International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 5, No. 5, p. 20-28, 2014
OPEN ACCESS
RESEARCH PAPER
Contact toxicity of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. tissues
against Callosobruchus maculatus in stored bambara groundnut
D. Katunku*, E.O. Ogunwolu, M.U. Ukwela
Department of Crop and Environmental Protection, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Article published on November 04, 2014
Key words: C. schweinfurthii, C. maculatus, mortality, toxicity, bambara groundnut.
Abstract
The production of bambara groundnut is in the hands of peasant farmers and its improvement is militated by
storage pests, such as Callosobruchus maculatus. Laboratory experiments were conducted on powders, extracts
and oils of Canarium schweinfurthii for their insecticidal activity against C. maculatus in bambara groundnut.
This was done at ambient conditions (30 350C and 70 80% r.h) between January 2011 to December 2011.
Randomized completely block design in four replications was used. The results showed that contact toxicity of C.
schweinfurthii tissues (cotyledon and mesocarp powder) caused 25 - 97% and 42.5 - 95% mortality, rerspectively,
commercial prossed mesocarp oil caused 55 - 100% and laboratory processed cotyledon oil caused 62 - 100%
mortality to C. maculatus. The highest mortality against C. maculatus were observed in methanol extract and
petroleum ether of the mesocarp tissues which caused 80 - 100% and 90 100% mortality, respectively at the
application rates of 1.25 and 2.5mg/ml/50g grain within 3 days post-treatment. In conclusion, C. schweinfurthii
had insecticidal activities against C. maculatus using contact toxicity. The highest activities were observed in
mesocarp and cotyledon tissues. These suggest that C. schweinfurthii can serve as alternative botanicals in
protecting stored bambara groundnuts against C. maculatus.
* Corresponding
Katunku et al.
Page 20
Introduction
Bambara
groundnut
such as pepper and citrus peels have been used to
[Vigna
subterranean
(L.)
protect stored cowpea against C. maculatus (Habiba
Verdcourt] is an indigenous African leguminous crop
et al., 2010; Bocke et al., 2004). It has been shown
belonging to the family Fabaceae. It ranked the third
that powders of Piper guineense seeds caused 100%
most important among the grain legume crops in
eggs mortality (Ajayi and Wintola, 2006), Eugenia
term of its protein content. It is processed into
aromatica killed adults within 48hours (Ofuya et al.,
various types of food, industrial products and animal
2010), and West African black pepper, Ethiopian
feed (Atiku et al. 2004). The production of bambara
pepper and clove were able to reduce the oviposition
groundnut is in the hands of peasant farmers and full
of C. maculatus (Ajayi and Wintola, 2006).
scale production to meet the need of the populace is
militated by storage pests. Among the storage pests,
The leaves and oils of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.
Callosobruchus maculatus is the more destructive
have been reported to have antimicrobial, antifungal
due to its shorter life cycle and higher fecundity
(Ngbede et al., 2008) and insecticidal properties (Gill,
(Haines,1991). The infestation of this bruchid starts in
1992) . In the same vein, Philip et al. (2009) reported
the field and the population increases rapidly in the
that this plant has repellent properties and toxic effect
store, causing quantitative and qualitative damage to
on the heart muscles in insects. In addition, Vera et
the products as well as reducing viability, and
al. (2009) documented that
aesthetic value of grains (Lale, 2001). Obeng-Ofori
conferred resistance against diamond back moth and
and Danquah (2004) observed that bruchid beetles
flea beetles.
are the major storage insect pests of bambara
considered as a good botanical insecticidal agent that
groundnuts in Africa. With respect to grain loss
needs more investigation on different crops for its
during storage, Golob et al. (1996) reported that up to
activities. As at the time of writing this report, there
10% losses per month can be incurred. Food grain
was no access to information in the literature on the
losses, such as seen in bambara groundnut, due to
use of C. schweinfurthii tissues against C. maculatus
insect infestation during storage are serious problem
in stored legumes. Therefore, the aim of this research
in Nigeria and Africa at large.
