ITB J. ICT Vol. 3, No.

1, 2009, 34-50

34

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link

Failures over Fiber-to the-Home (FTTH) with
Combination of ACS and SANTAD
1

Aswir Premadi, 2Boonchuan Ng & 2Mohammad Syuhaimi Ab-Rahman

1

Department of Electrical Engineering

Institut Teknologi Padang
Jl. Gajah Mada, Nanggalo, Padang, 25143, Indonesia
2

Spectrum Technology Research Division

Computer and Network Security Research Group
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract. This paper introduces an in-service transmission surveillance and

protection-based approach for fiber failures/faults over fiber-to-the-home passive
optical network (FTTH-PON) with an excellent combination of Access Control
System (ACS) and Smart Access Network Testing, Analyzing and Database
(SANTAD). Our hardware design works on a standard local area network (LAN)
using a specially designed hardware interfaced with a microcontroller integrated
Ethernet to monitor the status of optical signals flow and provide the restoration
against fiber failures/faults in FTTH-PON. We also introduce the centralized
management and access control program by means of SANTAD. ACS is used to
control the troubleshooting mechanism carried out by SANTAD. This design
will be implemented at central office (CO) for distant monitoring and remote
controlling each optical fiber lines status as well as for detecting any
failures/faults that occurs in the network system downwardly from CO towards
multiple optical network units (ONUs). The scope of this discussion only
highlighted on the monitoring and controlling instead of the restoration scheme.
Keywords: Microcontroller integrated Ethernet; centralized management; access
control; distant monitoring; remote controlling.

Introduction

FTTH indicates fiber network connections running from CO to residences or

enterprises for bringing triple play services of high-speed data access, voice,
and video to the end-users. There are two fundamental FTTH architectures
deployed in todays access networks: point-to-point (P2P), which is commonly
referred to as active optical network (AON) or active Ethernet; and point-tomultipoint (P2MP), which is commonly referred to as PON. In the AON
Received May 29th, 2009.

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link Failures 35

architecture, a single fiber runs all the way from CO to the home. However,
PON has a single fiber that runs from CO to deep in the network and usually
terminates at a splitter cabinet [1]. This architecture is called passive because all
intermediate equipment between the CO and ONUs are passive; it has no active
electronics and therefore does not need separate power [2].
The introduction of PON allows the network to transport huge amounts of data
and provide communication services that play a very important role in many of
our daily social and economical activities. Network reliability is an issue of
deep concern to network operators being eager to deploy high-capacity fiber
networks, since a single failure in the network could result in significant losses
of revenue. The importance of network reliability will keep pace with the
steadily increasing network capacity. For very-high-capacity future optical
networks, carrying multitudes of 10 Gbps channels per fiber strand, a failure of
optical connection will interrupt a vast amount of services running on-line,
making the connection availability a factor of great significance [3].
Optical fiber maintenance is one of the crucial aspects in network management
to enhance the network reliability. Communication networks can be subject to
both unintentional failures, caused by natural disasters, wear out and overload,
software bugs, human errors, etc., and intentional interruptions due to
maintenance. As core communication networks also play a vital military role,
key telecommunication nodes were favored targets during the Gulf War, and
could become a likely target for terrorist activity. For business customers,
disruption of communication can suspend critical operations, which may cause
a significant loss of revenue, to be reclaimed from the telecommunications
provider. In fact, availability agreements now form an important component of
Service Level Agreements (SLAs) between network service providers and
customers. In the cutthroat world of modern telecommunications, network
operators need a reliable and maintainable network in order to hold a leading
edge over the competition [3].
Monitoring equipment for detecting breaks in optical fiber networks is
traditionally set up on dark fiber as this provides good balance between material
cost, system provisioning effort, and fault detection success rate. Most
monitoring systems used for physical fault detection and positioning employ
optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) [4]. OTDR was first reported in
1976 as a telecommunications application and became an established technique
for attenuation monitoring and fault location in optical fiber network within the
telecommunications industry [5]. OTDR is a well-known means of testing an
optical fiber cable assembly in optical networks. The OTDR launches a very
narrow pulse into the fiber and then records the response of the cable/connector
assembly to this pulse. Both reflections and absorption can be observed in the

