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Research Paper - Critical Comparative Feature Analysis of Structural Software (Sap2000 and Staad - Pro)

SAP2000 - Research Paper

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

400 views55 pages

Research Paper - Critical Comparative Feature Analysis of Structural Software (Sap2000 and Staad - Pro)

SAP2000 - Research Paper

Uploaded by

Muhannad AbdulRaouf

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

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CRITICAL COMPARATIVE FEATURE ANALYSIS OF

STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE (SAP2000 AND STAAD.Pro)

AND
THE NATURE OF THEIR PIRATED COUNTERPARTS

LETIBEB MAKONNEN ZELLEKE

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Master of Science in
Civil engineering

JULY 2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to deeply thank my advisor Dr. Shifferaw Taye for giving
me a broader engineering perspective and being a role model in striving to change wrong
practices in the local engineering industry. His inspiration has given me a glimpse of
thinking outside the box. Secondly my gratitude goes to my colleagues at Afro European
Engineers for their wonderful insights and comments on my thesis work.

I am also deeply grateful to Ato Messay Zegeye, Ato Naog Duga and Ato Ewnetu Ferede
for their helpful remarks concerning software piracy. I would also like to send my deepest
appreciation to all the engineering firms that responded to my questionnaire aiming to
survey attitude towards software use in the Ethiopian consulting industry. Moreover I
would like to thank Eng. Sofonias and Eng. Gigar at GTZ International services for giving
me access to their licensed version of SAP2000 version 12.

Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my wonderful mother, whose love and
support have been crucial components to all my positive achievements including this
Masters thesis.

TABLE
OFCONTENTS
CONTENTS
TABLE OF
Page No.

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................v

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. vi
I. ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................2
1.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................... 3

2. COMPARATIVE FEATURE ANALYSIS (SAP2000 AND STAAD.Pro).......4

2.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................... 4
2.1.1 SAP2000 ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 COMPARISON CRITERA ..................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Modeling ........................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Analysis........................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Design ............................................................................................................................. 13
2.2.4 Output ............................................................................................................................. 15
2.2.5 Import Export Utilities (communication between software) .......................................... 16
2.2.6 Special cases ................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.7 General features .............................................................................................................. 17
2.3 Software Survey..................................................................................................................... 19
2.4 Comments from International Users about SAP and STAAD............................................... 22
2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 23

3. PIRATED SOFTWARE.....................................................................................24
3.1 General................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Software Copy Protection ...................................................................................................... 25

iii

3.2.1 The Key diskette system ................................................................................................. 25

3.2.2 Hard ware Lock system .................................................................................................. 25
3.2.3 Limited Number of Installation System.......................................................................... 26
3.2.4 License for limited time .................................................................................................. 26
3.2.5 License activation system ............................................................................................... 26
3.3 Software Cracking.............................................................................................................. 27
3.3.1 License Copying ............................................................................................................. 27
3.3.2 Tampering with License codes ....................................................................................... 27
3.3.3 Reverse Engineering ....................................................................................................... 28
3.4 Survey on Software Piracy..................................................................................................... 28
3.5 Benefits of Using Genuine Software ..................................................................................... 30
3.5.1 Technical help facility..................................................................................................... 30
3.5.2 Full instructions and manuals ......................................................................................... 30
3.5.3 Access to upgrade and update......................................................................................... 30
3.5.4 Unnecessary risk to computers ....................................................................................... 30
3.5.5 Illegality .......................................................................................................................... 31
3.5.6 Company image .............................................................................................................. 31
3.5.7 Ethically correct .............................................................................................................. 31
3.6 Questionnaire ......................................................................................................................... 32
3.7 Test Models............................................................................................................................ 34
3.8 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 41

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................43

BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................45
ANNEX ....................................................................................................................47

LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fig 2.1 1998 Structural software survey.....19

Fig 2.2 1996 Structural software survey.....20

Fig 2.3 Software survey by MSC....21

Fig 3.1 Model for G+ 12 irregular frame system with shear wall subjected
to gravity and lateral loads .34

Fig 3.2 Model for Shell barrel structure subjected to gravity and lateral loads..35

Fig 3.3 Model for Simple 2D portal frame with three members subjected to
concentrated lateral load..35

Fig 3.4 Model for Eccentrically braced 2D frame with wall system subjected to
concentrated lateral load.....36

LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Modeling feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro....8

Table 2.2 Analysis feature comparison of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro..10

Table 2.3 Design feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro...13

Table 2.4 Output feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro...15

Table 2.5 Import export feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro...16

Table 2.6 Special features analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro....17

Table 3.1 Summary of responses to questionnaire.... 33

Table 3.2 Analysis results for G+ 12 irregular frame system with shear wall subjected
to gravity and lateral loads ....37

Table 3.2 Model for Shell barrel structure subjected to gravity and lateral loads....38

Table 3.3 Model for Simple 2D portal frame with three members subjected to
concentrated lateral load...39

Table 3.4 Model for Eccentrically braced 2D frame with wall system subjected to
concentrated lateral load...40

I. ABSTRACT
Being in the mist of the computer era, its hard even to imagine the challenges faced in the
structural world when such software did not exist. In this time is money world reducing the time
for analysis and design of a certain structure from months to seconds is a miraculous achievement.
This thesis is believed to make us even more appreciative of the technological era were in
witnessing the evolution of structural software.

Although extremely useful in tackling routine and tiresome analysis activities in engineering,
software by no means shall be taken as replacement for engineers. The basic engineering inputs of
formulating models and applying engineering concepts and judgment at every step of the whole
analysis and design process remain largely of the engineers task. In contrary to the overgrowing
software worship practice in our country, engineers are to check software result validity.
Engineers should also spend enough time in exploring features of engineering software with
proper assistance from their respective manuals. Instead of wrong software adaptation habit of one
engineering firm from another, the software features have to be thoroughly investigated so as to
prefer one software over another for a specific task.

The other important issue which needs to be addressed regarding engineering software practice is
the widespread use of pirated software products. The result reliability of pirated versions is put to
the test by running four different types of structural models on a licensed SAP2000 V-12 and a
pirated SAP2000 V-12 version. The results obtained showed small percentage differences which
might suggest good crack quality for this particular package used. But this by no means shall
justify the use of pirated products for a number of reasons to be discussed in this thesis.

The above implementations are set to narrow the gap and building trust between the seemingly
rival so called academic engineers and practicing engineers by providing tangible
functionalities and limitations of the structural software and evaluating the questionable validity of
using pirated products.

CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
There is no question that the use of software has easened the analysis and design procedures of
structures. But using software requires an earnest understanding of engineering concepts behind
the software functionality. One has to fully understand the basic assumptions and considerations
made when the software was originally developed. Lacking the required knowledge of the basic
engineering principles can easily lead to devastating results.

When using commercial engineering software we have to study in depth the merits and demerits of
one software over the other. Though they usually own similar character in basic principles, the
comparison processes needs a very close look at the full application and utilization of each
software with its limitations. Commercial software are becoming more and more competitive by
highly upgrading their features on every new version. So a careful examination of their features is
necessary for comparing software functionality in different aspects.

In this Masters thesis I have tried to compare two popular structural software packages namely
SAP2000 (Structural Analysis Program) and STAAD.Pro (Structural analysis and design
program). I have tried to evaluate these software packages from both analysis and design points of
view. The selected comparison parameters include modeling, analysis, design output, import
export utilities, ease of learning, cost and result reliability. Before the comparison is made a brief
description about the comparison criteria is first discussed.

Some opinion of international users and engineering software surveys are also included in the next
sections of this thesis. These sections will give a broader sight over the application of these
software packages worldwide. The next section deals with the controversial subject of software
piracy with special focus on engineering software packages. A small survey is carried out
regarding the current practice of software application in the local consultancy industry. Moreover I
have produced four different structural models using a licensed and pirated versions of SAP2000
and analyzed the results. Finally conclusions and recommendations are given at the last section of
this thesis.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

In the last few decades the structural engineering world has been blessed with several powerful
structural software packages. Out of several powerful general-use engineering software packages
SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro have somehow succeeded in gaining popularity in the local consulting
industry.

Despite the fact that numerous local users apply these software packages in different engineering
practices, very few users truly understand the engineering principles behind their interfaces as well
as their full feature application.