was to investigate whether C. schweinfurthii tissues
C. schweinfurthii
Hence, C. schweinfurthii can be
(leaves, fruit mesocarp and seed cotyledon) have
Synthetic insecticides (such as pyrethrins, malathion,
insecticidal properties against C. maculatus in stored
carbamate, methyl bromide, phosphine, cyanogens,
bambara groundnuts.
ethyl formate, or sulfuryl fluoride) have been used
extensively to control stored product insect pests
Materials and methods
(Rajashekar et al., 2012; Ogunwolu and Odunlami,
Study Area
1986). However, the residues of these products have
The tests were conducted in the Crop Science
direct or indirect toxic effects on humans, animals
Research Laboratory, University of Agriculture,
and on the environment (Habiba et al. 2010).
Makurdi at ambient temperature of 30 350C,
Botanicals which are pesticides derived from plants,
relative humidity (r.h) of 70 80%. (Longitude 8 20'
are also useful for the control of storage insect pest.
N and 9 E and Latitude 70 20' N and 8' N of equator)
They degrade rapidly and therefore are considered
between the months of January and December, 2011.
safer to the environment than the common synthetic
chemicals. According to Arnason et al. (1989), these
Insect Culture
botanicals minimize the problems associated with the
The insects used to establish the laboratory colony of
use of synthetic chemicals. Various plants tissues
C. maculatus came from batches of infested bambara
have been used as botanicals to protect stored grains
groundnut grains purchased at Wadata market,
like cowpea and bambara groundnut against the
Makurdi. Immature stages of the bruchids were
infestation of insect pests. For example, local plants
reared
on
Maifarinhanci
variety
of
bambara
Katunku et al.
Page 21
groundnut, in Petridishes with perforated cover to
0.60%) or left untreated as control. These treatments
allow air circulation. Devoured grains were constantly
and untreated control were replicated four times. All
replaced and accumulated grain dust sieved out
treatments were infested with five pairs of 1 day old
bruchids and mortality was recorded over a 5-day
Plant materials
period. Bruchids not responding to a probe were
Powder
counted as dead.
Mature fruits of C. schweinfurthii were de-pulped, the
seeds cracked to obtained cotyledons. The mesocarp,
Test with extracts
seed cotyledon as well as young leaves obtained from
Fifty grammes of bambara groundnut contained in
mature trees were air- dried and ground to powder
250ml glass beaker was treated with 1.25 or 2.5mg/ml
using GX 160 electric grinder and sieved using 3mm
of C. schweinfurthii leaf, mesocarp or seed cotyledon
mesh. The products were kept in plastic containers in
extract. A glass rod was used to stir to ensure uniform
the laboratory until needed for use.
coating of grains with extract before air-drying the
seeds for 24hr. Grains were infested with five pairs of
Extract
1-day old bruchids and mortality was recorded over a
One hundred grammes (100g) each of leaf, mesocarp
5-day period.
and seed cotyledon powders were extracted separately
with 200ml of methanol or petroleum ether in 500ml
Test with oils
conical flask, shaken mechanically for 24hr and
Oils extracted in the laboratory from the mesocarp
filtered. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting
and from the seed cotyledons as well as oil extracted
extract kept in laboratory cupboard until needed for
commercially from the mesocarp of C. schweinfurthii
use.
oil were admixed with 50g of bambara groundnut at
the rate of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5ml. An equal
Laboratory oil extraction
weight of bambara groundnut was treated with the
One hundred grammes (100g) of each of leaf,
same rate of commercially- processed groundnut oil
mesocarp and seed cotyledon were extracted with
or left untreated as control. The oils were dispensed
200ml of methanol Mr (67 56-1) in a soxhlet
in 2ml of acetone unto the grains contained in glass
apparatus, the mantle was heated for 8hr after which
beakers and the beakers shaken mechanically for
the solvent was recovered by distillation. The crude
15minutes.
extracts were then poured into a 100ml beaker and
transferred into bags, infested with five pairs of 1- day
placed on a water bath to evaporate methanol still
old bruchids and mortality was recorded over a 5-day
left. The concentrated oil extracts were stored in
period. Bruchids not responding to a probe were
beaker in the fume cupboard covered with paraffin
counted as dead.
