Cisco CCNA notes -- Tech Note -- extracts from kccvoip CCNA-Voice training

Cisco CCNA-Voice Check List - Training Notes

updated October 2012

These notes cover the current 640-461 (ICOMM v8) examination to

complete the CCNA Voice certification. {extracted from kccvoip training}
The following notes may help narrow the study topics to the relevant areas.
The 'Study Summary' for each section highlights the main items covered by
the examination. *** This information is not supported or endorsed by Cisco
Systems, Inc. *** please report any errors/comments.
NOTE the actual Vue/Pearson examinations DO NOT ALLOW you to go
back and change or mark any questions, as many other demo and training
examinations do. AND not all questions are multiple choice and may require
you to fill in the blank, drag & drop responses, telnet simulation or input your
response to a diagrammatic exhibit (very few simulation questions as
compared to the CCENT/CCNA exams). Unfortunately, there are many
questions on the use of the web/GUI to configure the CUCM/CME and are
now mainly non-technical questions regarding administration
We do try
to fit in (when time permits) content from the original 640-460 course and
items from CCNP-Voice in order to keep the engineers interest and provide a
better understanding of VoIP in the real-world.
see also CCNA Voice 640-641 example questions, IOS Configuration
Examples, CCNA Voice 640-640 example questions
The Vue / Pearson tests can be booked online via www.vue.com/cisco
(since Cisco changed from Thomson/Prometric to Vue/Pearson there seems
to be less testing centers available outside of the US, so check on their web site
for centers and schedules in your area)

PSTN and Legacy Telephony Study Summary

REMEMBER
Loop Start vs Ground Start and that LOOP START is susceptible to GLARE
Supervisory Signaling

On-hook signal
Off-hook signal
Ringing

Address Signaling

DTMF
Pulse

Informational Signaling (all the rest)

Dial Tone
Ringback
Busy
Congestion
Reorder
Receiver off-hook
No such number
Confirmation

Analogue to Digital Conversion

(human hearing range 20-20kHz at very best, human speech 200-9kHz, PSTN
uses 300-3400Hz)

Nyquist theorem (300Hz 4,000Hz, sample @ 2 x highest frequency)

Sample (PAM)
Quantize & Encode (PCM)
Compress (CODEC)

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

time slots for each channel

T1 has 24 x 64kbps channels mainly in the Americas and Japan

E1 has 30 x 64kbps channels mainly in EU

CAS = Channel Associated Signaling = uses the same bandwidth/channel as

the voice or data. T1 using CAS will steal bits (every eighth bit of every
sixth DS0 time slot) often called robbed bit signaling (RBS). An ESF

(extended super frame) T1 frame is sent as 24 DS0 frames (8 bits x 24) PLUS a
single framing bit = 193 bits. The older SF (super frame) standard T1 frame
was sent as 12 DS0 frames with framing bits on each of the DS0.
E1 CAS does not use RBS but has DS0:1 for framing and DS0:17 for voice
signaling not really CAS, but considered so because it uses the same format
of ABCD bits as T1 and can therefore be compatible and interconnected.
T1 and E1 will use loop start, ground start or E&M (1-5) for the interface
connections and signaling (NOTE- Cisco do not support E&M type 4).
REMEMBER CAS T1 (rbs=8th bit every 6th frame), 24th timeslot (chan 23)
for signaling, CAS E1 (framing on 1st timeslot =chan 0), 17th timeslot (chan
16) for signaling, configure for PSTN trunks using ds0-group # timeslots xx
CCS = Common Channel Signaling = complete channel for signaling uses
a separate, dedicated channel (OUT OF BAND SIGNALING). T1 dedicates
24th time slot to signaling. E1 dedicates 17th time slot to signaling. Most
popular signaling is Q.931 and SS7.
REMEMBER CCS T1 24th timeslot (chan 23) for signaling, configure for
PRI trunks using pri-group # timeslots x-x and dont forget the global
config to set the PRI ISDN switch type. CCS E1 17th timeslot (chan 16) for
signaling, configure for PRI trunks using pri-group # timeslots x-x and
dont forget the global config to set the PRI ISDN switch type.

REMEMBER THE PSTN TERMS Analogue telephone/fax/modem, local

loop, central office (CO), trunk, private switch (PBX/PABX), digital
telephone, ip telephone, numbering plans such as ITU e.164 (15 digit max)
PBX FLAVORS Key Systems (PSTN to extensions - one to one) or PBX
(internal dialing and PSTN sharing etc) or hybrid
CODEC COMPLEXITY (for DSP sizing etc)
G.711 (a-law and u-law), G.726, G.729a and G.729ab are medium
G.728, G.723, iLBC, G729 and G.729b are high complexity
REMEMBER RTP Real-Time Protocol and RTCP (Real-Time Control
Protocol) and how they use their port numbers, payload types etc.