36

Aswir Premadi, et al.

cable, providing the trouble-shooter with the information needed to diagnose

cable problems [6]. According to Chomycz [7], OTDR testing is the best
method for determining the exact location of broken optical fiber in an installed
optical fiber cable when the cable jacket is not visibly damaged. It determines
the loss due to individual splice, connector or other single point anomalies
installed in a system. It also provides the best representation of overall fiber
integrity.
Time period for the OTDR trace results from Rayleigh back scattering (RBS) as
the laser source travels along the fiber section of optical fiber are interrupted by
an abrupt shifts named as point defects. A point defect is a temporary or
permanent local deviation of the OTDR signal either in upward or downward
direction. Point defect is caused by a connection, splice or failure along an
optical fiber. The output pulse is indicated as end of an optical fiber from
Fresnel reflection occurring at each fiber end. Fiber point defects occur from
splicing or bending during the fibers plant installation. Point defect that occurs
at a fiber joint is easy to identify if the location of a fiber joint is generally
known. Normally, a reflective or non-reflective fault occurs at a fiber joint
location. In most circumstances, an optical connector produces a reflective fault,
while an optical splice produces a non-reflective fault. However, reflective and
non-reflective faults that occur at other than fiber joint is identified as a fiber
break, crack or bend. A fiber break produces a reflective fault, while fiber
cracks and bends produce a non-reflective fault [8].
One problem encountered in most OTDR surveillance systems is the OTDR test
conducted from the out-of-service ONU (in upstream direction). However, this
approach would require a lot of time and effort. Moreover, OTDR can only
display a measurement result one line at a time. Therefore, this makes the
conventional OTDRs measurement analysis task in PON fiber plant with a
large number of subscribers and large coverage area become very difficult [9].
One common approach to alleviate this problem is to emit the OTDR pulse
from CO to ONUs (in downstream direction). When many distribution fibers
are being tested from CO toward the optical splitter/coupler and all the way to
ONUs, the reflection of each of the different fibers will be combined (added
into one trace as summarized in Figure 1) and the interpretation of the trace
OTDR will become more difficult and often not possible [10].
Some researchers had discussed about the monitoring issues with OTDR and
recommended a number of possible methods [11, 12, 13] to overcome these
problems (i.e., achieve desired network survivability). These approaches can
monitor the network system without affecting other in-service channels.
However, these methods need relatively expensive additional sources or devices
that impose high-maintenance cost since the network service providers need to

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link Failures 37

keep capital and operational expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX) low in order to
be able to offer economical solutions for the customers. Therefore, improving
network reliability performance by adding redundant components and systems
have shortcomings in terms of implementation cost and flexibility [12]. In
addition, these methods are complex and difficult to implement that has
prohibited them as a practical solution [14].

Connector

Connector

Splitter
Splice

Splice

Connector
Splice

Connector

Port 1

Power (dB)

Port 2

ISSUE:
Substitution of traces
From Port 1 and 2

OTDR Trace

Distance

Figure 1 Critical issues for OTDR testing and characterization measurement on

a conventional PON containing optical splitter/coupler using in downstream
direction.

Access Control System (ACS)

In this study, we propose and demonstrate a novel survivability FTTH-PON

based on ACS with the objective to reduce cost and misspend time. ACS is a
functional tool for monitoring, testing, and analyzing as well as activating the
protection switch in the restoration process for FTTH-PON network system.
ACS is the core of proposed design. It is located at the middle of the network
system for controlling the devices/components in feeder region and drop region.
It becomes an intelligent control centre used as an intermediate medium for
controlling the monitoring and protection system in the access network. The
system design consists of a microcontroller system, In-Line Monitoring (ILM),
and Restoration Scheme Activate (RSA).
ACS controls the status of any optical switch device connected to it and
transmits its status to the PIC18F97J60 microcontroller. Its then arranges the

