CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

CSI2101 Discrete Structures (3,1.5,0) 3 cr.

Discrete structures as they apply to computer science, algorithm analysis and design. Predicate
logic. Review of proof techniques; application of induction to computing problems. Graph
theory applications in information technology. Program correctness, preconditions,
postconditions and invariants. Analysis of recursive programs using recurrence relations.
Properties of integers and basic cryptographical applications. Prerequisite: MAT1348

PROFESSOR: Dr. Nejib Zaguia

SITE 5031, 562-5800 ext.:6782
[email protected]
Office hours: Monday11:30-13:00

LECTURES:

Monday
LEC 10:00-11:30 MCD 146
Wednesday LEC 08:30-10:00 MCD 146
TUTORIAL Tuesday 17:30 - 19:00 SCS E218 (TA NOT DECIDED YET)

MANUEL:

Kenneth H. Rosen, Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications, Seventh Edition

Dr. Nejib Zaguia - Winter 2015

CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Evaluation
Assignments, 25% (late assignments not accepted). There will
be 4 assignments.
Mid-Term Test, 25% (Monday, February 23 at 10:00-11:30)
(will take place during class time, closed book)
Final Exam, 50%
To pass the course, you must obtain a weighted average of at
least 50% on the final and Mid-term exams.

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Course Plan:

Review of Propositional Logic (Chapters 1.1 & 1.2 &

1.3)
Predicates and Quantifiers (Chapters 1.4, 1.5)
Rules of Inference, Proofs Methods and Strategies
(Chapters 1.6, 1.7 & 1.8)
Basic Number Theory and applications (Chapters 4.1,
4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6)
Mathematical Induction (Chapters 5.1, 5.2, 5.3)
Program Correctness/Verification and Recursive
Algorithms (Chapters 5.4 and 5.5)
Solving Recurrence Relations (Chapters 8.1, 8.2 & 8.3)
Graphs (Chapter 10)
Dr. Nejib Zaguia - Winter 2015

CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

What is Mathematics, really?

Its not just about numbers!

Mathematics is much more than that:
Mathematics is, most generally, the study of
any and all absolutely certain truths about
any and all perfectly well-defined concepts.

But, these concepts can be about numbers,

symbols, objects, images, sounds, anything!
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Max Tegmark, 98
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

What are discrete structures anyway?

Discrete ( discreet!) - Composed of
distinct, separable parts. (Opposite of
continuous.)
Structures - Objects built up from simpler
objects according to some definite pattern.
Discrete Mathematics - The study of
discrete, mathematical objects and structures.

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Discrete Structures you will Study in your program

Propositions
Predicates
Proofs
Sets
Functions
Orders of Growth
Algorithms
Integers
Summations

Sequences
Strings
Permutations
Combinations
Relations
Graphs
Trees
Logic Circuits
Automata

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Relationships Between Structures

: Can be defined in terms of

Groups
Operators Trees
Complex
numbers
Graphs
Real numbers
Functions
Integers
Natural
numbers
Infinite
Bits
ordinals

Programs Proofs
Propositions
Strings

Relations

Not all possibilities

are shown here.

Matrices

Sequences
n-tuples
Vectors
Sets
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Why Study Discrete Math?

The basis of all of digital information
processing is: Discrete manipulations of

discrete structures represented in memory.

Its the basic language and conceptual

foundation for all of computer science.
Discrete math concepts are also widely used
throughout math, science, engineering,
economics, biology, etc.,
A generally useful tool for rational thought!
Dr. Nejib Zaguia - Winter 2015

CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Uses for Discrete Math in Computer Science

Advanced algorithms &

data structures
Programming language
compilers &
interpreters.
Computer networks
Operating systems
Computer architecture

Database management
systems
Cryptography
Error correction codes
Graphics & animation
algorithms, game
engines, etc.
I.e., the whole field!

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Number Theory: RSA and Public-key Cryptography

Alice and Bob have never met but they would like to
exchange a message. Eve would like to eavesdrop.
They could come up with a good
encryption algorithm and exchange the
encryption key but how to do it without
Eve getting it? (If Eve gets it, all security
is lost.)

CS folks found the solution: public key encryption.

Quite remarkable, that is feasible.
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Number Theory:
Public-key Cryptography

RSA Public Key Cryptosystem (why RSA?)

