17 Grouting Brochure
17 Grouting Brochure
Grouting
GROUTING SOLUTIONS
Keller Ground Engineering has
K E L L E R M E E T S YO U R E N G I N E E R I N G N E E D S
APPLICATIONS
G
ROUND MODIFICATION SOLUTIONS
SOILFRAC
INFILL
Underpinning
Settlement Control
Ground Strengthening/
Consolidation
Settlement Reversal
Void Grouting
Dam Grouting
Excavation Support
Leachate Control
Mine & Shaft Infilling
Silt
Sand
Gravel
Cobbles
Tunnelling Support
100
Underslab Grouting
Liquefaction Prevention
80
Synthetic Solutions
Sodium Silicate
Solutions [lv]
Compaction Grouting
Foundation Support
40
General Cement
Soil Frac
20
optimal
0,002
can be used in exceptional circumstances
0,006
0,02
0,06
Grain size [mm]
0,2
0,6
2,0
6,0
20
60
60
less optimal
Ground Compaction
THE PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Jet Grouting is a Ground Modification System used to create insitu, cemented formations
of soil. Using high velocity (>100m/s) cutting jets of water or cement suspension (grout) the
system erodes and insitu mixes the soil to form the soil grout composite material.
Soilcrete Jet Grouting equipment consists of a high pressure pumping unit, cement mixing
equipment, storage silo and stores containers.
Soilcrete Jet Grouting can be carried out using three different systems. The choice of method is determined by the
soil conditions, the required geometry, the required Soilcrete parameters and the application.
Backflow
Grout
Backflow
Air
Grout
Backflow
Air
Water
Grout
Air shrouded
grout jet
Grout jet
Air shrouded
grout jet
Air
Grout jet
Single System:
Double System:
Triple System:
SUPER JET
Keller Ground Engineering hold the
exclusive licence for the Super Jet system.
Developed in Japan and operated by Keller
companies in North America, Europe and
the Pacific, Super Jet takes advantage of
tool efficiencies and increased energy to
deliver columns up to 5.0m in diameter.
The benefits of Super Jet are technical
supremacy, reduced program periods and
costs.
100
50
UCS (MPa)
<5
<10
<20
75
Mixer/
pump
1. Drilling
2. Grouting
3. Continuation
cohesive soil
25
0
14
21
28
42
Cement/
Bentonite
Soilcrete Jet Grouting can be designed to mix or almost fully replace a soil with grout. For the
common application of underpinning, excavation support and groundwater cut-off the design
consists of developing a continuous Soilcrete mass to resist over turning and sliding whilst
maintaining the integrity of supported structures or utilities.
Gravel
Water
D E S I G N A N D Q UA L I T Y C O N T R O L
T H E P R O P E RT I E S
The grout mixing and pumping unit is connected to the drill rig with high pressure hoses and control cables allowing
remote location of the plant. The jetting process can be performed using a wide range of drilling rigs with mast heights
varying from 2.5m to 35.0m. The boreholes are normally contained in shallow trenches used to direct the flow of the
excess soil-water-cement spoil to tanks or settling ponds.
D E S I G N A N D Q UA L I T Y C O N T R O L
A P P L I C AT I O N S
In contrast to conventional grouting Soilcrete Jet Grouting may be used for stabilization and
sealing of all kinds of soil ranging from loose granular sediments to clay. This applies for
homogenous soil formations and variable soil layers. Weak rock formations have also been
treated with Soilcrete Jet Grouting.
POSL
Ps
Pw
c
Pps
(W + WSC) a + Pps b
> 1.5
(Ps c) + (Pw d) + (POSL e)
FS sliding =
Pps + F
> 1.5
Ps + Pw + POSL
Moment arms
Base soil adhesion
Base soil friction angle
Friction force
Factor of safety
At-rest or active soil force
Full Column
Half Column
Partial Column
Legend
a,b,c,d,e
Ca
F
FS
Ps
Posl
Pps
Pw
W
WSC
WSL
Surcharge force
Passive force
Hydraulic force
Weight of structure footing load
Weight of Soilcrete
Surcharge load
Critical aspects of a successful Soilcrete jet grouting program are quality assurance and
quality control. These ensure that sub-surface soils are consistent with design assumptions
and that design parameters are met or exceeded.