Thereafter,
grains
were
air
dried,
wax until needed for use.
Data Analysis
Experimental Design
Experiments
were
Data were subjected to analysis of variance, using SAS
carried
out
in
randomized
completely block design in four replications.
(2000) statistical package; Duncans multiple range
test was used to separate significantly different
means.
Test with powdered products
Fifty grammes of bambara groundnut grains was
Results
admixed with leaf, mesocarp and seed cotyledon
Results
powders at the rate of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and
schweinfurthii tissues powder to C. maculatus is
3.2g. An equal weight of bambara groundnut grains
presented in Table 1. No mortality occurred in control
was treated with the same rate of permethrin (Rambo
over the 5-day observation period. Across all rates
on
contact
toxicity
of
Canarium
Katunku et al.
Page 22
over this period of observation, permethrin caused
the highest mortality (
= 96.9%) to C. maculatus,
exceeding the mortality caused by C. schweinfurthii
mesocarp powder and leaf powder by 23.0 and 43.1%,
respectively. No plant material cause mortality as
rapidly as permethrin and no rate of leaf powder
One rate of cotyledon powder (1.6g/50g grain) caused
50% mortality. Mortality increased with number of
days post-treatment irrespective of application rate
and by day 5, all plant powder treatments caused
mortality
comparable
with
those
caused
by
permethrin (Table 1).
caused up to 50% mortality at day 1 post- treatment.
Table 1. Comparison of the contact toxicity of Canarium schweinfurthii tissues powder to C. maculates.
Rate
% mortality at indicated hour**
Treatment* (g/50g seed)
LP
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2
MP
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2
CP
0.05
0.1
0,2
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2
Permethrin
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.6
3.2
UTC
0.0
24
20.00f
35.00ef
35.00ef
37.50ef
30.00ef
25.00ef
40,00def
55.00bcdef
62.50bcde
42.50def
60.00bcde
50.00bcdef
57.50bcdef
50.00bcdef
27.50ef
25.00ef ,
47.50cdef
42.50def
47.50cdef
50.00cdef
25.00ef
77.50abcd
82.50abc
90.00ab
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
0.00f
72
72.50c
75.00bc
82.50abc
80.00abc
82.50abc
75.00bc
82.50abc
85.00abc
80 .00abc
90.50abc
92.50abc
95.00abc
90.00abc
77.50abc
77.50abc
77.50abc
92.50abc
90.00abc
97.50ab
82.50abc
87.50abc
90.00abc
97.50ab
97.50ab
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
0.00f
120
97.50a
87.50a
92.50a
95.00a
95.00a
92.50a
90.00a
97.50a
87.50a
92.50a
95.00a
95.00a
92.50a
90.00a
92.50a
97.50a
92.50a
97.50a
100.00a
95.00a
92.50a
95.00a
97.50a
97.50a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
0.00f
Treatment
Mean
63.3
65.8
70.0
70.8
69.2
64.2
70.8
77.5
80.0
75.2
83.3
81.7
80.8
73.3
66.7
65.8
78.3
76.7
80.8
74.2
69.2
89.2
93.3
95.8
100
100
100
100
0.0
*LP= leaf powder, MP = mesocarp powder, CP= seed cotyledon powder, UTC = untreated control, ** = Means
within the column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Duncan's
new multiple range test.
Table 2 showed the results on contact toxicity
of methanol extract of C. schweinfurthii leaf was the
methanol
schweinfurthii
lowest differing significantly from values for other
mesocarp powder to C. maculatus. No mortality of
treatments. The higher rate of 2.5mg/ml matched the
C.maculatus in the control treatment over the 5-day
efficacy of other extracts excluding the leaf extract. At
period of observation. At day 1, toxicity of 1.25mg/ml
day 3 post- treatment, all test insects died except
extract
of
Canarium
Katunku et al.
