A PROJECT REPORT

ON

Subject: Introduction to Computer

SUBMITTED TO
Prof. Shakeel Anjum
SUBMITTED BY:

Faizan Ch

Superior
University Okara
Table of Contents

Acknowledgement.03
Abstract.04
History05
What is Android..05
Feature of Android.05
Android Operating system updates6-11
Android Architecture.12
Application Framework.13
Libraries14
Android Runtime.15
Linux Kernal ...16
Why Android Os is better than IPhone Os..17
Advantages / Disadvantages17-18
Conclusion19
References.20

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the beginning all Glory to Allah Almighty by Grace of Whom we were able to complete our Term Report. It was
His will and guidance that we were able to take this report as a challenge and in the end He bestowed us with his
blessings.
Next we would like to thank our parents whose constant efforts and appreciation encouraged us in every aspect of
our lives and InshALLAH will continue to do so.
Our Sincere Thanks to Faculty of Business Administration for supporting us and guiding us in every phase of our
report.
Special Thanks to our Teacher Muhammad Hafeez who not only suggested us this report but also gave us his full
support and shared his precious office timings to discuss different phases of report whenever we needed.

Abstract
This Project report has been prepared with a specific purpose in mind. It outlines the history and current scenario of
the Android operating system globally. The first part of the study takes us through the features of the android
operating system.

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key
applications. Android is a software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating
system and developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance.

The main objective of this project report

is to analyze and

study in efficient way of the android operating

system. Android

has also some benefits and drawbacks here are

discussed in that

report and difference between other brands and

after that

concluded the whole report.

History:
Android Incorporated was set up in 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White. The company operated
without publicizing the work they were doing; it was only known that they were working on some form of mobile software.
In 2005, Google acquired the company, and all of its employees the founders of Android stayed on with Google.
Google did not reveal its plans for Android, and industry watchers could only speculate that Google was planning to enter the
mobile OS market.
In 2007, the Software Development Kit which allows developers to make their own apps was released.

What is Android:
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Android OS is a Linux-based operating system developed for mobile phones. It is developed by the Open Handset
Alliance which has several members including software giant Google.
Apart from the operating system the term android could also refer to the middleware and key applications which
can be used to develop mobile apps. It has an open development platform, which means that developers can build
their own applications for the OS.

Features of Android:

Application framework: enabling reuse and replacement of components

Dalvik virtual machine: optimized for mobile devices

Integrated browser: based on the open source Web Kit engine

Optimized graphics: powered by a custom 2D graphics library; 3D graphics based on the OpenGL ES
1.0 specification (hardware acceleration optional)

SQLite: for structured data storage

Media support: for common audio, video, and still image formats (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC,
AMR, JPG, PNG, GIF)

GSM Telephony: (hardware dependent)

Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and Wi-Fi: (hardware dependent)

Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer: (hardware dependent)

Rich development environment: including a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and
performance profiling, and a plugin for the Eclipse IDE

Android Operating system updates

Google is constantly working on new versions of the Android software. These releases are infrequent; at the moment
they normally come out every six months or so, but Google is looking to slow this down to once a year.
Versions usually come with a numerical code and a name thats so far been themed after sweets and desserts, running
in alphabetical order.

Android 1.0:
Marked the first commercial release of Android. At this time it was not widely available but had many new features
that were important and still used today. These included

Android Market: for application updates and for new

Web Browser: for full XTML/HTML web browsing.

Google Apps: full set of app by Google (Mail, SMS,

Applications

and Maps etc.)

Android 1.1:
This was a update to 1.0 that had many bug fixes and added a few features such as a Maps update. It was only
available further T-Mobile G1

Android 1.5 Cupcake:

Cupcake was released in April 2009. It had several new
Among the new features were.

approvments.