38

Aswir Premadi, et al.

information in the form of a packet and transmits it over the LAN using the
embedded Ethernet system. Generally, the hardware development of ACS is
integrated in a single system, which also includes 1x8 optical switch, passive
optical splitter, OTDR, and remote personal computer (PC). Tapping 3% of the
downstream and upstream signal by using coupler can recognize the status of
feeder section and drop section. If breakdown occurs in feeder section, ACS
will send a signal to activate the dedicated protection scheme. But if the
breakdown is detected in drop section, ACS will recognize the related access
line by 3% tapped signal that is connected to every access line. The activation
signal is then sent to activate the dedicated protection scheme. However, if fault
is still not restored, the shared protection scheme will be activated. The
monitoring signal section is responsible for sensing fault and its location
whereas generation of signal activation is sent by activation section in ACS
[15].
An optical switch can be used to monitoring and measurement. The device has
optimized mechanical latching system combined with a prism, and used in
specialized systems such as optical network. This type of switch enables signals
in optical fiber or integrated optical circuits to be selectively switched from one
circuit to another, or may be used for alternate routing of an optical transmission
path, e.g., routing around a fault [16].
As technology advances, PIC microcontroller is manufactured by Microchip
Technology Inc. Currently, this is one of the most popular microcontroller uses
in many applications. It is a self-contained computer-on-a-chip that integrates a
microprocessor, input and output ports, memory for program and data storage,
an internal clock, and one or more peripheral devices such as timers, counters,
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), communication facilities, watchdog
circuits and special hardware features. Among all the PIC microcontroller
families, especially the PIC18F97J60 of devices feature an embedded Ethernet
controller module. It was integrated Media Access Control (MAC) and 10BaseT PHY, making Ethernet communication possible.
The 8-bits microcontroller has enjoyed a tremendous growth in embedded
systems applications. It is a fine chip that is easy to program by means of a
simple device attached to the parallel or serial port or Ethernet port. With the
128Kb of code space available on the PIC18F97J60, a Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack can easily be accommodated while
leaving plenty of program memory for the application, which is one of the
important factors in such a system [17, 18]. It is chosen due to its variety of
hardware modules needed for survivability in FTTH-PON.

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link Failures 39

Smart Access Network _ Testing, Analyzing and Database

(SANTAD)

SANTAD is a centralized access control and surveillance system that enables

the network operators and field engineers to view traffic flow and detect
breakdown as well as other circumstances that may require some appropriate
action with the graphical user interface (GUI) processing capabilities of
Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 (VB9) programming. SANTAD increases the
workforce productivity and facilitates the network management of network
through centralized monitoring and troubleshooting from CO. The system
accurately detects and locates fiber degradations/failures, and alerts the field
engineers with the details of failures/faults within 30 seconds. The system
database allows the network operators and field engineers to assess long term
network performance.
The functionalities of SANTAD can be generally classified into preventive
maintenance and post-fault maintenance, which can assist the network operators
and field engineers to perform more efficiently the following activities (for
managing the PON network system):

Record Events/data
Control/monitor information for preventive maintenance
Present surveillance image (visual feedback)
Provide a control function to intercom all subscribers with CO
Monitor and control the network performance
Detect degradations before a fiber fault occurs for preventive maintenance
Detect any fiber failure/fault that occurs in the network system and
troubleshoot it for post-fault maintenance

The working principles of SANTAD are divided into three main parts: (i)
Network testing and troubleshooting with OTDR, (ii) Interfacing OTDR test
module with remote personal computer (PC)/laptop, and (iii) Centralized
monitoring and advanced data analyzing. A commercially available OTDR is
located at CO for network testing and troubleshooting in downstream direction
(from CO towards customer sides). Due to the U-band (ultra long wavelength
band; 1625-1675 nm) light is different from the wide communication band
(1260-1600 nm) and has been reserved for standard PON monitoring, the
network system can perform in-service testing by using 1625 nm light source
with no degradation to the transmission quality and interruption. A tapper
circuit is designed to allow the OTDR testing signal to bypass the optical
splitter in a conventional PON when emitted in downstream direction.