Page 23
those on grains treated with 1.25mg/ml of leaf extract.
mortality across all rates at day 1 post-treatment with
cotyledon extract being the highest (95%) at
The results of comparative contact toxicity with
1.25mg/ml. At day 3, mortality of C maculatus had
petroleum ether extract of C. schweinfurthii tissues to
considerably increased in all treatments and by day 5,
C. maculatus is presented in Table 3. There was no
all test insects had died (100% mortality) in all
mortality in control over the 5- day period of
treatments.
observation. Petroleum ether extract caused 50-95%
Table 2. Comparative contact toxicity of methanol extract of C. schweinfurthii tissues C. maculates.
Rate
% mortality at indicated hour**
Treatment
Treatment * (mg/ml/50g seed)
24
72
120
Mean
LEm
1.25
25.00d
77.50b
100.00a
67.5
2.5
65.00c
100.00a
100.00a
83.3
1.25
80.00abc
100.00a
100.00a
93.3
2.5
95.50bc
100.00a
100.00a
97.5
1.25
72.50bc
100.00a
100.00a
90.8
2.5
85.00ab
100.00a
100.00a
95.0
0.00e
0.00e
0.00e
MEm
CEm
UTC
*LEm = leaf extract in methanol, MEm = mesocarp extract in methanol, CEm = seed cotyledon extract in methanol,
UTC = Untreated control, ** = Means within the column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly
different at p = 0.05 according to Duncans new multiple range test.
Table 4 compares contact toxicity of the various oils
Mesocarp oil processed commercially and laboratory-
to C. maculatus. In this test, there was no mortality
processed mesocarp oil caused 11.5 and 18% higher
observed in control over the 5-day period of
observation. In each type of oil, there was an observed
increase mortality of C.maculatus with increase days
post- treatment irrespective of application rates.
mortality than the groundnut oil at 24 hours (
=56.5%); however, by days 3 and 5 post- treatment,
difference among treatments excluding the control
were not significant.
Table 3. Comparative contact toxicity with petroleum ether extract of C. schweinfurthii tissues to C. maculatus
Rate
Treatment * (mg/ml/50g seed)
LEpe
1.25
2.5
MEpe
1.25
2.5
CEpe
1.25
2.5
UTC
0
% mortality at indicated hour**
24
72
50.00c
95.00a
52.50c
95.00a
90.00ab
95.00a
75.00b
95.00a
95.00a
100.00a
85.00ab
100.00a
0.00d
0.00c
120
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
0.00b
Treatment
Mean
81.7
82.5
85.0
90.0
98.3
95.0
0.0
*LEpe = leaf extract in petroleum ether, MEpe = mesocarp extract in petroleum ether, CEpe = seed cotyledon
extract in petroleum ether, UTC = untreated control. ** = Means within the column followed by the same letter(s)
are
not
significantly
different
at
0.05
according
to
Duncans
new
multiple
range
test.
Discussion
exposure to C. schweinfurthii powder treatments may
The Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. products have
be attributed to the chemical composition of the
been reported to contain insecticidal properties
products. David (1989) reported that tannic acid
(David, 1989; Gill, 1992; Abayeh et al. 1999; Georges
contained in C. schweinfurthii leaf act as toxin and
et al. 1992). High rate of C maculatus mortality on
feeding deterrent to insects. Philip et al. (2009)
Katunku et al.
Page 24
reported that saponnins that is found in C.
quinquefasciatus.
schweinfurthii affect the respiratory system of insects
treatments
and causes emetic effect due to their detergent action
attributed to their smell which corroborates the
on them; Ranaweera (1986) in his report showed
report of Lale (1993) that mortality of storage
Canarium zalannicum (Rtz) BL displayed significant
bruchids could be associated with the pungent ordour
larvicidal activity against
3rd
instar larvae of Culex
of
C.
The
action
of
schweinfurthii
the
may
powder
also
be
produced by plant powders used against them.
Table 4. Comparative contact toxicity of C. schweifurthii tissues oil to C. maculates.