The general objective of this Masters thesis is therefore to provide state of the art review of both
software (SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro) in order to familiarize users to various useful features
offered by the packages. Moreover further task is carried out in studying the effect of software
piracy on these packages. The exploration of a pirated version in contrast to a licensed version is
limited to SAP2000, as it was impossible to get access to a licensed STAAD.Pro package in the
local consulting industry.

CHAPTER TWO - COMPARATIVE FEATURE ANALYSIS

(SAP2000 AND STAAD.Pro)
2.1 GENERAL
2.1.1 SAP2000
The SAP2000 (Structural Analysis Program) name has been synonymous with state-of-the-art
analytical methods since its introduction over 40 years ago [23]. Founded in 1975 by company
President Ashraf Habibullah, CSI (Computers & Structures Inc.) is recognized worldwide in the
development of software tools for the analysis and design of civil structures. CSI products are
licensed to thousands of structural engineering firms in more than 100 other countries [23].
The development of CSI software spans four decades, starting with the research of Dr. Edward L.
Wilson at the University of California at Berkeley. The revolutionary SAP program was first
released in 1970, and Dr. Wilson has subsequently been recognized by national and international
engineering societies as one of the preeminent researchers in the field of computer aided structural
analysis.
Each of CSI's programs is tailored to specific classes of structures, allowing the engineering
community to work at efficient levels that are possible with "general purpose" type programs. SAP
is intended for use on civil structures such as bridges, dams, stadiums, industrial structures and
buildings. ETABS has been developed specifically for multi-story building structures, such as
office buildings, apartments and hospitals. The SAFE System provides analysis and design of
concrete slabs and foundations.
CSI is also known for unsurpassed product support. User support activities include advice on
structural systems, interpretation of structural behavior, clarification on various aspects of building
codes, and opinions on special modeling problems and other subjects related to computerized
structural analysis and design.

SAP features user interface powered by analysis engine and design tools for engineers working on
transportation, industrial, public works, sports, and other facilities. 3D object based graphical
modeling environment to the wide variety of analysis and design options are completely integrated
across one powerful user interface. This intuitive interface allows creating complex structural
models that can be generated and meshed with templates built into the interface.

2.1.2 STAAD.Pro
STAAD.Pro is a general purpose program for performing the analysis and design of a wide variety
of types of structures. The basic three activities which are to be carried out to achieve that goal - a)
model generation b) the calculations to obtain the analytical results c) result verification - are all
facilitated by tools contained in the program's graphical environment.
STAAD.Pro was developed by practicing engineers for practicing engineers around the globe. It
has evolved over 28 years and is constantly guided by a premier industry-based steering committee
[22]. The company claims that STAAD.Pro is the choice of 47 out of 50 leading Structural
Engineering firms, 46 out of 50 state Dots and 7 out of the top 10 engineering universities [22].
STAAD.Pro features a user interface, visualization tools, analysis and design engines with
advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities.
Slabs and other surface entities like walls are modeled using plate elements. Large surface entities
may have to be defined using several elements and this sometimes requires a tool called a mesh
generator. The design philosophy and procedural logistics for member selection and code checking
is based upon the principles of allowable stress design. Two major failure modes are recognized:
failure by overstressing and failure by stability considerations.

Members are proportioned to resist the design loads without exceeding the allowable stresses and
the most economical section is selected based on the least weight criteria. The code checking part
of the program also checks the slenderness requirements. STAAD revolutionized the concurrent
use of spreadsheets, an AutoCAD-like graphical modeler, and a text-based input language editor.
Its embedded with over 40 step-by-step movie tutorials and hundreds of examples and verification
problems. Along with movie tutorials, STAAD also include an online help documentation that

provides examples and explanations on hundreds of topics. In addition, STAAD offer an

unparalleled certified training program as well as on-site and in-house trainings.

Currently, the program support over 70 international codes and approximately 20 US codes [22].
Unlike most structural software, STAAD.Pro can be customized by the user to exactly fit design
needs. STAAD.Pro is developed on an open architecture called OpenSTAAD. All of the functions
related to input or output are available to the user, such as Get Maximum Bending Moment or Add
Uniform Load. STAAD also include a parametric library of pre-built commonly used structures
like trusses, buildings, mats, etc. that can be customized by for modeling repetitive structures. The
user can even add a template. In addition, STAAD.Pro has an embedded VBA (Visual Basic for
Applications) editor which enables users to write their own design, loading, or post-processing
routines directly in the STAAD environment.

2.2 COMPARISON CRITERA

2.2.1 Modeling
Modeling a structure using software highly depends on the engineering assumptions
considered. Generating models is the most important step in the analysis and design procedure
of any structure. The required engineering concepts and parameters are mostly applied at this
stage. Once the structural model is properly created the analysis and design procedures are
simply computational processes. Therefore high level of care should be taken as to how
precisely we model our structure.
In STAAD.Pro there are two methods for building a model and assigning the structure data
which are using the command files and using the graphical model generation mode or
graphical user interface (GUI).
The Command File is a text file which contains the data for the structure being modeled. This
file consists of simple English-language like commands, using a format native to STAAD.Pro.
This command file may be created directly using the editor built into the program, or for that
matter, any editor which saves data in text form, such as Notepad or WordPad available in
Microsoft Windows.
The graphical method of creation involves utilizing the Modeling mode of the STAAD.Pro
graphical environment to draw the model using the graphical tools, and assigning data such as
properties, material constants, loads, etc., using the various menus and dialog boxes of that
mode. If the 2nd method is adopted (using the GUI), the command file gets automatically
created behind the scenes. The graphical model generation mode and the command file are
seamlessly integrated. So, at any time, you may temporarily exit the graphical model
generation mode and access the command file. You will find that it reflects all data entered
through the graphical model generation mode. Further, when you make changes to the
command file and save it, the GUI immediately reflects the changes made to the structure
through the command file.

In SAP2000 the model template form allows for the quick generation of numerous model
types using parametric generation techniques. The model can be started using the grid
generation. When laying out the grid, it is important that the geometry defined, accurately
represents the major geometrical aspects of the structure. The model features of both
software are comparatively tabulated as follows.
Table 2.1 Modeling feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro
No. Features

SAP2000 STAAD.Pro

Modeling
1

Parametric mesh model

Specification of Member Orientation Using Reference Vector

Roaming grid labeling for construction lines for easy beam/column

placement
4

Selective labeling to turn on/off individual beam/plate/solid labels with

new shortcut keys

Auto mesh of user-defined polygonal element boundary by simple mouse

clicks
6

Unlimited Undo and Redo

More structure wizard models including user-defined parametric

structures to create any structural template

Define any point as the center for cylindrical and reverse cylindrical
coordinate system

User-defined steel databases to add customized sections or steel libraries

Interactive menu-driven model generation with simultaneous 3D display

Multiple and customizable views that can be saved for future sessions

2D and 3D graphic generation using rectangular, cylindrical and reverse

cylindrical coordinate systems

Segments of repetitive geometry may be used to generate complex

structural models

Generate, copy, repeat, mirror, pivot, for quick and easy geometry

generation
15

Quick mesh generation

Table 2.1 (contd)

Import AutoCAD DXF files

Access to text editor

User-controlled scale factors for deflected or mode shapes

Structure Wizard to create meshes with holes and curved surfaces

Full 3D rendering capability with lighting and shading

Fireproofing on columns, beams and braces

Auto-meshing of complex slab systems. Automatically refines the mesh if

9
9

columns or openings or wall lines are added

Dynamic auto-scaling of all force diagrams while zooming

Re-indexing of stress contour values and ranges during zooming

Backup manager and auto-save to automatically save, retrieve, compare

and restore current or older versions of the same file

Color-coded element display based on attributes

User-defined axis of rotation for viewing

Automatic wall-slab interface with proper boundary connectivity

Object Based Graphical Interface

Area (Shell) and Solid Objects with Internal Meshing

Integrated Graphical Section Designer for Complex Frame Shapes

Bridge Wizard for Bridge Modeling

Accurate Dimensioning with Guidelines and Snapping

Auto Edge Constraints for Mismatched Shell Meshes

Quick Draw Options for Object Creation

Tendons in Frame, Shell and Solid Objects

Parametric Bridge Cross Sections

Definition of Highway Layout Lines

Automatic Generation of Code Lateral Wind and Seismic Loads

Wind Loads on Open Structures

Transfer of Loads from Area Objects to Framing Systems

Application of Lane Loads to Bridge

9
9

2.2.2 Analysis
Before designing a given structure we have to be able to determine the stresses (external and
internal) being imposed on the structure. In order to do this, structural analysis procedure is
required. It is very important to know the engineering methods used by the software for
analysis. A deep knowledge in the analysis method being applied is very useful as to determine
the reliability of the result and the limitations of the analysis methods for a given model. The
analysis features in both software, SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro, are comparatively tabulated
below.
Table 2.2 Analysis feature comparison of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro
No. Features