Uses modular arithmetic and large primes Its security comes from the computational difficulty
of factoring large numbers.
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

RSA Approach

Encode:
C = Me (mod n)
M is the plaintext; C is ciphertext
n = pq with p and q large primes (e.g. 200 digits long!)
e is relative prime to (p-1)(q-1)
What does this all mean??
Decode:
How does this actually work?
Not to worry. Well find out.
Cd = M (mod pq)
d is inverse of e modulo (p-1)(q-1)

The process of encrypting and decrypting a message

correctly results in the original message (and its fast!)
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Graphs and Networks

Many problems can be represented by a graphical
network representation.

Examples:
Distribution problems
Aside: finding the right
Routing problems
problem representation
Maximum flow problems
is one of the key issues
Designing computer/phone / road networks
in this course.
Equipment replacement
And of course the Internet
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

New Science of Networks

Networks are pervasive
Utility Patent network
1972-1999
(3 Million patents)
Gomes,Hopcroft,Lesser,Selman
Sub-Category Graph
No Threshold

Neural network of the

nematode worm C- elegans
(Strogatz, Watts)

NYS Electric Power Grid

(Thorp,Strogatz,Watts)

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Network of computer scientists ReferralWeb

System (Kautz and Selman)

Cybercommunities
(Automatically discovered)
Kleinberg et al

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Example: Coloring a Map: How to color this map so that

no two adjacent regions have the same color?

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Graph representation

Coloring the nodes of the graph:

Whats the minimum number of colors such that any two nodes
connected by an edge have different colors?
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

The Four Color Theorem Any planar graph can be properly

colored by at most four colors.

Four color map.

Proof: Appel and Haken 1976; careful case analysis performed by computer;
proof reduced the infinitude of possible maps to 1,936 reducible configurations
(later reduced to 1,476) which had to be checked one by one by computer. The
computer program ran for hundreds of hours.
The first significant computer-assisted mathematical proof.

Write-up was hundreds of pages including code!

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

ENG 1000
CSI 3503

ENG 3300

PHY 1500

CSI 3505

Dr. Nejib Zaguia-CSI2501-Hiver08

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Scheduling of Final Exams: How can the final exams at

UofO be scheduled so that no student has two exams
at the same time? (Note not obvious this has anything
to do with graphs or graph coloring.)
Graph:
A vertex correspond to a course.
An edge between two vertices denotes that there is at least one common
student in the courses they represent.
Each time slot for a final exam is represented by a different color.
A coloring of the graph corresponds to a valid schedule of the exams.
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Frequency Assignments: T.V. channels 2 through 13

are assigned to stations in North America so that no
two stations within 150 miles can operate on the
same channel. How can the assignment of channels
be modeled as a graph coloring?
A vertex corresponds to one station;
There is a edge between two vertices if they are located within
150 miles of each other
Coloring of graph --- corresponds to a valid assignment of
channels; each color represents a different channel.

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Traveling Salesman: Find a closed tour of minimum length

visiting all the cities.
3 Km
3 Km

14 Km
16 Km

4 Km
13 Km

TSP lots of applications:

Transportation related: scheduling deliveries
Many others: e.g., Scheduling of a machine to drill holes in a circuit
board ; Genome sequencing; etc
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

13509 cities in the US

13509!= 1.4759774188460148199751342753208e+49936
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

The optimal tour!

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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Upon completion of this course, the student

should be able to:

Check validity of simple logical arguments (proofs).

Check the correctness of simple algorithms.
Creatively construct simple instances of valid logical
arguments and correct algorithms.
Describe the definitions and properties of a variety
of specific types of discrete structures.
Correctly read, represent and analyze various types
of discrete structures using standard notations.
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

A Proof Example

Pythagoras of Samos
(ca. 569-475 B.C.)

Theorem:

(Pythagorean Theorem of Euclidean geometry)

For any real numbers a, b, and c, if a and b are

the base-length and height of a right triangle,

and c is the length of its hypotenuse,
c a 2 b2
then a2 + b2 = c2.
b
Proof: See next slide.
a
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CSI 2101 / Winter 2015: Discrete Structures.

Proof. Consider the below diagram:

Exterior square area = c2, the sum of the following regions:

The area of the 4 triangles = 4(ab) = 2ab
2
2
2
The area of the small interior square = ( ba) = b 2ab+a .
2
2
2
2
2
Thus, c = 2ab + (b 2ab+a ) = a + b .
c
ab

c
b

(ba)2

ab

b
b

ab

a
b
a ab c

Note: It is easy to show that the exterior and

interior quadrilaterals in this construction are
indeed squares, and that the side length of
the internal square is indeed ba (where b is
defined as the length of the longer of the two
perpendicular sides of the triangle). These
steps would also need to be included in a
more complete proof.
Dr. Nejib Zaguia - Winter 2015

Areas in this diagram are in

boldface; lengths are in a
normal font weight.

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