Cisco IOS Study Summary

The examinations use a syllabus based upon extracts from IOS commands
and basic knowledge of the current small enterprise network devices
including the 29xx Catalyst series switches, 28xx G1, 29xx G2, 39xx G2
standard IOS ISR routers plus the CME, CUE and basics of the GUI for
CME, CUE, CUCM, CUC and CUP.
The latest 640-461 CCNA Voice now requires knowledge of 15.x IOS with
Cisco Call Manager Express >7.
It is possible to get-by using the trusty
26xx/28xx G1 routers and IOS >12.4 and CME >4, if you ensure you study
the few missing commands that would be seen on the IOS 15xx and CME >7.
In addition to the equipment needed for the CCENT and CCNA studies, and
the capability of running Call Manager Express you will need two or more IP
phones and soft phones (Cisco Communicator + CUPC) and access to the full
Cisco Unified CallManager, Unity Connection and Unified Presence running
on suitable servers or VmWare ESX server with sufficient capacity.
This document is used as checklist within the KCC CCNA Voice FastTrack
and Flex training courses;

Switch and Router basic ops reminder and configuration as seen on the
CCENT and CCNA (memory use and functions RAM, FLASH, ROM,
NVRAM)

Router and Switch CLI (Command Line Interface) and exec mode
basics for ;

interface and inline power configuration and monitoring

VLAN configuration for voice and data

CDP functions, DHCP, DNS, TFTP & ip phone boot sequence

CME CLI for ;

o

setting up the CME as TFTP server

initial configuration requirements & file structure etc.

CCNA routing and addressing configuration reminder

dial-peer configuration

dial planning and digit manipulation configuration

CME GUI and its limited functionality

service module configuration (CUE) [removed from exam 2011]

Cisco Unity Express features and specifications

single number reach / unified mobility
directory
call forwarding
call pickup
intercom
paging
after-hours blocking

CUCM ;
Dialplans and call flow
partitions and call search spaces
GUI access to serviceability, administration, OS and DRS
GUI service activation, features;
extension mobility
unified mobility
native presence
hunt groups
intercom
music on hold
users, groups and rights
o CLI
o TFTP administration
o basic knowledge of trunks and gateways
CUC ;
o GUI access to serviceability, administration, OS and DRS
o GUI service activation, features
o CLI
o monitoring and reporting
CUP ;
o GUI access to serviceability, administration, OS and DRS
o GUI service activation, features
o CLI
SUPPORT SERVERS/SERVICES ;
o LDAP and AD
o TFTP
o DNS and DHCP
o NTP
o Provisioning & end-point boot process
o
o
o
o

BASIC IOS FUNCTIONS REQUIRED BY CCNAV;

(PRACTICE !)

FUNCTION

COMMAND

DHCP exclude ranges

ip dhcp excluded-address {range}

DHCP define pool

ip dhcp pool {name}

(may be abbreviated to first

few non-ambiguous characters of each command)

DHCP network

network {network, mask}

DHCP gateway

default-router {address}

DHCP DNS server

dns-server {address}

DHCP TFTP server

option 150 ip {address}

DHCP directed broadcast

ip helper-address {server address}

Practice configuration of voice VLAN and data VLAN connecting to a

router on a different network for DHCP services. Remember your router
on a stick from the CCNA training and the ip helper commands
CME GUI ADMIN FUNCTIONS REQUIRED BY CCNAV;
REMEMBER
to enable the GUI on CME you must configure ;
o
o
o
o

the CME with ip to be reachable from PC and/or CCP

level-15 username and password
http services must be enabled
check any local authentication for telnet/ssh on CME router

ie
kcc-CME-11(config-if)#ip address 10.10.30.122 255.255.255.128
kcc-CME-11(config-if)#no shutdown
kcc-CME-11(config)#username fred privilege 15 password cisco123
kcc-CME-11(config)#ip http server
kcc-CME-11(config)#ip http secure-server
kcc-CME-11(config-line)#login local
kcc-CME-11(config-line)#transport input telnet ssh

by default CCP (v2.7) runs from the router flash (8xx and 19xx routers with >15.2
IOS) and will try to connect to the CME router using telnet and http, but can be set to
use ssh and https instead (both shown above). [NOTE CCP has replaced SDM as
the goofy baby GUI within CCNA although SDM is still used in the CCNA-Security
exams]