40

Aswir Premadi, et al.

The OTDR is accomplished through the 10/100 Ethernet port that is connected
to a remote PC/laptop. The Ethernet remote interface allows the users to access
(connect) the OTDR test module over any Internet-connected PC via standard
commands for programmable instruments (SCPI) according to IEEE 488
standard. This enable the users to run and operate the OTDR test module from
a remote PC/laptop at CO, point of link control (remote site), or from anywhere
in the world without on-site personnel for distant monitoring. All the OTDR
measurements are accumulated to be displayed on one screen for centralized
monitoring and advanced data analyzing.
SANTAD is focusing on providing survivability through event identification
against losses and failures. SANTAD involves the fiber fault detection,
notification, verification, and restoration functions. Under normal working
condition, it allows the network services providers and operators to determine
the path used by the services through the network, whereas under failure
conditions, it allows the fields engineers to identify the faulty fiber and failure
location without making a site visit. SANTAD enables the network service
providers and field engineers to analyze the optical fiber lines status, display
the lines detail, track the optical signal level, and losses as well as monitor the
network performance. In combination of the distinctive features, SANTAD
provides a convenient way to solve the particular upwardly or downwardly
measuring issues with OTDR and produce capability of fiber fault localization
in an optical access network.
SANTAD will be designed to operate by itself with a minimum need for
operator actions. SANTAD ensures that when detecting a fiber failure/fault on
the primary entity of the FTTH-PON network system, it is automatically reports
the failure status to the field engineers and technicians, and then the field
engineers and technicians can determine sharply the break point before taking
some appropriate actions. Meanwhile, they activate the restoration scheme to
switch the traffic from failure line to protection line to ensure the traffic flows
continuously. This functionality alerts the service providers and field engineers
of fiber degradation or failure/faults before it is reported by the customer
premises or subscribers.
SANTAD can potentially improve the survivability and increase the monitoring
capabilities in FTTH-PON as well as can overcome the upwardly or
downwardly monitoring issues with conventional fiber fault localization
technique by using OTDR. Overall, it can reduce the time needed to restore the
fiber fault to maintain and operate the FTTH more efficiently.

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link Failures 41

Optical Network Monitoring and Management

We have experimentally demonstrated the proposed survivability scheme

through optical switch based on microcontroller in a FTTH-PON. Figure 2
briefly explains the entire work. Each ONU is connected to optical splitter
output terminal by two fibers: working line and protection line through optical
switch that is controlled by ACS. ACS is focusing on providing survivability
through the RSA against failures/faults by means of dedicated and shared
protection that is applied in FTTH-PON. In this design, ACS is used to monitor
the status of both working line and protection line. ACS recognizes all type of
failures and sends the activation signal to the related optical switch according to
the activated protection mechanisms.
In order to locate a failure without affecting the transmission services to other
customers, it is essential to use a wavelength different from the triple-play
services operating wavelengths (optical signals; 1310 nm, 1490 nm, and 1550
nm) for failure detection. ACS integrated Ethernet is using the 1625 nm testing
signal for failure detection control and in-service troubleshooting. The tripleplay signals are multiplexed with 1625 nm OTDR testing signal. The OTDR is
located at CO and connected to a remote personal computer (PC) to display all
the troubleshooting results. The principal limitation to live fiber monitoring at
1625 nm will come from the spontaneous Raman scattering noise that reaches
the OTDR port. In case of bidirectional transmission, OTDR power and
transmission power levels may require adjustments so that effects remains
negligible.
Optical Splitter

Optical Line
15 km

OLT
1310 nm
1490 nm
1550 nm

1310 nm, 1490 nm, 1550 nm

5 km

ONU#1

1650 nm
WSC
OTDR

1625 nm

WSC

99:1 DC
PC

CO

Receiver
In-Line
Monitoring

PIC18F97J60

1X8 Optical
Switch

Restoration
Activate Scheme

ACS

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the proposed surveillance and protection-based

approach for link failures over FTTH-PON with an excellent combination of
ACS and SANTAD.

