Scribd
Upload
180 views6 pages

Real Analysis HW 4

This document contains the details of homework assignment 9 for a summer 2014 math class. It includes 6 short answer questions and 6 proof questions regarding the Riemann integral and integrability. The short answer questions cover topics like monotone functions, continuity, partitions, and the fundamental theorem of integral calculus. The proof questions demonstrate properties of integrable functions, including using definitions and theorems to show specific functions are integrable.

Uploaded by

Taylor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
180 views6 pages

Real Analysis HW 4

This document contains the details of homework assignment 9 for a summer 2014 math class. It includes 6 short answer questions and 6 proof questions regarding the Riemann integral and integrability. The short answer questions cover topics like monotone functions, continuity, partitions, and the fundamental theorem of integral calculus. The proof questions demonstrate properties of integrable functions, including using definitions and theorems to show specific functions are integrable.

Uploaded by

Taylor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

MATH 4603

Homework 9

Summer 2014
Due July 23th, 2014

Name:

Short Answers: (Grading: I will pick one exercise and grade it out of 10 points)
1. True or False. If false, give a counterexample. If true justify why.
(a) If f is monotone on [a, b] then f is integrable on [a, b]. (True)
Suppose f is increasing. Since f is defined at the end points, it is bounded and
there is k such that f (b) f (a) < k. Given > 0, pick a partition of [a, b] such
that (P ) < = /k. Then because f is increasing
n1
X
U (P, f ) L(P, f ) =
[f (xi+1 ) f (xi )](xi+1 xi ) < (f (b) f (a)) <
i=0

(b) If f is integrable on [a, b], then f is continuous on [a, b]. (False)


The function f : [1, 1] R, f (x) = 1 for x 0 and f (x) = 1 for x < 0 is not
continuous, but it is integrable.
(c) Let f is bounded on [a, b]. If P and Q are partitions of [a, b], then
L(P, f ) U (P, f ). (True)
Given a partition P = {x0 , x1 , , xn } of [a, b], the lower sums, L(P, f )
approximate the integral using the inf of the function on each interval [xi , xi+1 ]
and the upper sums U (P, f ) approximate the integral using the inf of the
function on each interval [xi , xi+1 ]. Therefore, L(P, f ) U (P, f ).
(d) If f is integrable on [a, b], then given any > 0 there exists a partition P of [a, b]
such that L(P, f ) > U (P, f ) . (True)
Since f is integrable, for every > 0 there is a partition P of [a, b] such that
U (P, f ) L(P, f ) < . Therefore,
U (P, f ) < L(P, f )
2. Use the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus to compute the following:
Let us state the Fundamental
Theorem of Integral Calculus first: If F = f 0 and f 0 is
Rb
integrable on [a, b] then a F dx = f (b) f (a).
R3
(a) 0 (x2 x)dx.
2
3
Here F = x2 x and f = x3 x2 therefore
Z 3
9
(x2 x)dx = f (3) f (0) = (9 9/2) 0 = .
2
0
R4
(b) 2 (1 x3 x2 )dx
4
3
Here F = (1 x3 x2 ) and f = x x4 x3 therefore
Z 4
(1 x3 x2 )dx = f (4) f (2) = 78
2

MATH 4603
(c)

Homework 9

Summer 2014

R /2

x sin(x2 )dx
2)
Here F = x sin(x2 ) and f = cos(x
therefore
2
0

/2

x sin(x2 )dx = f (/2) f (0) =

cos( 2 /4) 1
+
2
2

3. Let f be a bounded function defined on the interval [a, b]. Mark each statement as
true or false, and justify your answer.
(a) The upper and lower sums of f always form a bounded set. (True)
Since f is bounded, there exists M R such that |f | < M . Therefore, given any
partition P of [a, b] we have that
M (b a) L(P, f ) U (P, f ) M (b a)
(b) If P and Q are partitions of [a, b], then P Q is a refinement of both P and Q.
(True)
Since P P Q and Q P Q, then P Q is a refinement of both P and Q.
Rb
(c) When a f dx exists, it is a unique number that lies between L(P, f ) and U (P, f )
for all partitions P of [a, b].(True)
If f is integrable, by definition we have that
Z

f dx =

f dx =
a

where

f dx
a

f dx = sup{L(P, f ) : P is a partition of[a, b]},


a

f dx = inf{L(P, f ) : P is a partition of[a, b]}.


a

If there were two numbers, A and B such that


L(P, f ) A < B U (P, f )
for any given partition P , then

Rb
a

f dx 6=

Rb
a

f dx.

(d) f is Riemann integrable iff its upper and lower sums are equal.(False)
f is Riemann integrable iff its upper and lower integrals are equal, i.e.
Z

f dx =
a

f dx =
a

f dx
a

MATH 4603

Homework 9

Summer 2014

Proof: Provide a complete proof for the following exercises (Grading: I will pick two
exercises and grade them out of 10 points).
1. Use Theorem 5.2 to prove that the function f (x) = x3 is integrable on [0, 1].
Proof. Let > 0, define = /3, and pick a partition P = {x0 , x1 , , xn } such
that
max{(xi+1 xi ) : 0 i n 1} <
Then
n1
X
U (P, f ) L(P, f ) =
(x3i+1 x3i )(xi+1 xi )

i=0
n1
X

(xi+1 xi )(x2i+1 + xi+1 xi + x2i )(xi+1 xi )

i=0
n1
X

(xi+1 xi )

< 3

i=0

< 3(1 0) = .
Therefore, f is integrable.
2. A set A [0, 1] is dense in [0, 1] iff every open interval that intersects [0, 1] contains a
point of A. Suppose f : [0,R1] R is integrable and f (x) = 0 for all x A with A
1
dense in [0, 1]. Show that 0 f dx = 0.
Proof. Suppose that
Z

Rb
a
b

f dx = sup{L(P, f ) : P is a partition of[a, b]} = A.

f dx =
a

f dx = A > 0. Since f is integrable,

In particular there exists a partition P such that


0 < A/2 < L(P, f ) A
Pn1
Moreover, we have that 0 < L(P, f ) S(P, f ), where S(P, f ) = i=0
f (ti )(xi+1 xi )
is the Riemann sum of f associated with the partition P , and ti is any number on the
interval [xi , xi+1 ]. In particular, since A is dense we can pick ti A [xi , xi+1 ]. In
this case, f (ti ) = 0 for every 0 i n 1, and we reach a contradiction:
0 < L(P, f ) S(P, f ) = 0.
Therefore,

Rb
a

f dx = A = 0.