Features

Widgets: for embedded small apps

Contacts: improvements including the pictures added

Animations: for smooth scrolling and screen changes

Bluetooth support: update for audio pairing and sharing

Android 1.6 Donut:

Donut was released in September of 2009 and had many improvements.
Features:

Voice and Text: Improvements

Touch Screen: improvements

Multi select: for photos

Camera access: improvements and faster access

Search Option: for faster access

clair 2.0/2.0.1/2.1

to ever contact

clair or V2.0/2.0.1/2.1 was released in Oct 2009 and had several improvements and looks remarkably similar to
todays Android versions.
Features:

Bluetooth 2.1: support

Hardware and U.I. improvements

Calendar: improvements for date and not settings

Account Sync: improvements allow user to sync

account on one phone

Multi Touch: improvements to allow better multi

multiple
touch support

Frozen Yogurt (Froyo) Android

2.2/2.2.1/2.2.2/2.2.
Android 2.2/2.2.1/2.2.2/2.2.3 or Frozen Yogurt (Froyo) was
of 2010 and improved on many features. There were many
this version of android including.

released May
key features in

Features

Adobe Flash: support for rich web content

Speed and memory: improvements

Cloud messaging: support

Multi Language: support

Bluetooth dock and car: support

Wi-Fi hotspots: support

JIT Compilation: for application speed

improvements

Gingerbread V- 2.3/2.3./2.3.3./2.3.4:
Gingerbread was released in December of 2010 and as of the
writing has become the most widely used Android version.
new features included.
Features:

U.I. or Interface: improvements gave it a more simple but quicker interface

Virtual Keyboard: updated and improved for a better and faster layout.
7

time of this
Some of the

copy/paste enhancements: where a user could just press and hold

New Codec support: for more audio/video formats

Power Management: enhancements

gyroscope/barometers: support

input enhancements: for game developers

Honeycomb V 3.0/3.1/3.2:
Honeycomb was released in Feb of 2011 and was a tablet
TV) only release. Some of its features included

(and later Google

Features:

Improved keyboard: support for larger screens

Multi Core processor: support

Hardware acceleration: for faster hardware

view gallery: in full screen interface

System bar: for better multitasking that allows you to switch from one app to another.

FLAC audio codec: support (3.1+)

Android 4.0/4.01 Ice Cream Sandwich:

Ice Cream Sandwich Android 4.0/4.01 was first released in
a major improvement upon both 2.x and 3.x. It blended
and had full support for both phones and tablets. Some of
features included.

Oct 2011 and was

both interfaces
the notable

Features:

Folder system: improvements making easier to

Launcher improved: to be customizable.

Tabbed Browsing improved: to allow up to 16

tabs.

Facial recognition support: to locking/unlocking

phone.

Photo editor: built in to Android 4.x.

Android Beam support: to share contacts and files.

Chrome Bookmark sync: support.

Wi-Fi direct support: to connect with other users without access point.

create.

User Interface hardware acceleration: for faster access.

Android Jellybean- 4.1/4.2/4.3:

Android 4.1 Jellybean saw full release in early 2012 and improved on Android 4.0 in many ways. It took the
common features of Android 4.0 and made it more fluid. Some features include:
Feature:

Browser: has improved performance, CPU and

memory efficiency

Full HTML 5 support: to bring Android up to

new web standards

Calendar: is improved and has features blend with

one another

Bidirectional text: means more input languages to

accessible to more people around the world.

Dictionaries: are now more accurate and more

Photo Sphere: allows you to use take 360 degree

other new camera features

make the platform

relevant
pictures among

Gesture Typing: let's you type much faster but takes some getting used to but can make typing much faster.

Google Now: updated with new features

Android 4.4 Kit Kat:

Android Kit Kat brings all of Android's most innovative, most beautiful, and most useful features to more devices
everywhere. Google announced Android 4.4 kit Kat on September 3, 2013.
Features:
Launches the services serially: in small groups, to avoid peak memory demands.
The Prostates tool: details memory use over time, with run times and memory footprint for foreground apps and
background services.
Printing on the Go: Google is making it much easier to print documents or photos on your phone by building
support for Google Cloud Print directly into Android 4.4
Lock Screen Art: The Android 4.4 lock screen can now show more than just widgets. When youre
listening to music or streaming movies via Chrome cast, your devices lock screen will show the full
screen album or movie art. The lock screen will also have dedicated controls to allow you to
play, pause and seek, all from the lock screen.