SAP2000 STAAD.Pro

Analysis

Staged construction (construction sequence loading), including multiple

scenarios
3

For the special case of pushover analysis including effective damping

computations, capacity spectrum computations and demand spectrum

comparisons are also performed
4

Nonlinear frame, cable and link elements

P-Delta analysis

Large displacement analysis

Eigen analysis with an accelerated subspace iteration algorithm

Ritz analysis for optimal mode superposition basis

Modal analysis including P-delta, large displacement and construction

effects
10

Modal combination by the SRSS, GMC(Gupta) and 10 Percent methods

Directional combination by the SRSS or factored absolute sum method

Use either the Wilson FNA method or a direct integration method

Ground acceleration excitation

Multiple base excitation

Load forcing functions

Transient or steady state

Nonlinear frame and cable elements

9
10

Table 2.2 (contd)

User defined truck, lane and train loads

Capable of handling complex lane geometries

Automatically calculates all possible permutations of traffic loads

Provides correspondence between response components

Determination of maximum and minimum displacements and reactions

Calculation of multiple modes for any number of load combinations

Ability to run selective analysis cases

Create and run new cases while keeping results already calculated

P-Delta analysis including stress stiffening effects

P-Delta including small delta

Modal analysis including stress stiffening

Buckling load analysis

Multiple analysis in same run

Tapered tubular cross-sections such as hexagonal, octagonal, etc.

Plate elements contain extra drilling degree of freedom

Unidirectional support (compression-only/tension-only supports) for

generation of soil springs

Master/slave capabilities

I-beam warping end restraint added as an option for torsional stiffness

Buckling analysis

Plate elements consider inclined supports

Member and spring specification

Fixed, pinned and spring supports with releases. Also Inclined Supports

Automatic spring support generator for mat foundations

Active/Inactive members for load-dependent structures

Compression-only and tension-only members, multi-linear (non-linear)

spring supports
43

Determine stresses and forces along any cut line through a group of plates by
cutting with a plane

Table 2.2 (contd)

Elbows (curved beams with pipe sections) can be modeled with an internal
pressure

Multi-linear spring curves can be assigned to elastic or plate mats

Beam, truss, tapered beam, shell/plate bending/plane stress and 8-noded solid 9

elements
47

Full and partial moment releases (excellent for steel frames where releases
defined by springs are hard to determine)

Nonlinear cable members for cables

Modal damping for time history and spectrum

Composite damping to specify damping ratio for each member/element

Base shear calculation includes direction factors

Extraction of Frequency and Mode Shapes

Generate floor spectra from time history

Modal Damping Ratio for Individual Modes

3D influence surfaces, traffic lanes, critical vehicle loading positions, etc.

(optional)
56

Influence area reported for spring supports for elastic mats

Enhanced solid stress contour definition for brick elements

Full buckling analysis to obtain buckling modes and factors for various

loading conditions
59

Graphical and tabular representation of

singularities / instabilities to exactly pinpoint the area of the structure
affected.

Both software use the finite element method for analysis. The computational efficiency of both
packages is more or less parallel. Implying that the computational time for carrying out simple
duties is almost similar in both cases. But for structures with very large number of members
and irregularities, the computational procedure takes more time.

2.2.3 Design
The main purpose of the whole procedure revolves around this step. In this step we have to be
able to suggest a suitable structural section capable of supporting the stresses expected on the
member. This can be carried out using different design codes depending on the location of the
practice and the assumptions made. The design features in both software, SAP2000 and
STAAD.Pro are critically tabulated as follows.
Table 2.3 Design feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro
No. Features

SAP2000 STAAD.Pro

Design
1

Steel Frame Design for AISC-ASD & LRFD, AASHTO, API, UBC,

British, Canadian, Italian, Indian and Euro Codes

Concrete Frame Design for ACI, AASHTO, UBC, British, Canadian,

New Zealand, Indian, Italian, Korean, Mexican and Euro Codes

Aluminum Frame Design

Cold-Formed Steel Frame Design for AISI Codes

Design for Static and Dynamic Loads

Straight & Curved Girder Design

Automatic Calculation of Moment Magnification Factors

Steel Frame Design Offers Automatic Member Selection

Virtual Work Based Optimization for Lateral Deflections

Grouping for Design Envelopes

Designed for Biaxial-Moment/Axial-Load Interaction

Seismic Check of Beam/Column Joints in Concrete Frames

Automated Effects of Panel-Zone Deformations on Lateral Drift

API Punching Shear Checks

P/T Concrete Box Girder Design

Design of HSS Section

Design of tapered sections like I-beams and hexagonal, dodecagonal and

octagonal tubes

Table 2.3 (contd)

Design cold-formed and aluminum sections with full database library

included

AISC code check for members with cover plates

Interactive steel designer to model enhanced physical members and report

step-by-step calculations for each design clauses and formula

Moment and shear connection designer integrated with the steel designer
to perform several column flange-beam moment and shear connections

AISI Cold-Formed Steel Design and section library

Welding design code

Composite beam design (including stud spacing) per AISC ASD and

LRFD
25

Torsion design per Pub. T-117

Transmission tower design code

Design for Beams with Web Openings

Table 2.3 Design feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro
Check for Floor Vibrations due to Rhythmic Activities

Both SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro have a list of different design codes they support. STAAD.Pro has
specific size requirements regarding defining member dimensions, whereas SAP has no boundaries
of such kind. STAAD.Pro doesnt carry out design for columns and piers where as SAP2000 does.
But the design of columns by SAP2000 especially based on the Eurocode often raises questions in
result validity. It seems that SAP2000 doesnt fully abide by the column code provisions stated in
the Eurocode. For instance when considering accidental eccentricity ea; Eurocode strictly
commands the consideration of ea at the bottom, mid axis and top of a vertical column member
section. But the design feature in SAP2000 only checks ea at the mid axis which probably leads
to different output. In case of embedding design codes to their applications, American developed
packages such as SAP2000 seem to give more attention to American design codes. It is wise to
cautiously check Eurocode based SAP2000 design results especially for column members.

2.2.4 Output
Both software offer a number of output features for which the user can easily obtain the output
result for a particular task he/she requires. Both are equipped with animation features which are
very useful particularly in presentations. Relatively STAAD.Pro grant a more organized and
integrated output format.
STAAD.Pro has a customizable and high quality report available. It can be a summary of pictures
exactly as seen on screen or complete, fully detailed reports. Extracting data from the model such
as the largest node displacement at a specific node becomes easy using an inbuilt Advanced Query,
SQL tool. On the other hand SAP2000 has 3D perspective graphical displays of undeformed and
deformed structural geometry with AVI file option for saving animated displays with animated
stress contours and multiple windows simultaneously displaying different output parameters. The
different output features are critically tabulated below.
Table 2.4 Output feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro
No. Features

SAP2000 STAAD.Pro

Output
1

3Dperspective graphical displays of undeformed and deformed geometries

Static deformed shapes and mode shapes

Bending moment, shear force, axial force and deflection diagrams

Stress contours

Animation of deformed shapes, mode shapes and time history behavior

AVI file option for saving animated displays

Animated stress contours

Multiple windows simultaneously displaying different output parameters

Instantaneous graphical details for specific objects with a right button click 9

Static and dynamic load combinations and envelopes

Virtual work plots of relative work in every element for any load with

9
9

respect to any analysis case

User customizable output tables can be send to onscreen viewing, printer,

text file, Microsoft excel workbook, and as HTML file
15

2.2.5 Import Export Utilities (communication between software)

Communication between software is one of the important criteria for the preference of a soft
ware. Communication ability with many software allows the user to import and export data
from or to a destination. The data exchange features of both software packages are
comparatively tabulated below.