MATH 4603

Homework 9

Summer 2014

3. Suppose g : [a, b] R is continuous except at x0 (a, b). Assume also that f is


bounded. Prove that g is Riemann integrable on [a, b].
Proof. Since f is bounded, then we do not have a vertical asymptote at x0 . We can
therefore consider g1 : [a, x0 ] R, where g1 (x) = g(x) for x 6= x0 and
g1 (x0 ) = limxx0 g(x). Now, this function is continuous on [a, x0 ] and it is therefore
Riemann integrable. A similar reasoning shows that g2 : [x0 , b] R, where
g2 (x) = g(x) for x 6= x0 and g2 (x0 ) = limxx0 g(x), is Riemann integrable.
To show that f is integrable, let P1 , P2 be any partitions of [a, x0 ] and [x0 , b]. Let
> 0 and consider P = (P1 P2 {x0 /2, x0 + /2}) \ {x0 } a partition of [a, b].
Define Q1 = P [a, x0 ] and Q2 = P [x0 + , b] and notice that we can write
L(P, f ) = L(Q1 , g1 ) + L(Q2 , g2 ) + mx0 (f ),
U (Q, f ) = U (Q1 , g1 ) + U (Q2 , g2 ) + Mx0 (f ),
where mx0 (f ) = inf{f (x) : x0 /2 x x0 + } and
Mx0 (f ) = sup{f (x) : x0 /2 x x0 + }. Since can be chosen as small as we
want then
Z x0
Z b
Z b
f dx =
g1 dx +
g2 dx
a

x0
x0

Z
f dx =

g1 dx +
a

g2 dx
x0

Therefore, f is Riemann integrable.

4. Suppose f is integrable on [a, b] and there exists k > 0 such that f (x) k for all
x [a, b]. Prove that 1/f is integrable.
Proof. Let > 0 and notice that
can find a partition P , such that

1
f (x)

1
k

for all x [a, b]. Since f is integrable, we

n1
X

U (P, f ) L(P, f ) =
(Mi (f ) mi (f ))(xi+1 xi ) < 2 .
k
i=0

Consider the function g : [a, b] R, g(x) =

1
. With the above partition we have
f (x)

that for each interval [xi , xi+1 ],


1
1
1
1

.
Mi (f )
f (x)
mi (f )
k

MATH 4603

Homework 9

Summer 2014

Moreover,
n1 
X


1
1
U (P, g) L(P, g) =

(xi+1 xi )
m
(f
)
M
(f
)
i
i
i=0

n1 
X
Mi (f ) mi (f )
=
(xi+1 xi )
M
(f
)m
(f
)
i
i
i=0

n1 
X
Mi (f ) mi (f )
<
(xi+1 xi )
2
k
i=0
< k 2 (U (P, f ) L(P, f )) < .
Therefore, g =

1
is Riemann integrable.
f

5. Suppose f is integrable on [b, b] and f is even. Show using Theorem 5.5 that
Rb
Rb
f dx = 2 0 f dx.
b
Proof. We will need to refer to the function g : [0, b] R, g(x) = f (x). We first
show that this function is integrable: Since f is integrable, given > 0 there is a
partition P of [b, b] such that U (P, f ) L(P, f ) < 2. Let
Q = {xi , xi : xi P } {0} be a refinement of P , and notice that
U (Q, f ) L(Q, f ) < 2. Furthermore, because f is even, if we denote by
= Q [0, b],
Q
g) 2L(Q,
g) < 2.
U (Q, f ) L(Q, f ) = 2U (Q,
g) L(Q,
g) < .
= U (Q,
Therefore, g is Riemann integrable.
Let > 0. Since g is Riemann integrable there is a partition P of [0, b] such that for
any refinement Q of P , regardless of how it is marked,
Z b
gdx| < /2.
|S(Q, g)
0

Also, because f is integrable there is a number A and a partition P 0 of [b, b] such


that for any refinement Q0 of P 0 , regardless of how it is marked,
|S(Q0 , f ) A| < /2.
Let P = P 0 P {0} and consider Q0 = {xi , xi : xi P } = {y0 , y1 , , yn }. Then
Q0 is a refinement of P 0 and Q = Q0 [0, b] is a refinement of P . Moreover,
0

S(Q , f ) =

n1
X
i=0

f (yi )(yi+1 yi ) = 2S(Q, g),

MATH 4603

Homework 9

so that
Z

Z
gdx| = |2S(Q, g) 2

|S(Q , f ) 2
Rb
b

f dx = 2

Rb
0

gdx = 2

gdx| <
0

Therefore,

Summer 2014

Rb
0

f dx.

6. Prove that f is integrable on [a, b] iff there exists a number A such that for every
> 0 there is a > 0 such that |S(Q, f ) A| < for every Riemann sum S(Q, f )
associated with a partition Q with mesh, (Q) < .
Proof. See Theorem 5.6

You might also like