Better Memory Management: Kit Kat is designed to run on devices with as little as 512MB of
RAM. Google has implemented behind-the-scenes improvements to Android 4.4s memory
management.
Hangouts App Upgraded: The old Android
is now a thing of the past with Kit Kat. Instead,
Hangouts now supports SMS and MMS, so all
will be in the same app. Hangouts will also be
getting support for HD video calls across all

messaging app
Google
your messages
devices.

Android 5.0 Lollipop:

Android 5.0 "Lollipop" is the latest version of
the Android mobile operating system developed
made available on November 3, 2014

by Google. Its was

Feature:
Predict battery life: New to Android 5.0 Lollipop is the ability to see how much time is left.
Enter Guest Mode: Sharing devices with other people (friends, colleagues, family members, and distracted
children) can be a real pain, but Lollipop's new Guest Mode eases it somewhat.
Add trusted devices: A trusted device is a specified
enabled gadget that will automatically disable the security
your Android phone or tablet when it's in range.
Get back to your apps after a reboot: Reboot your
version of Android before 5.0 all of your recently
disappear. In Lollipop, they're still present on the Overview
quickly get back to a previous conversation or website if

Android Architecture:
The following diagram shows the major components of Android

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Bluetooth or NFCcode or pattern on

device in any
opened apps will
screen, so you can
you need.

Architecture of Android OS

Application framework:

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Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications. The application architecture
is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application
may then make use of those capabilities (subject to security constraints enforced by the framework). This same
mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user.
Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including:
A rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text
boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser
Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts),
or to share their own data
A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and
lat files
A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar
An Activity Manager that manages the life cycle of applications and provides a common navigation
backstack

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Libraries
Android includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are
exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Some of the core libraries are listed below:

System C library - a BSD-derived implementation of the standard C system library (libc), tuned for
embedded Linux-based devices
Media Libraries - based on Packet Video's Open CORE; the libraries support playback and recording
of many popular audio and video formats, as well as static image files, including MPEG4, H.264,
MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG
Surface Manager - manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D
graphic layers from multiple applications
Lib Web Core - a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an
embeddable web view
SGL - the underlying 2D graphics engine
3D libraries - an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D
acceleration (where available) or the included, highly optimized 3D software rasterizer
Free Type - bitmap and vector font rendering
SQLite - a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications.

Android Runtime:

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Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries
of the Java programming language. Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the
Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently. The Dalvik VM
executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The VM is
register-based, and runs classes compiled by a

Java

language

compiler that have been transformed into the .dex

format

by

included "dx" tool. The Dalvik VM relies on the

Linux kernel for

underlying functionality such as threading and

low-level memory

the

management.
At the same level there is Android

Runtime, where the

main component Dalvik Virtual Machine is located. It was designed specifically for Android running in limited
environment, where the limited battery, CPU, memory and data storage are the main issues. Android gives an
integrated tool dx, which converts generated byte code from .jar to .dex file, after this byte code becomes much
more efficient to run on the small processors.
Conversion from .java to .dex file
As the result, it is possible to have multiple instances of Dalvik virtual machine running on the single device at the
same time. The Core libraries are written in Java language and contains of the collection classes, the utilities, IO and
other tools.

Linux Kernal:
Android
Architecture is
based on Linux 2.6
kernel. It helps to
manage security,
memory management, process management, network stack and other important issues. Therefore, the user should
bring Linux in his mobile device as the main operating system and install all the drivers required in order to run it.
Android provides the support for the Qualcomm MSM7K chipset family. For instance, the current kernel tree
supports Qualcomm MSM 7200A chipsets, but in the second half of 2008 we should see mobile devices with stable
version Qualcomm MSM 7200, which includes major features:
1. WCDMA/HSUPA and EGPRS network support
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2. Bluetooth 1.2 and Wi-Fi support