Table 2.5 Import export feature analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro

No. Features

SAP2000 STAAD.Pro

Import export utilities

Interactive Database Editing for Model Creation/Editing

Import/Export Model to Access Database

Cut & Paste Portions of Model to Excel Spreadsheet for Editing

Import/Export Model to Excel Spreadsheet

Import/Export Model in CIS/2 STEP File Format

Import/Export Model to SAP2000 .s2k file

Steel Buildings Detailed in ProSteel 3D using an Import/Export link

Export Steel Models in the Steel Detailing Neutral File Format

Import/Export Model to Text file

Import/Export Model to STAAD file

Import/Export Model to Frameworks Plus file

Import/Export Model to AutoCAD DXF file

Data Exchange Using IFC Standard

SAP2000, owing to its longer age in the market, provides a better import export utility service
with respect to interacting with other engineering software. SAP2000 has a better
communication capacity with common application packages in our country such as SAFE
(which is preferred for slab design) and ETABS (which is usually preferred for building
design).

2.2.6 Special cases

Both software bear features that can carryout analysis for the following tasks.
Table 2.6 Special features analysis of SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro
No.

Features

SAP2000

STAAD.Pro

Special Cases

Bridge structures

Pre-stressed members

Composite structures

Shear walls

Non-prismatic members

Cantilevers

Dome shaped structures

Shell shaped structures

2.2.7 General features

Whenever a user is faced with a new software, he/she would want to learn the software in the
shortest possible time as simply as possible. The ease of learning of one software over the
other can play a great role in preference of the person using it. Compared to other structural
software such as RISA3D, RISA2D, ETABS and RAMFRAME; both SAP2000 and
STAAD.Pro are labeled by users as difficult to learn [19]. As SAP2000 stayed the longer in
the business, it has shaped its product to the very preference of its users based on constructive
comments and feedbacks. SAP2000 also offers a set of manuals available on the internet with
online help features which highly easens the learning process.
It is obvious that whenever buying a product, cost plays a vital role. In software market the
higher price doesnt necessarily imply the higher quality. So we have to be careful when
buying the product with our required specifications and qualities at affordable price. Regarding
cost of the software on the market, SAP2000 is more expensive than STAAD.Pro. Owing to
extensive marketing strategy by CSI, users give SAP2000 the upper hand in the cost Vs value
quality regardless of higher product price.

The simplicity in use of softwares interface is the greatest tool to attract users to use the
software. Users prefer a user friendly environment, which would make him/her feel in control
of the operations being performed. This has been proved to be a great factor in terms of user
preferences over software usage. Although both software use similar user interface,
STAAD.Pro offers an additional editor tool which gives an upper hand in terms of ease of use.
Applying the editor tool the user can display and edit the analysis procedure and output results
at any part of the analysis and design steps.
Whenever using software packages which perform structural analysis, in order for the user to
accept the analysis results, the user has to develop a certain trust towards that software. Result
reliability is a great factor in choosing certain software over another. Based on experience and
marketing skills a software producer has to be able to develop a solid trust and confidence of
the user for the results of analysis by the software. Because of a longer experience in the
market and feed back from CSIs impressive reputation in the structure world, SAP2000 results
are more acceptable and trusted than STAAD.Pro results [20].

2.3 Software Survey

1998 Structural Software Survey
A 1998 national survey of structural engineering professionals published by Modern Steel
Construction magazine [19] provides a basis for comparing the major structural engineering
software programs. For this survey, practicing structural engineers were asked to rate the programs
they use on a scale from 1 to 8 in various categories, where 8 is the most positive. Following are
the results of this survey for various categories: (These bar charts are all based on a start value of
4)

Fig 2.1 1998 Structural software survey

1996 Structural Software Survey

Modern Steel Construction magazine's annual structural software survey (Jan. '96 issue) provides
an unbiased comparison of the major structural engineering programs. These comparisons are the
result of a national survey of practicing structural engineers, who were asked to rate the structural
software they use on a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is the most negative and 10 is the most positive.

Fig 2.2 1996 Structural software survey

Each January and July, Modern Steel Construction presents a round-up of structural engineering
software. The next table shows the result of a survey mailed to 1,000 MSC readers asking about
their structural engineering software use and preferences. Respondents were encouraged to fill out
a separate form for each program they use.

Fig 2.3 Software survey by MSC

2.4 Comments from International Users about SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro

The comments below are provided by several software users and were acquired from an interactive
engineering website. Selected few comments discussing about our target software are presented
here.

23 May 05 9:52

Qshake (Structural)

The use of codes to design is subjective and usually those software companies have programmers deciding
the gray issues. Of course, the argument will be made that the programs are checked; and they are. But
are they checked against the problems we face day to day? I don't think so. When's the last time we were
asked to do something right out of a textbook? As a structural program, STAAD is mediocre, SAP and
GTSTRUDL are much better and, of course, more costly.

23 May 05 17:23

Mark10 (Structural)

I agree with your view about the reliability of software not created by the user. But, STAAD claims that
75% of engineering firms are using their software, which seems very impressive. Also, when looking at
structural job openings, most firms are looking for a STAAD background. As a young engineer without a lot
of FEA background, the decision becomes a little difficult.

23 May 05 18:06

Carl (Structural)

Those numbers are impressive yet consider that at a time when the cost of complex structural analysis
software was out of reach for 90% of the firms STAAD comes along and produces a mediocre product for
an astounding low price - quite a bargain. I myself am a former STAAD user and my company still has a
license for the software although we are moving toward SAP as a bread-and-butter program. We also have
licenses for GTSTRUDL, SAP, COSMOS and a number of other more specific structural analysis
programs. It's been our experience that for complex analysis we just couldn't rely on STAAD.

24 May 05 3:23

Riz (Structural)

STAAD is doing well with us here. Initially, it had an air of not being user..... But it gets okay with time. I
would still vote for it.

9 Jul 05 12:18

Arnie (Visitor)

I have used STAAD since 95 and I've had enough, way too many bugs and dodgy answers. I've turned to
Robot, the most user- friendly I've seen especially for slabs and stuff. I have just received the latest
version and it has Pushover analysis in it which is a bit of a bonus. If you like programming your own
postprocessing environments our other stuff then Robot has its own Windows Object Model so yu can
directly program into/from Robot in VBasic/C++ etc.

2.5 Conclusion
In this thesis it is viewed that both SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro are efficient structural software.
Both have helped revolutionize the system of analysis and design of structures. They have played a
great role in eradicating the very tedious analysis and design procedure by hand, with very high
precision as well.
The purpose of this thesis is not to draw a general conclusion of which software is better than
which, but a suggestion according to a predefined criteria as to when a user shall use either of the
software. From the criteria set to evaluate the software a clear picture can be drawn for what
purpose certain software shall be used. The main difference in the application of the software can
be noticed from the past chapters as; SAP2000 doesnt have a feature for designing continuum
structural elements such as slabs, shells, and shear wall. The exclusion of such important feature in
SAP2000 is probably a market strategy of CSI (producer of SAP2000) as to make users buy other
CSI products which specialize in those areas such as SAFE. Through long years of experience on
the market, both software packages have integrated user comments in order to polish the software
functionality to a better precision and applicability. Thus precision of results for simpler structures
is very similar in case of both software.
I want to stress on the point that the new trend of application of software in our country should be
oriented to the right direction before it is too late. The structural software should be used by users
with intense background knowledge of the basic engineering principles behind the software and
those who are familiar with the assumptions made and limitation of the software. In addition to
that a habit of reading instructions and manuals of engineering software shall also develop.

CHAPTER THREE - PIRATED SOFTWARE

3.1 General
Within the last decade there has been a massive growth in the use of microcomputers in private
and public institutions. Paralleling the growth in microcomputer use has been the growth in
software piracy. Defined as the illegal duplication of commercially available software in order to
avoid fees or the unauthorized copying of an organization's own internally developed software,
software piracy has become recognized as a major problem for the software industry and for
business. It has been estimated that software piracy results in between two and ten illegal copies
made for ever legitimate copy sold. Coupled with intense price competition in the software
industry, software piracy threatens the survival of a number of firms in the industry.
When software is pirated, consumers, software developers, and resellers are harmed. Software
piracy increases the risk consumer's computers will be corrupted by defective software and
infected with viruses. Those who provide defective and illegal software do not tend to provide
sales and technical support. Pirated software usually has inadequate documentation, which
prevents consumers from enjoying the full benefits of the software package. In addition,
consumers are unable to take advantage of technical support and product upgrades, which are
typically available to legitimate registered users of the software.
Developers lose revenue from pirated software, from current products as well as from future
programs. When software is sold most developers invest a portion of the revenue into future
development and better software packages. When software is pirated, software developers lose
revenue from the sale of their products, which hinders development of new software and stifles the
growth of the software company.
Software piracy has become recognized as a major problem for the software industry and for
business. There is substantial evidence that many individuals do not perceive software piracy to be
an ethical problem. The software protection strategy of software developer and the inherent risk to
end user in using pirated software are two major factors that affect a users decision on whether to
purchase or to pirate a software product.

