoft provides an encoding
library named AntiXSS (http://www.codeplex.com/AntiXSS) .

XSS Prevention Rules

The following rules are intended to prevent all XSS in your application. While these rules
do not allow absolute freedom in putting untrusted data into an HTML document, they
should cover the vast majority of common use cases. You do not have to allow all the
rules in your organization. Many organizations may find that allowing only Rule #1
and Rule #2 are sufficient for their needs. Please add a note to the discussion page if
there is an additional context that is often required and can be secured with escaping.
Do NOT simply escape the list of example characters provided in the various rules. It is
NOT sufficient to escape only that list. Blacklist approaches are quite fragile. The
whitelist rules here have been carefully designed to provide protection even against
future vulnerabilities introduced by browser changes.

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RULE #0 - Never Insert Untrusted Data Except in

Allowed Locations
The first rule is to deny all - don't put untrusted data into your HTML document unless
it is within one of the slots defined in Rule #1 through Rule #5. The reason for Rule #0
is that there are so many strange contexts within HTML that the list of escaping rules
gets very complicated. We can't think of any good reason to put untrusted data in these
contexts.
<script>...NEVER PUT UNTRUSTED DATA HERE...</script>

directly in a script

<!--...NEVER PUT UNTRUSTED DATA HERE...-->

inside an HTML comment

<div ...NEVER PUT UNTRUSTED DATA HERE...=test />

in an attribute name

<NEVER PUT UNTRUSTED DATA HERE... href="/test" />

in a tag name

Most importantly, never accept actual JavaScript code from an untrusted source and
then run it. For example, a parameter named "callback" that contains a JavaScript code
snippet. No amount of escaping can fix that.

RULE #1 - HTML Escape Before Inserting Untrusted

Data into HTML Element Content
Rule #1 is for when you want to put untrusted data directly into the HTML body
somewhere. This includes inside normal tags like div, p, b, td, etc. Most web frameworks
have a method for HTML escaping for the characters detailed below. However, this is
absolutely not sufficient for other HTML contexts. You need to implement the other
rules detailed here as well.
<body>...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...</body>
<div>...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...</div>
any other normal HTML elements

Escape the following characters with HTML entity encoding to prevent switching into
any execution context, such as script, style, or event handlers. Using hex entities is
recommended in the spec. In addition to the 5 characters significant in XML (&, <, >, ",
'), the forward slash is included as it helps to end an HTML entity.
&
<
>
"
'
/

-->
-->
-->
-->
-->
-->

&amp;
&lt;
&gt;
&quot;
&#x27;
&#x2F;

&apos; is not recommended

forward slash is included as it helps end an HTML entity

See the ESAPI reference implementation (http://code.google.com/p/owasp-esapi-

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java/source/browse/trunk/src/main/java/org/owasp/esapi/codecs/HTMLEntityCodec.java)
of HTML entity escaping and unescaping.
String safe = ESAPI.encoder().encodeForHTML( request.getParameter( "input" ) );

RULE #2 - Attribute Escape Before Inserting

Untrusted Data into HTML Common Attributes
Rule #2 is for putting untrusted data into typical attribute values like width, name,
value, etc. This should not be used for complex attributes like href, src, style, or any of
the event handlers like onmouseover. It is extremely important that event handler
attributes should follow Rule #3 for HTML JavaScript Data Values.
<div attr=...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...>content</div>

inside UNquoted attribute

<div attr='...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...'>content</div>

inside single quoted attribute

<div attr="...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...">content</div>

inside double quoted attribute

Except for alphanumeric characters, escape all characters with ASCII values less than
256 with the &#xHH; format (or a named entity if available) to prevent switching out of
the attribute. The reason this rule is so broad is that developers frequently leave
attributes unquoted. Properly quoted attributes can only be escaped with the
corresponding quote. Unquoted attributes can be broken out of with many characters,
including [space] % * + , - / ; < = > ^ and |.
See the ESAPI reference implementation (http://code.google.com/p/owasp-esapijava/source/browse/trunk/src/main/java/org/owasp/esapi/codecs/HTMLEntityCodec.java)
of HTML entity escaping and unescaping.
String safe = ESAPI.encoder().encodeForHTMLAttribute( request.getParameter( "input" ) );