Rate
% mortality at indicated hour**
Treatment
Treatment* (ml /50g seed)
24
72
120
Mean
CPMO
55.00bcd
77.50abc
70.00abcd
60.00abcd
77.50a
52.50bcd
57.50bcd
37.50d
60.00bcd
57.50bcd
62.50abcd
77.50abc
77.50abc
75.00ab
80.00abc'
57.50bcd
82.50a
95.00a
92.50a
100.00a
92.50a
82.50a
85.00a
82.500a
90.00a
82.50a
95.00a
95.00a
97.50a
97.50a
100.00a
82.50a
95.00a
100.00a.
95.00a
100.00a
100.00a
92.00a
92.00a
92.50a
90.00a
97.50a
95.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
100.00a
90.00a
77.5
90.3
87.5
86.7
90.0
75.8
77.5
70.8
82.5
77.5
84.2
90.0
91.7
92.5
92.5
76.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
' 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1
LPMO
LPCO
G/Nut oil
0.2
52.50bcd
92.50a
97.50a
80.8
0.3
40.00d
77.50a
90.00a
69.2
0.4
47.50cd
92.50a
100.00a
80.0
0.5
85.00ab
100.00a
100.00a
95.0
UTC
0
0.00e
0.00e
0.00e
0.0
*CPMO= commercially- processed mesocarp oil, LPMO= laboratory - processed mesocarp oil, LPCO= laboratoryprocessed seed cotyledon oil, UTC= untreated control. ** = Means within the column followed by the same
letter(s) are not significantly different at p=0.05 according to Duncan's new multiple range test.
The mortality of C. maculatus caused by C.
Ivbijaro and Agbaje (1996) which showed that
schweinfurthii powder treatments were comparable
effective rates of plant powders against storage
with those caused by permethrin at application rates
bruchids range from <1g/kg to 20g/kg of grains. The
< 2.0g/50g grain. Yusuf and Mohammed (2009)
findings of Lale (1995) showed plant powders applied
showed
as grain protectants should normally not exceed 2% of
that
(Monordica
leaf
powders
balsamina)
from
were
as
bitter melon
effective
as
the grain weight Lale (1995). Virtually all tissue types
pirimiphos methyl in suppressing C. maculatus
applied at <0.8g/50g grain showed efficacy in causing
population and growth in cowpea storage.
contact mortality to adult bruchids. Denloye (2010),
in his report stated that powders of Allium sativum
The toxicity of C. schweinfurthii powders used in this
were highly toxic to C. maculatus in stored cowpea.
study suggest that they could serve as alternative to
Extracts of C. schweinfurthii were highly toxic to C.
synthetic chemical insecticide to protect stored
maculatus on contact, with the petroleum ether
produce against C. maculatus. Toxicity of the
extracts being the more effective than the methanol
application rates adopted in this study corroborates
extracts. In this study, C. schweinfurthii oils showed
the reports by Ogunwolu and Idowu (1994) and
potency comparable to groundnut oil and thus can
Katunku et al.
Page 25
serve as surface protectant of grains against storage
protecting stored bambara groundnuts against C.
bruchids. High mortality of C. maculatus caused by
maculatus. Nevertheless, there is need for further
mesocarp oil processed commercially corroborates
study to evaluate the insecticidal active ingredients of
the report by Pereira (1993) on the efficacy of
the C. schweinfurthii tissues.
traditionally- extracted vegetable oils in controlling C.
maculatus in stored bambara groundnut and cowpea.
References
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Abayeh OJ, Abdulrazaq AK, Olaogun R. 1999.
neem seed oil obtained by the traditional kneading
Quality characteristics of Canarium schweinfurthii
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Engl. Oil. Plant Foods Human Nutrition 54(1), 43-
emergence in stored cowpea. Neem oil, cotton oil,
48.
castor oil, and clove oil were also effective in
controlling C. maculatus in cowpea, or bambara
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essential
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for
maculatus
the
(F.)
control
of
(Coleoptera:
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(0.1-
0.5ml/50g
grain)
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C.
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In conclusion, C. schweinfurthii had insecticidal
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activities against C. maculatus using contact toxicity.
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(L.) Verdc. African Crop Science Proceedings 8, 1947-
cotyledon
1950.
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suggest
that
C.
schweinfurthii can serve as alternative botanicals in
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Page 26
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