3.2 Software Copy Protection

Basically no company reveals its copy protection logic and algorithm for obvious security reasons.
Each developer may use specific copy protection routines particular to the application software.
But the most common and widely applied copy protection systems are discussed below.

3.2.1 The Key diskette system

This system has been effectively applied in the past years. The system provides a special diskette
that would carry a special code for proper functioning of the software package [4]. In earlier
versions of this system copies of the application package could be made on other computers and
the copies worked as long as the key diskette was made available. But the earlier versions of the
system only work on the first computer on which the license transfer has been made from the key
diskette. It is possible to make the license files on the key diskette to be copy protected so as to
make them not operational if copied. This system has been very effective and large number of
vendors used it. But as the floppy diskette era began to fade away the applicability of this system
followed suite. Very limited numbers of modern computers come with floppy devices making the
key diskette system un-functional. In our country Concepts Data Systems, the developers of
the Amharic alphabet word processing software, Power Geez, used the key diskette protection
system for many years.

3.2.2 Hard ware Lock system

A hardware lock is a small device that is usually attached to the universal serial port or the printer
port of the computer to control the legitimacy of a software product. The hardware lock is
programmed to check and approve if the product in use is licensed or not. It is even possible to
embed one or more subroutines and procedures that are required for proper operation of the
product. Some software modules can be programmed into the hard ware lock which provide the
right subroutines if the product is legitimate. But it is important to cautiously note here that if any
form of tampering with the application package by removing copy protection has been attempted,
the developers can easily revert to wrongly programmed modules which might lead to catastrophic
results [4]. The dangers of these kinds of scenario are more stressed in engineering software

packages where wrong software output may directly be linked to human life loss. An example of
engineering software which uses this system is SofiStik. This German developed finite element
analysis software requires a hard ware lock called code meter to operate.

3.2.3 Limited Number of Installation System

In this system an end user is provided only with the number of copies in parallel with the number
of purchased license. Once the license counter has detected that all purchased licenses have been
used the application software can not be installed. Moreover the software is locked not to be
illegally copied from the computer on which installation was made from the original media.

3.2.4 License for limited time

This system allows the user to access the full functions of the software for a limited duration. This
approach is quite different from demo versions as in case of demo versions some features are
deliberately deactivated and the user is expected to get a preview of the software not the full taste.
The user is able to renew the license when the license duration expires. The earlier versions of this
system used the clock of the machine to measure the duration of the license. But as readjusting the
machine clocks became commonplace to hackers developers were forced to embed an independent
internal clock modified to the software package.

3.2.5 License activation system

In this copy protection system the software activation code is provided by the developer based on
hardware related data [4]. This approach enables the user to first install the software package then
contact the developer for specific activation code as per the particular central processing unit
(CPU) data for a particular machine. This system is becoming more popular owing to the e
commerce age we are in. Thanks to internet a user can simply download the software and get the
activation code from the developer paying by credit card online. The method enables a user to
acquire a legitimate product without moving from his work station within two to three hours time.
Nowadays giant engineering software developers such as CSI and RISA efficiently apply this
system.

3.3 Software Cracking

Despite the fact that software developers invest a fortune on software copy protection, hackers
somehow manage to find a way to break in the protection systems. So far there is no absolute
software protection system. Although the protection systems are more and more sophisticated, the
hackers seem to always be one step ahead. As one local software cracker put it Difficulty never
implies impossibility. Some of the common software cracking methods are discussed below.

3.3.1 License Copying

This method has served as one of the basic software cracking means for quite a while. Software
developers usually put the licensing module in different package than the main software
application package. So successful copying or imaging of the license module will make way to the
availability of the un-tampered main application package. Famous cracking tools such as Copy
WriteTM and Soft SectTM have successfully carried out these tasks in the past [4]. But in recent
practices the use of these methods has rapidly declined owing to the fact that software developers
started embedding additional license subroutines in the main application package. In such cases
copying the separate license module wont be enough to get the full software functionality.
Especially the introduction of the hard lock embedded routines has made the method more
unreachable and even dangerous.

3.3.2 Tampering with License codes

This system is a more evolved method than previous ones. In this case small programs are written
so as to deactivate the licensing module of the software, to generate license codes or to tamper the
legitimacy checking operation of the application. Programs which use this method such as
terminate and stay resident (TSR) even fool hard ware lock subroutines in making it assume that a
legitimate user is accessing the program [4]. They also illegally generate key codes that unlock
trial versions and making the package look like a licensed product.

3.3.3 Reverse Engineering

Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device,
object or system through analysis of its structure, function and operation. It often involves taking
something (e.g., a mechanical device, electronic component, or software program) apart and
analyzing its workings in detail to be used in maintenance, or to try to make a new device or
program that does the same thing without copying anything from the original. As computer-aided
design has become more popular, reverse engineering has become a viable method to create a 3D
virtual model of an existing physical part for use in 3D CAD.
The basic concept of this method in relation with software application has been around for more
than 15 years: yet its recent user friendly tools have made it evolve to become the most common
and effective software cracking method. Reverse engineering tools such as IDATM have the ability
to generate source codes of executable files making a number of commercial software highly
vulnerable. Once a hacker successfully generates the source code he can basically modify several
features of the program. Some hackers change logos of the original developers to their own, some
embed viruses in them so as to make their own anti viruses available to the market and some even
put their advertisements in the package after they crack it. In a recent encounter a hacker managed
to sell several copies of cracked Power Geez software under a different name and logo.

3.4 Survey on Software Piracy

A recent research [26] suggests that companies that rely on unlicensed software are more likely to
experience system failures and lose customer data. According to the research, mid-sized firms those with more than 24 PCs and fewer than 500 - were 43 percent more likely to have had a
critical system failure in relation to using unlicensed software packages.
Those businesses were also 28 percent more likely to lose customer data and 73 percent more
likely

lose

their

own

data

than

firms

exclusively

using

licensed

software.

The Harrison Group reached those conclusions after interviewing IT professionals and
businesspeople at nearly 1,600 companies in the US, the UK, China and Brazil [24]. Of the

companies included in the survey, Harrison Group labeled 690, or 43.7 percent, as using fullylicensed software; 890, or 56.3 percent, ran some unlicensed software.
According to another survey [27] carried out by business software alliance, a group of software
developers which was completed by independent firm IDC, more than one-third of all software
installed on personal computers is pirated. 35 percent of installed software was pirated in 2007,
down one percent from 2006. However, the survey found that losses from software increased, from
$29 to $33 billion [28]. These losses have a profound economic impact in countries around the
world.
Software piracy waxes and wanes from country to country, according to the survey. Also high up
in piracy activity are Latin American countries, with piracy estimated at 63 percent, accounting for
losses of $1.3 billion in the region. In the Asia/Pacific region, the piracy rate was 53 percent, with
$7.5 billion in losses. In the Middle Easter and Africa, the 56 percent piracy rate was responsible
for losses of more than $1 billion. Legitimate software companies in Western Europe and North
America fared better. With a piracy rate of 36 percent in Western Europe, the region saw $9.6
billion in losses. In North America, losses totaled $7.2 billion, while the piracy rate was just 23
percent. It has to be noted here that the volume of software usage by developed nations is much
greater than developing nations.
IDC said that much of the reason why losses from software piracy increased were due to a falling
U.S. dollar and six-percent growth in the PC industry. The survey found that piracy in 37 countries
decreased, while another 34 increased. 16 countries saw the same level of piracy year over year. In
24 of the 87 countries studied, piracy rates eclipsed 75 percent. Of the top five countries, three of
them were in Asia, with Vietnam having the highest at 92 percent. Piracy is still most prevalent in
countries and regions where the software market is growing as personal computing becomes more
integral to work and daily life.
In developing countries like Ethiopia, although a proper survey on software piracy has not been
carried out, we can surely say that a very high majority of commercial software in use are pirated.
Even the so called professional world of the country has very low awareness over the whole
software piracy matter.