Typically projects commence with a test section to verify
the design geometry and to confirm the quality and strength
characteristics of the Soilcrete material. During the Jet
Grouting process a series of inspection items are monitored
and documented, these include:
Drilling:
Batching:
Jetting:
Foundation
Restoration
Column Walls
Q UA L I T Y A S S U R A N C E
Sheet Pile
Sealing Systems
Documentation:
Panel Walls
Underpinning by means of
low deformation gravity walls,
sometimes also used as a ground
water seepage barrier, may be safely
constructed even from confined
working areas. Can be used in
conjunction with ground anchors.
SOILCRETE GEOMETRICS
*
F = (W + WSC) tan + w Ca
FS overturning* =
Underpinning
Foundation
Improvement
Changes in use or modifications
of buildings often require an
enlargement or alternation of
the foundation. Soilcrete is an
economical and flexible solution
for this task.
Joint Sealing
For sealing of joints between piles,
sheet piles or other construction
parts in the ground, Soilcrete
is ideal.
Shaft Supports
Dam Sealing
Earth Pressure
Relief
Sealing Slabs
COMPACTION GROUTING
COMPACTION GROUTING
THE PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
When compaction grout is injected into loose soils, homogeneous grout bulbs are formed that
displace, densify and thus strengthen the surrounding soil. Originally developed as a remedial measure
for building settlement control the technique has evolved to treat a wide range of sub-surface
conditions including rubble and poorly placed fill, loosened or collapsible soils, sinkholes and
liquefiable soils.
Competent Backfill
Competent Backfill
Competent Backfill
Loose Stratum
Loose Stratum
Loose Stratum
Initiation of Grouting:
Typically a bottom up process
Grout quality important
Slow uniform stage injection
Continuation of Grouting:
On-site batching of grout can
aid control
Sequencing of plan injection
points very important
Usually injection is pressure or
volume limited
A D VA N TA G E S O F C O M PA C T I O N G R O U T I N G
Pinpoint treatment
Speed of Installation
Non Hazardous
No waste disposal
A high viscosity (low mobility) aggregate grout is
pumped into the ground in stages to displace and
densify the surrounding soils. By sequencing the grout
injections from primary to secondary and tertiary
locations this densification process can be performed
to achieve the required improvement.
10
20
30
40
DESIGN
A number of aspects must be considered for compaction grouting to
work best:
The insitu vertical stress in the treatment zone must be sufficient to enable the
grout to displace horizontally and hence avoid uncontrolled heave.
In saturated soils a pore water pressure increase will occur as a result of
ground displacement, for effective densification this must dissipate.
Soils that loose strength during remolding should be avoided
Greater displacement will occur in weaker soil strata, exhumed grout bulbs confirm
that compaction grouting focuses improvement where it is needed most.
Left: Cone Penetrometer Test results, such as the ones illustrated left for volume
cut-off and pressure cut-off, show the degree of improvement achieved by
compaction grouting.
Right Top: Grout tubes
Right Centre: Steel point on driving shoe
Right Bottom: Driving grout pipes
PERMEATION GROUTING
THE PROCESS
THE PROCESS
General Cement
Micro-fine Cement
Sodium Silicate Solutions
Cement Grouts are often applied with admixtures or additives to improve grout stability,
viscosity or durability. Common Admixtures include: bentonite, sand, plasticiser and PFA.
DESIGN
ROCK GROUTING
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Grout can be injected into the soil by a variety of methods:
D E S I G N A N D Q UA L I T Y C O N T R O L
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Soilfrac is an observational process involving the installation of grout injection tubes
(TAM) in a pre-determined pattern, careful injection of grout through sleeves to
fracture the soil and the monitoring of ground or building movements to feed back into
the grouting regime.
A D VA N TA G E S O F S O I L F R A C
C O M P E N S AT I O N G R O U T I N G
Pile wall
10
Soilfrac grouting
to limit settlement
due to deflection
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Perimeter Borehole
Infill Boreholes
Infill Boreholes
Superficial Deposits
Infill Grouting by
Tremmie Pipe
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Ke l l e r
G ro u n d
E n g i n e e ri n g
Pty Ltd
BRISBANE
MELBOURNE
SYDNEY
PERTH
Enquiries to:
PO Box 7974, Baulkham Hills NSW 1755
Level 1, 4 Burbank Place
Baulkham Hills NSW 2153 Australia
t: (02) 8866 1155
f: (02) 8866 1151
e: [email protected]
w: www.kellerge.com.au
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