42

Aswir Premadi, et al.

As illustrated in Figure 2, the triple-play signals are multiplexed (combined)

with 1625 nm OTDR testing signal. A tapper circuit is designed to allow the
OTDR testing signal to bypass the optical splitter in a conventional PON when
emitted in downstream direction (from CO towards multiple customer
residential locations). When four kinds of signals are distributed, the 1625
testing signal will be split up by the wavelength selective coupler (WSC), which
is installed before the optical splitter. The WSC coupler only allows the 1625
nm signal to enter into the tapper circuit and filter all unwanted signals that
contaminate the OTDR measurement. The downstream signal will go through
the WSC, which in turn connected to the optical splitter before it reaches the
multiple ONUs at different customer residential locations. On the other hand,
the 1625 nm signal, which is demultiplexed by WSC coupler, will be split up
again in power ratio 99:1 by using directional coupler (DC) to activate the
microprocessor system. The 99% of 1625 nm signal will then be configured by
using optical splitter whose outputs are connected to single lines of ONU. The
operational of optical switch is controlled by ACS that is activated by 1% of
1625 nm testing signal [19].
In order to enable wavelength splitting (de-multiplexing) and combining
(multiplexing) in the tapper circuit, WSC coupler designed for the optical
signals, which have different light wavelengths, can be separated or combined
to transmit in single optical fiber as shown in Figure 3. The WSC coupler is
designed on silica substrate with compliance of FTTH-PON wavelengths. The
WSC coupler is used as a router for specific wavelength in order to detect any
optical line failure in FTTH-PON application. The triple-play signals enter the
waveguide in port 1 and OTDR testing signal (1625 nm) enters the waveguide
at port 3. The 1625 nm testing signal generated by the OTDR will be used to
scan the status of FTTH-PON. All the wavelengths must flow out through port
2. In reverse mode, the device is applicable to split the 1625 nm testing signal
from triple-play signals [20].
1310 nm
1480 nm
1550 nm

Port 1

Port 2

1310
1480
1550
1625

nm
nm
nm
nm

1625 nm

L
Port 3

Port 4

Figure 3 Structure of WSC which operate the wavelength used in FTTH-PON

application.

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link Failures 43

Results and Discussions

The ACS included the Ethernet Module System is designed to transmit the
status of optical switch device connected to our system over the LAN or
Internet connectivity applications through Ethernet connection. The status of
each line is then automatically updated to a web server that can be accessed by
the operator network via internet or LAN. ACS sends three bit signal to activate
the optical switch for scanning each optical fiber line, and sends or receives one
ready signal to indicate each working line. When any failure occurs in the
working line, the first optical switch will route the disturbed signals to the local
protection line and the second optical switch will be activated simultaneously to
switch the signals back to the transmission line. Table 1 presents the entire
optical switch input/output of the proposed live fiber monitoring in ACS
scheme. Therefore, ACS can detect line failures by monitoring each optical
switch routing.
When the PIC 18F97J60 gets an ILM request, it checks all optical switch lines
attached to the ACS. After scanning the ports of the microcontroller, a string of
1s and 0s is formed, depending upon the state of the optical switch connected
to each ACS. 1 stands for high and 0 stands for low.
Table 1
Route
Optical
Switch

I/O Optical Switch.

Input
Terminal
D0 D1 D2

Line 1

Line 2
Line 3

3 bit
Command

Output
Ready
(RDY)

000

001

010

Line 4

011

Line 5

100

Line 6

101

Line 7

110

Line 8

111

We have experimentally demonstrated our proposed scheme. As shown in

Figure 4, the switching of fiber lines between the eight wavelengths can be
clearly observed.

44

Aswir Premadi, et al.

H
D2
L
H
D1
L
H
D0
L
H
RDY
L

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

L7

L8

Figure 4 Curve of optical power at eight switch output.