3.5 Benefits of Using Genuine Software

3.5.1 Technical help facility
It is not unusual that technical questions and difficulties come along using engineering software.
Users may be faced with a range of difficulties while operating the software. So who better to
solve such problems than the developers themselves? It is essential for many businesses to have
access to help desk. Otherwise a user wont be able to fully utilize the functionality of the
software. Our countrys practice of asking one another instead of getting professional help can
simply be labeled as a blind man leading anther blind man.
3.5.2 Full instructions and manuals
The price of pirated software may be cheap but they usually miss out on elements that make
genuine software easier to use and more complete in application. Genuine software offers all the
required documentation for utilizing software features at full capacity. The wrong tradition of
operating software without reading instructions and manuals has to be turned to the right direction.
3.5.3 Access to upgrade and update
The reality of the world of software is that nothing stays the same for particularly long. Products
are constantly improved and kinks sifted out. Unfortunately, with a pirated version or knockoff,
that continuum hits the brakes, leaving a product that's never going to get better or more efficient.
With a bona fide product, however, elements such as upgrades, plug-ins and other ongoing
improvements are the norm. Buying genuine software means that you know all available upgrades
and documentation will be made available to you in the future.

3.5.4 Unnecessary risk to computers

Counterfeit software, much of it untested and unprotected, may be infected with bugs and viruses
that could damage hard drive and even cripple an entire network. Even working programs could
have defects leading to malfunctions of a system [25].

3.5.5 Illegality
In most countries, companies whose employees are found to be using illegal software can be liable
for damages, fines and even jail time, according to the Business Software Alliance. In the United
States, the fines can run as high as $150,000 for each illegal copy. Since Ethiopia is not yet a
member of World Trade organization (WTO), developers lack the jurisdiction to cross borders of
Ethiopia and sue illegal copy sellers and users. Although the Ethiopian government has passed a
copy right law [29], the implementation yet needs proper attention.

3.5.6 Company image

In competitive market environment company image is a very important element of business
strategy. It seems irony to find companies advocating genuine and honest work principles using
pirated software products. Companies have to live what they preach if they are to be taken
seriously. Using legitimate product surely adds class and a sense of professionalism to a
companys image, which directly translates to attracting more important projects and clients even
at international level. It may seem a stretch, but using cheap software can say pretty much the
same thing about a business, both within and without.

3.5.7 Ethically correct

Anything illegal never exists in a vacuum. Using pirated or illegal software is no exception. Recent
studies estimate that even a modest reduction of global software piracy could add more than one
million new jobs, boost economic growth by hundreds of billions and generate billions in taxes to
bolster sagging economies worldwide.
One of the best ways to protect a business from the dangers of illegal software is to get to know the
topic better. For instance, know what "illegal" means it may surprise some, but that can mean
using perfectly genuine software on more computers than a business is licensed to support.
Developing a relationship with a reliable partner or vendor can also help in coming to understand
the specifics of licensing, product certification and other elements of genuine software. A user has
to enjoy the security of doing the right thing that ensures peace of mind.

3.6 Questionnaire
In order to measure the nature of engineering software application and software piracy in Ethiopia,
a questionnaire has been distributed among several engineering firms here in Addis. From selected
20 firms only six firms responded to the questionnaire (see Annex). From this small survey I came
across practicing engineers with deep concern over the software piracy problem and those who
never even heard of the term software piracy.
The overall survey shows that very few engineering firms use licensed software products as the
majority declined to fill out the questionnaire assumabley to avoid confrontations for using pirated
engineering software products. And of those very few still a very small fraction dare to renew their
license. Many claim that the cost of licensing is overpriced relative to the terrible low fee offered
in the country for the consulting industry. Most welcomed the idea of a discount group purchase
deal while some were skeptical about it by stating that the use of uniform software packages may
affect competitive advantage. All agree that the practice of structural design is deteriorating in
contrary to the software advancement. Some argue that the rapidly evolving user friendly nature of
the new product interfaces give false confidence for those with inadequate know-how.
By principle a user of the software must be aware of the engineering principles behind the
application as well as its limitations, yet many admit that they spent little effort in training their
engineers for particular software applications. Some suggested that the government shall intervene
by introducing strict policies discouraging the use of illegal software packages. All in all the
current software application practice doesnt seem to head to the right direction any time soon
unless crucial measures are taken.

The responses of the six engineering firms who willingly filled out the prepared questionnaire are
summarized in the following table.

No.

Firms who originally

Afro

GTZ

Sublime

Zias

Remhai

European

Engineering

Int.

Engineers Design Engineers

Engineering

Plc.

Int.

purchased licensed
software product
2

Firms who plan to renew

their software licenses
when it expires

Firms with experience of

using pirated software
products

Firms who encountered

technical problems when
using pirated products

Firms who claim the

software license to be
over priced for the local
market

Firms who welcome

hypothetical developers
group discount offer

Table 3.1 Summary of responses to questionnaire

N.B

9 Agree, X disagree, - Neutral

3.7 Test Models

In this section selected structural models are tested for analysis results. The models are run on a
licensed version of SAP2000 V-12 and a pirated version of SAP2000 V-12. The selected models
are descriptively stated below.

Model 1

Fig 3.1 Model for G+ 12 irregular frame system with shear wall subjected to gravity and lateral
loads

Model 2

Fig 3.2 Model for Shell barrel structure subjected to gravity and lateral loads
Model 3

Fig 3.3 Model for Simple 2D portal frame with three members subjected to
concentrated lateral

Model 4

Fig 3.4 Model for Eccentrically braced 2D frame with wall system subjected to
concentrated lateral

The output of the analysis results with percentage difference between the two versions are

tabulated as follows. The results are rounded to 2 decimal places.

( Licensed SAP2000 V-12)

KN-

(Pirated SAP2000 V-12)

Percentage Difference (%)

KN-

KN-m

0.00

123.33

0.00

1.68

0.00

64.56

0.00

123.33

0.00

1.68

0.00

64.56

0.00

56.18

0.00

1.68

0.00

52.12

0.00

56.18

0.00

1.68

0.00

52.12

0.00

10.97

0.00

1.68

0.00

81.51

0.00

10.97

0.00

1.68

0.00

81.51

0.00

78.12

0.00

1.68

0.00

23.60

0.00

78.12

0.00

1.68

0.00

23.60

0.00

145.27

0.00

1.68

0.00

121.61

0.00

145.27

0.00

1.68

0.00

121.61

0.00

123.33

0.00

1.68

0.00

64.56

0.00

123.33

0.00

1.68

0.00

64.56

0.00

56.18

0.00

1.68

0.00

52.12

0.00

56.18

0.00

1.68

0.00

52.12

0.00

10.97

0.00

1.68

0.00

81.51

0.00

10.97

0.00

1.68

0.00

81.51

0.00

78.12

0.00

1.68

0.00

23.60

0.00

78.12

0.00

1.68

0.00

23.60

0.00

145.27

0.00

1.68

0.00

121.61

0.00

145.27

0.00

1.68

0.00

121.61

0.00

72.26

0.00

9.09

0.00

135.66

0.00

72.27

0.00

9.09

0.00

135.67

0.00

0.01

0.00

68.25

0.00

9.09

0.00

123.72

0.00

68.25

0.00

9.09

0.00

123.72

0.00

64.23

0.00

9.09

0.00

112.46

0.00

64.23

0.00

9.09

0.00

112.46

0.00

60.21

0.00

9.09

0.00

101.88

0.00

60.21

0.00

9.09

0.00

101.88

0.00

56.19

0.00

9.09

0.00

91.99

0.00

56.19

0.00

9.09

0.00

91.99

0.00

72.26

0.00

9.09

0.00

135.66

0.00

72.27

0.00

9.09

0.00

135.67

0.00

0.01

0.00

68.25

0.00

9.09

0.00

123.72

0.00

68.25

0.00

9.09

0.00

123.72

0.00

64.23

0.00

9.09

0.00

112.46

0.00

64.23

0.00

9.09

0.00

112.46

0.00

60.21

0.00

9.09

0.00

101.88

0.00

60.21

0.00

9.09

0.00

101.88

0.00

56.19

0.00

9.09

0.00

91.99

0.00

56.19

0.00

9.09

0.00

91.99

0.00

19.61

13.99

0.07

0.69

0.23

18.35

19.61

13.99

0.07

0.69

0.23

18.35

0.00

19.61

0.14

0.07

0.69

0.03

9.33

19.61

0.14

0.07

0.69

0.03

9.33

0.00

19.61

7.20

0.07

0.69

0.17

2.00

19.61

7.20

0.07

0.69

0.17

2.00

0.00

19.61

14.26

0.07

0.69

0.30

19.44

19.61

14.26

0.07

0.69

0.30

19.44

0.00

19.61

13.99

0.07

0.69

0.23

18.35

19.61

13.99

0.07

0.69

0.23

18.35

0.00

Max
%
Diff.