BASIC IOS ADMIN FUNCTIONS REQUIRED BY CCNAV;

(PRACTICE !)
FUNCTION

COMMAND

copy config from tftp server to

RAM for CME

Router # copy tftp system

(may be abbreviated to first few nonambiguous characters of each command)

save/copy running-config (RAM) Router # write memory or copy runningto NVRAM

config startup-config
copy file from tftp server to flash
memory

Router # copy tftp flash

copy file from flash to tftp server

Router # copy flash tftp

delete start-up (NVRAM)

configuration

Router # write erase or erase startupconfig

view IOS version information

Router > show version

view current configuration (RAM)

Router # show running-config or write

terminal

view saved (startup) configuration

Router # show config or show startupconfig

view basic files system (flash)

Router # show flash (or dir)

view router utilization

Router # show processes

disable CDP for entire router

Router (config) # no cdp run

disable CDP on an interface

Router (config-int) # no cdp enable

show interfaces and ip addressing Router > show ip interface brief

show routing table

Router > show ip route

show ntp status

Router # show ntp status

show ip arp table

Router # show ip arp

Be prepared to use the exam simulator to diagnose and administer ip

phones, dailpans and css within the VoIP lab, from GUI of CUCM, CME,
CUC and CUP. Configure and diagnose from CLI the DHCP pools, voice
VLANs and dial-peer configuration and administration.

NETWORK LAYER UTILITIES;

REMEMBER
ARP Address Resolution Protocol will resolve a mac address from a given ip
address. A device may send an ARP broadcast to ask every station on its
network for the mac address of a given IP address. REMEMBER HOW the
ip address and mask dictate if the device should send traffic to its local
network or to its gateway.
DNS Domain Name System will resolve domain names to IP addresses. So a
device looking for cisco.com will request a domain lookup from its DNS
server to be able to send traffic to the IP address of cisco.com ( and then using
ARP to resolve the IP address of cisco.com to a mac address in order to send
its traffic). The DNS server on CUCM can support up to 1000 phones.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol can be used to supply IP
addresses to any device either via static configuration (mapped to mac
address) or via a pool of addresses. DHCP can also provide much more
information to the end device such as multiple DNS server addresses and
TFTP server addresses etc.
REMEMBER to exclude addresses from your
DHCP pool for router and other networking devices. USE IP HELPER to
direct the DHCP broadcast to the DHCP server from other networks that
require the DHCP services. DHCP OPTIONS and how the ip phones use
the option 150 during their boot up procedure etc.
NTP Network Time Protocol said (by Cisco) to be crucial to the Cisco VoIP
operation. Make sure you know the stratum values expected from a good
NTP source and how to configure the routers to make use of NTP.
TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol said (by Cisco) to be mandatory to the
Cisco VoIP operation (even though the ip phone can boot without TFTP, for
the exam Cisco say IT CAN NOT).

REMEMBER

according to Cisco ;

CUCME/CCME up to 450 users (or 240/250 users in some older books and
refer to the pre-G2 ISR router series of 28xx), no redundancy, router based ;
2901 - 35 max phones
2911 - 50 max phones
2921 - 100 max phones
2951 - 150 max phones
3925 - 250 max phones
3945 - 350 max phones
3925E 400 max phones
3945E 450 max phones
Comm Manager Bussiness ED, to 500 users, no redundancy, server based
CUCM up to 30,000 per cluster, full redundancy, server based
Review the maximum number of supported users for each of the Cisco
products and know the differences between the three Unity products.
CUE up to 250 users and 300 mailboxes, no redundancy, email relay, router
based
CUC up to 7500 users and up to 20,000 mailboxes, active/active redundancy,
email relay, server based appliance
CU up to 7500 per server to 25,000 max, active/passive redundancy
support, full email integration, windows server based toy
Be aware of the Cisco application products such as IVR/AA, Contact Center,
Mobility and Emergency Responder.