RULE #3 - JavaScript Escape Before Inserting

Untrusted Data into HTML JavaScript Data Values
Rule #3 concerns the JavaScript event handlers that are specified on various HTML
elements. The only safe place to put untrusted data into these event handlers as a quoted
"data value." Including untrusted data inside any other code block is quite dangerous, as
it is very easy to switch into an execution context, so use with caution.

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<script>alert('...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...')</script>

inside a quoted string

<script>x='...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...'</script>

one side of a quoted expression

<div onmouseover="x='...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...'"</div>

inside quoted event handler

Please note there are some JavaScript functions that can never safely use untrusted data
as input - EVEN IF JAVASCRIPT ESCAPED!
For example:
<script>
window.setInterval('...EVEN IF YOU ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA YOU ARE XSSED HERE...');
</script>

Except for alphanumeric characters, escape all characters less than 256 with the \xHH
format to prevent switching out of the data value into the script context or into another
attribute. Do not use any escaping shortcuts like \" because the quote character may be
matched by the HTML attribute parser which runs first. If an event handler is quoted,
breaking out requires the corresponding quote. The reason this rule is so broad is that
developers frequently leave event handler attributes unquoted. Properly quoted
attributes can only be escaped with the corresponding quote. Unquoted attributes can
be broken out of with many characters including [space] % * + , - / ; < = > ^ and |. Also,
a </script> closing tag will close a script block even though it is inside a quoted string
because the HTML parser runs before the JavaScript parser.
See the ESAPI reference implementation (http://code.google.com/p/owasp-esapijava/source/browse/trunk/src/main/java/org/owasp/esapi/codecs/JavaScriptCodec.java) of
JavaScript escaping and unescaping.
String safe = ESAPI.encoder().encodeForJavaScript( request.getParameter( "input" ) );

RULE #4 - CSS Escape Before Inserting Untrusted

Data into HTML Style Property Values
Rule #4 is for when you want to put untrusted data into a stylesheet or a style tag. CSS
is surprisingly powerful, and can be used for numerous attacks. Therefore, it's important
that you only use untrusted data in a property value and not into other places in style
data. You should stay away from putting untrusted data into complex properties like url,
behavior, and custom (-moz-binding). You should also not put untrusted data into IEs
expression property value which allows JavaScript.
<style>selector { property : ...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...; } </style>

property value

<style>selector { property : "...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE..."; } </style>

property value

<span style="property : ...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...">text</style>

property value

Except for alphanumeric characters, escape all characters with ASCII values less than
256 with the \HH escaping format. Do not use any escaping shortcuts like \" because the

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quote character may be matched by the HTML attribute parser which runs first. Prevent
switching out of the property value and into another property or attribute. Also prevent
switching into an expression or other property value that allows scripting. If attribute is
quoted, breaking out requires the corresponding quote. All attributes should be quoted
but your encoding should be strong enough to prevent XSS when untrusted data is
placed in unquoted contexts. Unquoted attributes can be broken out of with many
characters including [space] % * + , - / ; < = > ^ and |. Also, the </style> tag will close
the style block even though it is inside a quoted string because the HTML parser runs
before the JavaScript parser. Please note that we recommend aggressive CSS encoding to
prevent XSS attacks for both quoted and unquoted attributes.
See the ESAPI reference implementation (http://code.google.com/p/owasp-esapijava/source/browse/trunk/src/main/java/org/owasp/esapi/codecs/CSSCodec.java) of CSS
escaping and unescaping.
String safe = ESAPI.encoder().encodeForCSS( request.getParameter( "input" ) );

RULE #5 - URL Escape Before Inserting Untrusted

Data into HTML URL Parameter Values
Rule #5 is for when you want to put untrusted data into HTTP GET parameter value.
<a href="http://www.somesite.com?test=...ESCAPE UNTRUSTED DATA BEFORE PUTTING HERE...">link</a >