Table 3.2 Analysis results for G+ 12 irregular frame system with shear wall
37

0.01

0.00

0.01

( Licenced SAP2000 V-12)

ShellType

(Pirated SAP2000 V-12)

lateral loads
FMaxto gravity
MMax and
VMax
FMax
KN-

Text

KN/m

m/m

MMax

Percentage Difference (%)

VMax

FMax

MMax

VMax

KN/m

KNKN/m

KN/m

m/m

Shell-Thin

743.74

16.50

54.35

743.74

16.50

54.35

0.00

Shell-Thin

707.55

55.46

54.12

707.55

55.46

54.12

0.00

Shell-Thin

301.58

34.55

4.74

301.58

34.55

4.74

0.00

Shell-Thin

368.41

30.00

6.84

368.41

30.00

6.84

0.00

Shell-Thin

482.66

8.17

141.35

482.66

8.17

141.35

0.00

Shell-Thin

443.48

127.90

141.75

443.48

127.90

141.75

0.00

Shell-Thin

293.80

79.23

44.87

293.80

79.23

44.87

0.00

Shell-Thin

336.49

35.17

43.58

336.49

35.17

43.58

0.00

Shell-Thin

269.97

1.49

209.79

269.97

1.49

209.79

0.00

Shell-Thin

289.80

185.08

211.16

289.80

185.08

211.16

0.00

Shell-Thin

179.43

115.66

72.76

179.43

115.66

72.76

0.00

Shell-Thin

151.77

37.72

68.68

151.77

37.72

68.68

0.00

Shell-Thin

156.41

38.35

70.22

156.41

38.35

70.22

0.00

Shell-Thin

186.73

116.53

73.73

186.73

116.53

73.73

0.00

Shell-Thin

292.19

182.30

204.20

292.19

182.30

204.20

0.00

Shell-Thin

322.22

38.23

48.56

322.22

38.23

48.56

0.00

Shell-Thin

280.80

80.76

46.93

280.80

80.76

46.93

0.00

Shell-Thin

458.14

134.37

154.24

458.14

134.37

154.24

0.00

Shell-Thin

496.71

7.07

154.74

496.71

7.07

154.74

0.00

Shell-Thin

1673.89

39.83

41.54

1673.89

39.83

41.54

0.00

Shell-Thin

1645.50

73.91

35.65

1645.50

73.91

35.65

0.00

Shell-Thin

611.36

55.08

2.08

611.36

55.08

2.08

0.00

Shell-Thin

649.26

56.37

21.42

649.26

56.37

21.42

0.00

Shell-Thin

745.07

87.67

95.58

745.07

87.67

95.58

0.00

Shell-Thin

697.83

183.79

93.35

697.83

183.79

93.35

0.00

Shell-Thin

77.44

147.33

23.67

77.44

147.33

23.67

0.00

Shell-Thin

158.43

123.71

31.33

158.43

123.71

31.33

0.00

Max %
Difference

0.00

Table 3.3 Analysis results for Shell barrel structure subjected to gravity and lateral loads
38

(Pirated SAP2000 V-12)

( Licensed SAP2000 V-12)

KN-

Percentage Difference (%)

KN-

-m

0.57

7.41

0.00

15.01

0.57

7.41

0.00

15.01

0.20

7.41

0.00

3.90

0.20

7.41

0.00

3.90

0.96

7.41

0.00

7.20

0.96

7.41

0.00

7.20

5.57

2.59

0.00

5.57

2.59

0.00

4.80

2.59

0.00

3.89

4.80

2.59

0.00

3.89

4.03

2.59

0.00

7.78

4.03

2.59

0.00

7.78

2.59

0.96

0.00

7.20

2.59

0.96

0.00

7.20

2.59

1.22

0.00

6.66

2.59

1.22

0.00

6.66

2.59

1.47

0.00

5.99

2.59

1.48

0.00

5.99

2.59

1.73

0.00

5.18

2.59

1.73

0.00

5.18

2.59

1.99

0.00

4.26

2.59

1.99

0.00

4.26

2.59

2.24

0.00

3.20

2.59

2.24

0.00

3.20

2.59

2.50

0.00

2.01

2.59

2.50

0.00

2.01

2.59

2.75

0.00

0.70

2.59

2.75

0.00

0.70

2.59

3.01

0.00

0.74

2.59

3.01

0.00

0.74

2.59

3.27

0.00

2.31

2.59

3.27

0.00

2.31

2.59

3.52

0.00

4.01

2.59

3.52

0.00

4.01

2.59

3.78

0.00

5.83

2.59

3.78

0.00

5.83

2.59

4.03

0.00

7.78

2.59

4.03

0.00

7.78

0.00

0.68

0.00

Max
%
Diff.

0.68

Table 3.4 Analysis results for simple 2D portal frame subjected to lateral load

( Licensed SAP2000 V-12)

(Pirated SAP2000 V-12)

-m

Percentage Difference (%)

KN-

-m

7.78

0.08

0.00

7.78

0.08

0.00

7.01

0.08

0.00

0.12

7.01

0.08

0.00

0.12

0.00

6.24

0.08

0.00

0.23

6.24

0.08

0.00

0.23

0.00

8.33

0.10

0.00

0.09

8.33

0.10

0.00

0.09

0.00

7.56

0.10

0.00

0.05

7.56

0.10

0.00

0.05

0.00

6.79

0.10

0.00

0.20

6.79

0.10

0.00

0.20

0.00

2.32

0.21

0.00

0.35

2.32

0.21

0.00

0.35

0.00

1.55

0.21

0.00

0.03

1.56

0.21

0.00

0.03

0.00

0.79

0.21

0.00

0.29

0.79

0.21

0.00

0.29

0.00

2.07

0.72

0.00

0.09

2.07

0.72

0.00

0.09

0.00

2.07

0.47

0.00

0.20

2.07

0.47

0.00

0.20

0.00

2.07

0.21

0.00

0.37

2.07

0.21

0.00

0.37

0.00

2.07

0.05

0.00

0.41

2.07

0.05

0.00

0.41

0.00

2.07

0.30

0.00

0.33

2.07

0.30

0.00

0.33

0.00

2.07

0.56

0.00

0.11

2.07

0.56

0.00

0.11

0.00

7.64

0.27

0.00

0.68

7.64

0.27

0.00

0.68

0.00

7.64

0.01

0.00

0.61

7.64

0.01

0.00

0.61

0.00

7.64

0.25

0.00

0.67

7.64

0.25

0.00

0.67

0.00

1.47

0.54

0.00

0.07

1.47

0.54

0.00

0.07

0.00

1.47

0.29

0.00

0.27

1.47

0.29

0.00

0.27

0.00

1.47

0.03

0.00

0.35

1.47

0.03

0.00

0.35

0.00

1.47

0.23

0.00

0.30

1.47

0.23

0.00

0.30

0.00

1.47

0.48

0.00

0.13

1.47

0.48

0.00

0.13

0.00

1.47

0.74

0.00

0.18

1.47

0.74

0.00

0.18

0.00

Max
%
Diff.

0.00

Table 3.5 Analysis results for eccentrically braced 2D frame with wall system subjected to lateral load

3.8 Conclusion
Software piracy is a deep rooted problem in all likelihood to attack especially countries with frail
economy and weak copy right laws. The advancing technology of software cracking one form of
software piracy- has been catalyzed by the boom of the internet era. No matter how much money a
software developer invests on copy protection systems, it hasnt been possible to prevent hackers
from breaking in security systems. Although an overnight solution is not viable, addressing issues
of the problem shall at least start soon.
There is a very precarious concept in our country that software results are perfect and binding. But
this is not the actual case. Let alone pirated software, software developers clearly state that they are
not liable for any damage associated with the use of even original software. The full context of
CSIs disclaimer as copied from the SAP2000 manual is as follows.
DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE

TIME,

EFFORT

AND

EXPENSE

HAVE

GONE

INTO

THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOFTWARE, AND IT HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND

USED. HOWEVER, EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE SPECIFICALLY PROVIDED HEREIN, NO
WARRANTY IS MADE ON ITS ACCURACY OR RELIABILITY.