3. Digital audio support for mp3 and other formats
4. Support for Linux and other third-party operating systems
5. Java hardware acceleration and support for Java applications
6. Qcamera up to 6.0 megapixels
7. gpsOne solution for GPS

Why Android OS is better than IPhone Os

We can set any app as a

default on Android
Android just drag and
drop for syncing by using
USB cable on computer
While Google charges for
Android developers only
$5
Android OS have Flash
support
On Android, on which
you are notified of an
email as soon as it
arrives

It is impossible on
iPhone. Have to click
manually
iPhone syncing only
with iTunes
Apple charges for the
App developers $100
While the iPhone only
has html5 support
The email system on
the iPhone is
horrible !

ADVANTAGE:
Multitasking: Android phones can run many applications; it means you can browse, Facebook while listened to the
song.

15

Ease of Notification: Any SMS, Email, or even the latest articles from an RSS Reader, there will always be a
notification on the Home Screen Android phone, do not miss the LED indicator is blinking, so you will not miss a
single SMS, Email or even Misscall.
Easy access to thousands of applications: via the Google Android App Market When you love to install
applications or games, through Googles Android App Market, Again can download applications for free. There are
many thousands of applications and games that are ready for download on Android phones you.
Phone options are diverse: Talk Android phone, it will feel different than the IOS, if the IOS is limited to the
iPhone from Apple, then Android is available on mobile phones from various manufacturers, from Sony Ericsson,
Motorola, HTC to Samsung. And each handset manufacturer also presents an Android phone in the style of each,
such as Motorola with its Motoblur, Sony Ericsson with its Timescape. So you can freely choose the Android phone
in accordance with the brand favorite.
Can install a modified ROM: Not satisfied with the standard view of Android, do not worry there are many custom
ROM that can be used in your mobile phones Android.
Widget: Absolutely right, with the widgets on the home screen, you can easily access a variety of settings quickly
and easily.
Google Maniac: If you are a loyal user of Google services ranging from Gmail to Google Reader Android phone has
integrated with Google services, so you can quickly check e-mail from Gmail

DISADVANTAGES:
Continuous Internet connection: Most Android phones require a simultaneous Internet connection alias
continuously active that means must be prepared to subscribe GPRS packet that suits your needs.

Advertising: Application in the Android phones can indeed be obtained easily and for free, but the consequences in
each of these applications, will always be ads on display, either the top or bottom of the application

Battery issues: You can stop default applications to save battery life, It was an advantage but there is also a
disadvantage, which is some ROMs consume more battery than usual. So it can because issues related to battery.
Box of Malware Google play store: I agree that Google play has some nice applications sorry many nice
applications but somehow spammers, hackers are ahead of putting malware in Google play store. If you download 10
Applications a day, 6 will be shit or malware.

Over heats: This is serious problem for me, Android heats cell phone often. However if you have a good cover on
your cell phone you may feel less heat, but if without cover just put your cell phone on your cheek you will find what
I mean.

16

Hangs a lot: Android is good at lagging and continuously hanging your phone, whatever you do it annoys a lot.
Whether you are playing Temple Run or you are browsing your gallery or you are surfing internet, its hangs a lot.

Conclusion:
We are learned through my research that Android is a much more diverse operating system than iOS and Windows
Phone Mobile. Android has grown rapidly over the past 4 years becoming the most used smart phone operating
system in the world. It's because Android doesn't release 1 phone from 1 company with 1 new OS every year, but
countless phones from numerous companies, adding their own twist, throughout the year, developing gradually day
by day. Android's ability to customize is unparalleled compared to Apple's and Microsoft's software allowing the user
to change and customize nearly every aspect of Android which most iPhone and Windows 7 users wouldn't dream
possible. We are not saying that Android is better or worse than one OS, but is unique and incomparable to other
mobile operating systems.

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References:
http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/android-kitkat-features
https://developer.android.com/about/index.html
https://www.android.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating system)
https://developer.android.com/training/index.html
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/android/
http://www.coreservlets.com/android-tutorial/
http://www.lynda.com/Android-training-tutorials/947-0.html

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