LAN SWITCHING Study Summary

Protocol Type Fields and header formats CCNA knowledge reminder

VLANs overview inter-vlan routing, collision domain / broadcast

domain and segments, voice VLAN configuration and native VLAN.
CCNA knowledge PLUS voice vlan configuration and basic QoS
knowledge.
Trunking/Tagging Protocols & VTP basics (VTP modes, tagging
specifications ISL/802.1q)

Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Study Summary

Cisco Inline Power = the Cisco pre-standard power over Ethernet system that uses a
FAST LINK PULSE (FLP) tone to check for Cisco device requiring inline power. A
Cisco inline power device will loop the tone back to the switch if it requires power.
The switch will make a minimum of 6.3W power available until the actual value is
received using CDP.
The new 802.3at PoE (called PoE plus) = IEEE standard increases the 802.3af to
25.5W {note some proprietary PoE-Plus now handle up to 51W by using all pairs}
802.3af PoE = IEEE standard delivers a small current to detect a PoE device that
requires power. Each 802.3af device has a resistor on the power lines to let the switch
know its power requirements based on the following four classes;

Class 0
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3

= (no value requested, just give me power) 15.4W,

4W,
7W,
15.4W

Review the Cisco IP Phones and their power standards

Network Protocols Study Summary (CCNA + VoIP)

TCP/IP (RFC 793, UDP, port numbers and type numbers (RFC 1700),
DNS, ARP, ICMP, SCCP, SIP, RTP, RTCP, MGCP, H323)
IP Addressing and classes (subnet masking before VLSM), default
routes CCNA knowledge.
Encapsulation in IP header sizes and compression savings
(IP,TCP,UDP,RTP - overheads 40 bytes becomes 2-4 bytes)
Ethernet overhead = 20 bytes, PPP overhead = 6 bytes, Frame Relay = 4-6
bytes, GRE/L2TP = 24 bytes, MPLS = 4 bytes, IPSec = 50-57 bytes
IP and MAC addressing flow
DNS, DHCP (and helper) and general WEB traffic flow
NTP configuration and stratum

FTP TFTP (and using the CCME as a TFTP server)

IOS commands (CCNAV sub-set of commands for CME)
KNOW CDP and how the ip phone uses it, what it can show, how it
can help fault finding
KNOW the skinny IP Phone boot sequence
KNOW the CCME telephony-service main configurations
Cisco IP phones can be loaded with SIP, SCCP or MGCP firmware

VoIP Protocol

Standard

Support

Architecture

H.323

ITU

Excellent

Peer to peer

MGCP

IETF

Fair

Client Server

SIP

IETF

Very Good

Peer to peer

SCCP

Cisco

Proprietary

Client Server

IAX

Digium

Proprietary

Peer to peer

common configuration & show commands; (practice these commands !)

show ip protocol

View routing protocols in use for ip

show controller {serial|ethernet|...}

view controller for interface (check

cable type etc)

show debug

View current debug setting

show voice port summary

view pots voice ports

show telephone-service tftp-bind

Show tftp configuration for CME

show ip interface {brief}

View IP interface details

show telephone-service all

View CME configuration

show dialplan number xxxxx

Test and display dialplan for xxxxx

show ip interface {brief}

View IP interface details

show ntp status

View ntp status

ip host name {tcp-port-number} address1

address2...

configuration of host table

ip route prefix mask {next hop | output

interface}

configure static route

ip name-server server address1 {server

address2...}

configure name server(s) for DNS

show ephone unreg

See registration attempts

show run | begin dial-peer

See dial-peer configuration

auto qos voip cisco-phone (on a switch)

Trust if from Cisco phone + enable qos

auto qos voip trust

Trust existing marking + enable qos

auto qos voip (on a router)

ACL or NBAR to identify QoS

CCME CCNAV NEED TO KNOW;

LICENSING REQUIRED ON CME

IOS License
Feature License
Phone User License

CCME initial config

Config

command

Go into telephony
service configuration
mode

config term followed by

telephony-services

Set memory limits for

ephones to be used

(config-telephony)#

max-ephones {number}

and directory numbers (config-telephony)#

max-dn {number}

Set CME source addres

(config-telephony)#

ip source-address
(address}

Create phone configs

(config-telephony)#

create cnf-files

REMEMBER - main steps to start the CME

(as above)

Set maximum phones and directory numbers (max-dn, max-ephone)

Set source ip address
Generate configuration files for the ip phones
Firmware load files configured for TFTP use (tftp location and/or CME tftp
& alias global commands etc.)

ephone-dn configuration

Description

note

ephone-dn {tag} {dual}

Tag identifies the logical ephone

directory number

Default = single
line

number {number}
secondary {number}

Assign directory number to the

ephone-dn

name {directory name}

Set internal callerid name

call-forward {op}
{number}

Assign directory number to the

ephone-dn

park-slot

Set as parking slot

pickup-group

Set pick up group number

intercom {number} label

{txt}
Paging

Define dn as paging number

ephone configuration

Description

ephone {tag}

Tag identifies the logical ephone

device

mac {mac address}

button {number} {op}
{number}

note

Assign ip phone mac address to

ephone logical tag
Assign dn lines to ip phone button SEE BUTTON
lines with the various button
OP TABLE
functions
BELOW
Set preference for ephone