Except for alphanumeric characters, escape all characters with ASCII values less than
256 with the %HH escaping format. Including untrusted data in data: URLs should not
be allowed as there is no good way to disable attacks with escaping to prevent switching
out of the URL. All attributes should be quoted. Unquoted attributes can be broken out
of with many characters including [space] % * + , - / ; < = > ^ and |. Note that entity
encoding is useless in this context.
See the ESAPI reference implementation (http://code.google.com/p/owasp-esapijava/source/browse/trunk/src/main/java/org/owasp/esapi/codecs/PercentCodec.java) of
URL escaping and unescaping.
String safe = ESAPI.encoder().encodeForURL( request.getParameter( "input" ) );

WARNING: Do not encode complete or relative URL's with URL encoding! If untrusted
input is meant to be placed into href, src or other URL-based attributes, it should be
validated to make sure it does not point to an unexpected protocol, especially Javascript
links. URL's should then be encoded based on the context of display like any other piece
of data. For example, user driven URL's in HREF links should be attribute encoded. For
example:

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String userURL = request.getParameter( "userURL" )

boolean isValidURL = ESAPI.validator().isValidInput("URLContext", userURL, "URL", 255, false);
if (isValidURL) {
<a href="<%=encoder.encodeForHTMLAttribute(userURL)%>">link</a>
}

RULE #6 - Use an HTML Policy engine to validate or

clean user-driven HTML in an outbound way
import org.owasp.validator.html.*;
Policy policy = Policy.getInstance(POLICY_FILE_LOCATION);
AntiSamy as = new AntiSamy();
CleanResults cr = as.scan(dirtyInput, policy);
MyUserDAO.storeUserProfile(cr.getCleanHTML()); // some custom function

RULE #7 - Prevent DOM-based XSS

For details on what DOM-based XSS is, and defenses against this type of XSS flaw, please
see the OWASP article on DOM_based_XSS_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet.

Encoding Information
OWASP Development Guide (http://code.google.com/p/owasp-development-guide/wiki
/WebAppSecDesignGuide_D6)

Additional XSS Defense (HTTPOnly

cookie ag)
Preventing all XSS flaws in an application is hard, as you can see. To help mitigate the
impact of an XSS flaw on your site, OWASP also recommends you set the HTTPOnly flag
on your session cookie and any custom cookies you have that are not accessed by any
Javascript you wrote. This cookie flag is typically on by default in .NET apps, but in other
languages you have to set it manually.
For more details on the HTTPOnly cookie flag, including what it does, and how to use it,
see the OWASP article on HTTPOnly.

Related Articles
XSS Attack Cheat Sheet
The following article describes how to exploit different kinds of XSS Vulnerabilities that
this article was created to help you avoid:
RSnake: "XSS Cheat Sheet" - http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html

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Description of XSS Vulnerabilities

OWASP article on XSS Vulnerabilities
How to Review Code for Cross-site scripting Vulnerabilities
OWASP Code Review Guide article on Reviewing Code for Cross-site scripting
Vulnerabilities
How to Test for Cross-site scripting Vulnerabilities
OWASP Testing Guide article on Testing for Cross site scripting Vulnerabilities
Other Articles in the OWASP Prevention Cheat Sheet Series
Authentication Cheat Sheet
Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) Prevention Cheat Sheet
Forgot Password Cheat Sheet
Cryptographic Storage Cheat Sheet
SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet
Transport Layer Protection Cheat Sheet
XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Prevention Cheat Sheet
DOM based XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet

Authors and Primary Editors

Jeff Williams - jeff.williams[at]aspectsecurity.com
Jim Manico - jim[at]manico.net
Retrieved from "https://www.owasp.org/index.php
/XSS_(Cross_Site_Scripting)_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet"
Categories: OWASP Application Security Verification Standard Project | OWASP
Enterprise Security API | How To | Cheatsheets
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