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Hygro Thermal Intro

The document discusses hygrothermal phenomena in building materials. It covers various effects of moisture, including increased heat transfer, optical degradation from soiling and staining, damage from freezing and frost, and health impacts from mold growth. It also discusses methods of hygrothermal analysis including computer simulations, laboratory tests, and field tests.

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Karolina Dróżdż
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27 views36 pages

Hygro Thermal Intro

The document discusses hygrothermal phenomena in building materials. It covers various effects of moisture, including increased heat transfer, optical degradation from soiling and staining, damage from freezing and frost, and health impacts from mold growth. It also discusses methods of hygrothermal analysis including computer simulations, laboratory tests, and field tests.

Uploaded by

Karolina Dróżdż
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Based on presentation of H.

Kuenzel
& A. Holm during WUFI semminar
Joes Summer Camp 2002

Hygro-thermal phenomena
in building materials

Joes Summer Camp 2002

- Influence on the heat conductivity


- Latent heat effects

Increase of heat transmission

1. Moisture Effects

Ref.: Hartwig M. Knzel / Hans Erhorn

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Outlining of the concrete structure


beneath the plaster in a church due
to differences in hygrothermal
surface conditions (fogging)

- Soiling, staining

Optical degradation

1. Moisture Effects

Ref.: Helmut Knzel

- Soiling, staining
- Microbial growth

Optical degradation

1. Moisture Effects

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Ref.: Jrgen Blaich

Algae growth on stucco of


EIFS due to night time sky
radiation (overcooling)

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Lime efflorescence from


mortar joints in brick veneer

- Soiling, staining
- Microbial Growth
- Salt efflorescence

Optical degradation

1. Moisture Effects

Ref.: Jrgen Blaich

Ice crystals

- Freezing

Damage due to
insufficient frost
resistance

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Damage caused by elevated


water content

1. Moisture Effects

Ref.: Andreas Holm

- Freezing

Ref.: Hartwig M. Knzel

Frost damage at stucco facade


after applying interior insulation

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Damage caused by elevated


water content

1. Moisture Effects

- Freezing

Joes Summer Camp 2002

AAC-wall with acrylic


coating (gap bridging
and vapor retarding)

Damage caused by elevated


water content

1. Moisture Effects

Ref.: Hartwig M. Knzel

- Freezing

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Damage caused by elevated


water content

1. Moisture Effects

Ref.: Helmut Knzel

Frost damage of
EIFS on moist
masonry

Rot caused by
impermeable coating

- Freezing
- Rot

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Damage caused by elevated


water content

1. Moisture Effects

10

Ref.: Helmut Knzel

- Freezing
- Rot
- Corrosion

11

Ref.: Michael Hergenrder / John Straube

Corrosion of the
reinforcement after
concrete carbonation

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Damage caused by elevated


water content

1. Moisture Effects

- Hygrothermal dilatation

12

Ref.: Hartwig M. Knzel / Helmut Knzel

Stucco spalling due to


hygrothermal stress

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Damage by alternating stress

1. Moisture Effects

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Degradation of sheltered
zone through salt migration

- Hygrothermal dilatation
- Salt crystallization

Damage by alternating stress

1. Moisture Effects

13

Ref.: Zehnder & Arnold / Helmut Knzel

- Hygrothermal comfort

Health aspects

1. Moisture Effects

Joes Summer Camp 2002

14

Ref.: Erhard Mayer / Brel & Kjaer

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

20

30

40

temperature [C]

10

germination time [d]

16
32
64

Aspergillus restrictus

50

- Hygrothermal comfort
- Air quality

Health aspects

1. Moisture Effects

relative humidity [%]

Joes Summer Camp 2002

15

Ref.: Klaus Sedlbauer

Mold growth caused by


elevated surface humidity

- Hygrothermal comfort
- Air quality

Health aspects

1. Moisture Effects

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Microbial growth
caused by summer
condensation

16

Ref.: Helmut Knzel

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Microbial growth behind interior


insulation
(North European climate)

- Hygrothermal comfort
- Air quality

Health aspects

1. Moisture Effects

17

Ref.: Georg Haag

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Microbial growth behind


vinyl wall paper
(Florida climate)