Default = 0
(best)

Warm reboot of ephone

For restart after

minor changes
such as button
line or speed
dial changes

Reset

Cold reboot of ephone

For reset after

main changes
such as DHCP,
date, firmware,
locale, services,
voicemail etc

Huntstop

Stop hunting

Default

Huntstop channel

Stop hunting on channel

Prevents call
going to callwaiting on
dual line

Paging

Set ephone paging group

membership

pin {number}

Set pin number for login

after-hour exempt

Allow after-hours exemption

preference {value}

Restart

BUTTON COMMAND

Description

button {number} : {number}

Assign dn line to ephone

button line

button {number} b {number}

Assign with call waiting

beep, no ring

button {number} f {number}

Assign with feature ring

note

button {number} m {number} Assign as monitor line

Monitor single number

button {number} w {number} Assign as watched device

Monitor entire ip
phone

button {number} o {number}

Assign as overlay, no call

waiting

button {number} c {number}

Assign as overlay with call

waiting

button {number} x {number} Assign as expansion overlay

button {number} s {number}

Assign as silent ring, no call

waiting

WAN Protocols & CODEC Considerations,

CODEC for WAN <T1 G.729

CODEC DEFAULT for dial-peers = G.729
CODEC DEFAULT for CUE = G.711ulaw
G.729 defaults to 20ms = 20bytes per packet
G.711 defaults to 20ms = 160bytes per packet
VAD can save about 35% bandwidth
RTP header compression results in the 40 byte (IP/RTP/UDP) headers being
stripped to leave an overhead of 2 bytes plus 2bytes of checksum
RTP port numbers range from 16384 to 32767
RTP uses the even numbered ports, RTCP uses the odd number
Max end to end delay advised as 150ms
Jitter max = 30ms
Packet Loss should be 1% or less

BYTES PER PACKET = (SAMPLE SIZE x CODEC BANDWIDTH) / 8

CODEC

Complexity

Bandwidth Consumed

MOS

G.711

Medium

64kbps

4.1

G.729

High

8kbps

3.92

G.729a

Medium

8kbps

3.7

G.729b

High

8kbps

4.0

iLBC

High

15.2kbps

4.1

CUCM ADMIN
remember you need the CLI for some commands ;

CLI is required for shutdown and restart, change of version during upgrade, modify
network address and DNS etc. {although this would change the license in the real
world}, ping, trace, packet capture, modify admin accounts, display server load and
status etc.

more details ;
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/voice_ip_comm/cucm/cli_ref/8_5_1/cli_ref_851.html

remember the CUCM GUI options and features ;

and be very familiar with the GUI tabs

the SYSTEM tab ;

NOTES -:

above - date/time group configured for each timezone

above - region configuration

NOTES -:

(remember the region and locations for CAC BW etc)

above - the heart of the dial plan is the route pattern route list route group
{note knowledge of the special local route groups are not required for CCNA}
NOTES -:

above - partitions and calling search space

function within CUCM

VERY IMPORTANT to know their

above - configuration of CUCM to connect to CUC

voicemail ports, pilot, profile and voicemail boxes.

know the difference between

above - be familiar with adding phones and configuration of devices

above - remember the pull down sub-menu within phone configuration to change
the phone subscription services (for extension mobility etc)

above - the

User Management tab to administer users, roles and groups etc.

above - Bulk Administration tab

showing the sub menu for Mobility

above - access the other GUIs from the pulldown Navigation Menu
NOTES -:

above from the Call Routing tab

select Route Plan Report ;

above - CUCM Dial-Plan Report

shows the entire dial-plan

CUC ADMIN

CUPS ADMIN;

above - CUPC application

be familiar with RTMT

above - diagnostics from the CUCM Unified Reporting

ALSO REMEMBER the irrelevant :

CUC supports up to 20,000 mailboxes

the Cisco Troubleshooting Methodology steps ;
o define problem
o gather facts
o consider possibilities
o create action plan
o implement action plan
o observe results
PVDM-2-8 provides .5 DSP, PVDM-2-16 provides 1 DSP etc..
CUE max mailboxes = 300

KCCVoIP.CO.UK CCNAV Fast Track

E & OE 2012

not supported or endorsed by Cisco Systems Inc.,