IT IS THE

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ENGINEER TO VERIFY THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM

THE SOFTWARE. IN THE EVENT THE SOFTWARE IS FOUND TO BE DEFECTIVE, CSI'S
ONLY OBLIGATION IS TO REMEDY THE DEFECT. CSI WILL IN NO EVENT HAVE
OBLIGATIONS OR LIABILITIES FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE. NO OTHER WARRANTY IS MADE.
Moreover an important matter which needs to be noted here is the significant difference in
software crack quality. Based on the copy protection system and the method the software has been
cracked, some cracked versions function better than other cracked versions. Since hackers who
perform engineering software cracking are usually programmers who have no hint about the
engineering applications of the packages, they lack the knowhow to test the result validity of
cracked products incase additional subroutines are added to falsify results by the developer as one
means of copy protection. Cracked software products in our country usually come from India and

China according to Ato Messay Zegeye, managing director of Concept Data Systems.

The

common practice is that once a certain cracked version of a program is introduced to the market, it
will immediately be multiplied in hundreds of copies and gets distributed. Other cracked product
of the same version will not have a chance to enter the market as the market will already be
saturated. For example once a software importer knows a single cracked copy of SAP2000 V14
has entered the market he will not dare to order a different cracked version as he knows by the
time his version reaches here the market will already be saturated. This can easily be demonstrated
by evaluating different SAP2000 versions. The dll files in the patch usually give hints as to
whether the cracked version is in good quality or not. For instance the maximum percentage
difference of the four tested models in this thesis is less than 1%, which is relatively small. This
might suggest that the pirated version of SAP2000 V-12 used for this example is a good cracked
product. But this by no means shall encourage the use of cracked packages.
Although some cracks might be better than others, in a case where the software developers
themselves dont give guarantee for exact result outputs, tampering with those systems by way of
cracking simply adds result unreliability.

CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Out of numerous powerful genera-use structural software packages, SAP2000 and STAAD.Pro are
popularly available in the local consulting industry. Its very essential to note that general
engineering software application needs sufficient background engineering knowhow. Therefore
full feature analysis of software would highly assist a user in understanding what to expect and
how to apply that particular package to a practical engineering problem. Regarding software piracy
several reasons have been stated in the past chapter stressing the urgency in using licensed
software products. Although the four structural models prepared to check result validity of
cracked packages in the past chapter constitute of a variety of structural groups, they might not
be sufficient in drawing general conclusions in accepting or rejecting results from pirated versions.
The following recommendations can be stated from this Masters thesis.

Engineering software users should properly study manuals of software before use in order to
utilize full power of software application.
Engineering software packages are there to assist not to substitute the engineer. Engineers should

never fully rely on software outputs. Hand calculations to verify results and have positive
engineering feel is always mandatory.
Software users should be well aware of the basic engineering principles of the software as well as

the engineering assumptions and limitations of the software.

Users should be well acquainted with accessing multiple features of engineering software in

relative to one another. This will enable the user to know which software to use for a specific task.
The use of pirated software is wrong and unethical. It also undoubtedly increases result

unreliability. Even the only advantage of using pirated product, that is its assistance in getting
accustomed to software features, doesnt make it right to use them.
Software piracy highly discourages international as well as local software developers. Hugh some

of time and money invested on copy protection could have been used in research and study in
order to enhance and refine the software package.

Hypothetically if situations arise where using cracked software becomes utterly unavoidable it is

vital to know about the crack quality of the pirated product in use.
Local engineering consulting firms shall be encourages to develop the habit of using legitimate

software products. At least government design approval authorities have the responsibility to
engage engineers with intense background knowledge of engineering principles who can properly
understand and work with licensed engineering software packages.
Instead of simply criticizing the practice from the other side of the bridge we have the duty to help

government shape up policies regarding engineering applications. As engineers we carry the

professional responsibility to verify results even from legitimate software packages, with basic
engineering principles. The Ethiopian association of Civil engineers (EACE) and the Ethiopian
Consultants Association can play major roles by applying strategic thinking in redirecting the
wrong practice of engineering software application in our country to the right path before it is too
late.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. STAAD-PRO user manual, version 2007, Bentley Structural Inc., California, USA, 2007
2. SAP2000 users manual, version 12, Computers & Structures Inc., California, USA, 2008
3. Shifferaw Taye, Automation- How to choose a CAD system for civil engineers, EACE
bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1, December 2000
4. Shifferaw Taye, Cracked Software Feature and dangers, EACE bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 1,
December 2003
5. Shifferaw Taye, Major criteria for choosing among alternative software systems for civil
engineering applications, EACE bulletin, Vol. 6 No. 2, September 2000
6. Laursen,H.I, Structural Analysis, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978
7. Williams, N. and Lucas, Matrix analysis for structural engineers, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968
8. Moore, D., C. Shannon, and J. Brown Code-red: a case study on the spread and victims of
an internet worm. Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet
Measurement, 273{284, 2002
9. August, T. and T. I. Tunca Network software security and user incentives, Management
Science. 2006
10. J. Kothari, M. Shevertalov, E. Stehle, and S. Mancoridis A probabilistic approach to
source code authorship identification. In Proceedings of International Conference on
Information Technology New Generations.IEEE, 2007
11. Banks, D., Dashiell, W., Gallagher, L., Hagwood, C., Kakcer, R., and Rosenthal, L.
Software testing by statistical methods NISTIR-6129 National Institute of Standards and
Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1998
12. Beizer B, Black-Box Testing Techniques for Functional Testing of Software and
Systems Wiley, New York,1995
13. Chanakaya Arya, design of structural elements, 2nd edition, E & FN spon press, 1994
14. James G.MacGregor, Reinforced concrete, 2nd edition, Engle wood cliffs, New Jersey,
1992
15. W.H. Mosley, Reinforced Concrete design, 5th edition, Palgrave, New York, 1990

16. A.M. Neiville, Concrete Technology, 3rd edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York,
1987
17. V.N.Vazirani, Steel Structures, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, 1976
18. RISA3D, 1999, Survey results for structural engineering software,
URL:www.risatech.com/P_compare
19. Modern steel construction, 1998, Engineering software survey,
URL:www.modernsteel.com/products
20. Engineering tips Inc., 2006, Software users feedback, URL:www.eng-tips.com/viewthreadcmf
21. Business software alliance, 2008, Sixth annual BSA and IDC global software piracy study,
URL: http://global.bsa.org/globalpiracy2008/index.html
22. Bentley Structural Inc., 2009, Structural analysis and design products, URL:
www.Bentley.com/products
23. Computers & structures Inc., 2009, CSI products, URL: www.csiberkley.com/products
24. Engineering software piracy, 2004, Software piracy exposed, URL:
http://books.google.com.et/books/engineering+software+piracy&source
25. UK software piracy,2000, Losses due to software piracy, URL: http://www.outlaw.com/page-688
26. Harrison Group Inc., 2008, Impact of unlicensed software to mid market companies,
URL: http://www.darkreading.com/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=217400509
27. Survey by IPR for business software, 2003, Company software piracy, URL:
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-63022435.html
28. Enterprise software Alliance, 2008, Software piracy/license study, URL:
http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles
29. Intellectual property management, 2006, Ethiopias copyright and related rights protection
proclamation of 2004, URL:http://www.pioneerip-eth.com

ANNEX
I would once again like to pass my gratitude to the six engineering firms who took their valuable
time to fill out the prepared questionnaire (attached following this page) and to broadly discuss
their experience around structural software application in relation to pirated packages. The
following points are noted from the discussions.

Some encountered different analysis outputs for the same model run on pirated SAP2000
V.8 on different machines

Some came across too many unrealistic warning messages when running analysis for
bigger models using pirated SAP2000 V.9

Some found it difficult to assign slabs as diaphragms for storeys higher than 10 using
pirated SAP2000 V.10

Some faced the problem of unwillingly running P-D analysis every time they command
analysis on SAP2000 V.9 which caused unnecessary delay in the computational process

Many claim that pirated versions get stuck and some features suddenly fail to operate
especially on Windows Vista operating system

Some came across output mix-ups while using pirated SAP2000 V.8 where shear force
diagrams were drawn for bending moment results and vise versa

DECLARATION

I, the undersigned declare that this thesis is my work and that all sources of material
used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged.

NAME: LETIBEB MAKONNEN ZELLEKE

SIGNATURE: ________________________

PLACE: FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

DATE OF SUBMISSION: JULY 2009

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