- Hygrothermal comfort
- Air quality

Health aspects

1. Moisture Effects

18

Ref.: Joe Lstiburek

Joes Summer Camp 2002

2. Real (Transient) Conditions

19

Joes Summer Camp 2002

2. Real (Transient) Conditions

20

Joes Summer Camp 2002

T Computer Simulation

T Laboratory Tests

T In-situ Field Tests

Modern Hygro-thermal Analysis is a Problem Tailored


Combination of

3. Hygrothermal Analysis

21

Joes Summer Camp 2002

- Wide variation of influencing


parameters

- Unique situation,
; Generalization
requires several identical cases

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (In-situ Examination)

22

- Realistic, but expensive

IBP Test Field:

Joes Summer Camp 2002

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Field Tests)

23

Joes Summer Camp 2002

- Realistic, but expensive


- Comparability (well defined boundary
conditions)

IBP Test Field:

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Field Tests)

24

Joes Summer Camp 2002

IBP outdoor test site in Holzkirchen

- Realistic, but expensive


- Comparability (well defined boundary
conditions)
- Limited transferability to different
climates

IBP Test Field:

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Field Tests)

25

Coconut beach in Hawaii:

Joes Summer Camp 2002

IBP-Weathering-Roundabout
with intermittent heating,
cooling and spray-wetting

- Poor correspondence with


practical experience

- Difficult interpretation of results

- Extreme (unrealistic) conditions

Accelerated Weathering (Durability Test):

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

26

- Limited capacity

Joes Summer Camp 2002

- Radiation (short-wave, longwave) and driving rain difficult


(impossible) to simulate

- Realistic temperature and


humidity conditions

Climate Chambers (e.g. Hot-box / Cold-box)

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

27

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Example: Determination of water and salt


transport phenomena

Complex Mass Transfer Investigations as


Basis for Model Development

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

28

Transmitter

S
a
m
p
l
e

29

cross section:
5x5 cm
magnetic field:
0.47 T
resonance frequency: 20 MHz
coil length:
3 mm
measurement of the FID

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Receiver

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Moisture profile measurement by

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

N/N0

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Technical specifications:
Am-241 with 9 line sources ca. 1.7 GBq =
15 GBq
NaJ(Th) Detector

Principle:
Attenuation of
photons due to
interaction with
matter

Density profile measurement by


Gamma-Ray Attenuation

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

30

N = N0 ed

Gamma-Ray Scanner

Joes Summer Camp 2002

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

31

Joes Summer Camp 2002

32

NMR:
Signal proportional to :
- water content u

Determination of the salt content s:


(in solution and crystal form)

Gamma:
Signal proportional to:
- water content u
- salt content s

Determination of the Salt Content

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

Vapor diffusion resistance (dry-cup, wet-cup)

Water retention (pressure plate)

Capillary absorption (moisture profile scanning)

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Thermal conductivity (guarded hot plate)

Determination of Hygrothermal Material Parameters

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Laboratory Tests)

33

Expertise required

Fast and cost effective

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Product optimization and development

Extrapolation in time, transfer to different indoor / outdoor climate

Distinction of important influence factors (sensitivity analysis)

- Diurnal cycles (summer condensation, freeze-thaw)


- Seasonal cycles (interstitial condensation)
- Precipitation cycles (driving rain / solar radiation)

Modern Simulation Tools:


Simulation of the real hygrothermal situation

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Computer Simulation)

34

History
1856
1957
1957
1958
1983
1987
1990
1992
1994
1995
1994
1997

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Darcy
Krischer
Philipp & de Vries
Luikov
Kiel
Hupl & Stopp
Gawin
Garrecht
Knzel
Gawin & Schrefler
Salonvaara & Karagiozis
Grunewald

Authors

35

WUFI
HMTRA
LATENITE
DIM, DELPHIN

CHEAMOT

Models

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Computer Simulations) Development

Durability,
Service Life,
Safety

Serviceability,
Failure Probability
(Phys., Chem., Biol.
Degradation, Damage)

Energy
Consumption,
Comfort

Joes Summer Camp 2002

Ageing
Models

Hygrothermal
Component
Simulation

Material
Parameters

Whole
Buildung
Simulation

Boundary
Conditions

Construction Details
Location, Orientation

3. Hygrothermal Analysis (Computer Simulation) Outlook

36

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