To simulate the fault identification process, Figure 5 shows the optical power
output of the proposed fiber line monitoring when fiber lines 5 and 8 are broken
by an external force application. The solid line indicates normal operation from
fiber lines 1- 4, 6, &7, and the dotted line shows fiber fault behavior when fiber
lines 5 & 8 are disconnected, and the output ready is low or 0, as shown in
Table 2. The experimental results show that our proposed scheme is feasible.

H
D2
L
H
D1
L
H
D0
L
H
RDY
L

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

L7

L8

BROKEN

Figure 5 Optical power output of the proposed monitoring when the fiber line 5
and 8 are broken by external force applied.

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link Failures 45

Table 2

I/O Optical Switch when fiber line 5 and 8 are broken.

Route Optical
Switch

Input
Terminal

3 bit
Command

Output Ready
(RDY)

D0

D1

D2

Line 1

000

Line 2

001

Line 3

010

Line 4

011

Line 5

100

Line 6

101

Line 7

110

Line 8

111

Figure 6 Photographic view for network monitoring and troubleshooting with

combination of ACS and SANTAD.

The lab prototype of SANTAD is implemented in a PON network test-bed

composed by 20 km fiber for monitoring and analyzing the network
performance. The length of feeder fiber is 15 km. The fiber link in distribution
region between the optical splitter and each ONU is about 15 km. In normal
operation, both the upstream and downstream signals travel through a

46

Aswir Premadi, et al.

transmission distance of 20 km from OLT towards each ONU. The network

test-bed is set-up to serve as a platform to study the mechanisms and
characteristics of optical signal in normal operation (good condition) and failure
condition (breakdown).
To verify the concept and benefits of SANTAD, we conduct an experiment for
evaluating our in-service fault localization methodology in our proposed design.
Here we are specially focusing on identifying the link failures in the network
system. The instruments and measurement equipments used in the experiment
are summarized in Figure 6. During the observation, we disconnected the fiber
connector to represent a fiber failure/fault at the corresponding position. It
visualizes the actual break point of an optical line at that distance in a real
condition.

Figure 7 Execution display in Centralized Monitoring form.

Our in-service fault localization results are presented in Figures 7 and 8. Every
eight network testing results will be displayed in Centralized Monitoring form
for centralized monitoring and advanced analysis, where the distance (km) is
represented by the x-axis and optical signal level (dB) is represented by y-axis.
A failure message Line x FAILURE at z km from CO! will be displayed to

Surveillance and Protection-Based Approach for Link Failures 47

inform the field engineers if SANTAD detects any fiber fault in the network
system.
Figure 7 depicts the capability of SANTAD to configure the optical signal level
and attenuation/losses through event identification method. The failure location
is identified by a drastic drop of optical power level among a number of optical
fiber lines in a FTTH-PON. To obtain further details on the performance of
specific line in the network, every measurement results obtained from the
network testing are analyzed in the Lines Detail form as illustrated in Figure 8.
SANTAD is able to identify and present the parameters of each optical fiber
line such as the line's status, attenuations, reflection and return losses, distance,
failure location, and other details as shown in the OTDR's screen. The analysis
results will then be stored in database to allow the network operators and field
engineers assessing long term network performance (see Figure 9).

Figure 8 Execution display in Lines Detail form.

48

Aswir Premadi, et al.

Figure 9 Analysis of the relationship between network failure rate and network.

Summary and Future Work

A survivability of a PON monitoring with microcontroller has been proposed in

this paper. With an excellent combination of hardware (ACS) and software
(SANTAD) development, we have successfully developed a lost-cost
surveillance and protection system for PON appliances. The experimental
results show that the developed system is able to identify the status of each fiber
link without affecting the delivery of triple-play services. By using the available
specification, the monitoring process can be remotely accessed 24 hours a day
and 7 days a week. When problems are detected and diagnosed, the system
helps minimize network downtime, rapidly restore failed services, and
efficiently manage network performance. In the future, our research team aim
continues to work at diminishing the impact on traffic and on the quality of the
measurements so that the deployment of live fiber monitoring can be readily
available and applicable to most situations.

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