Page 16

UNIT 1
PRONOUNS
Subje
ct

Objec
t

I
You
They
We
He
She
It
You

Me
You
Them
Us
Him
Her
It
You

Possessi
ve
Adjective
My
Your
Their
Our
His
Her
Its
Your

Possessi
ve
Pronoun
Mine
Yours
Theirs
Ours
His
Hers

Yours

Reflexive
Pronoun
Myself
Yourself
Themselves
Ourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
Yourselves

Example:
When you see the African lions in the park, you see them in their true
environment.
Pronoun you is in the subject position. The pronoun them is the object
pronoun and refers to the lions. The pronoun their is in the possessive adjective
form because the environment discussed in sentence is that of the lions.
Possessive pronouns or adjectives are usually used with reference to parts
of the body.
Example:
1. She puts the shawl over her shoulder
2. She lifted the boy and put the shawl in his shoulder.
3. She puts a red hair on her head and a green one on his.
Observe the following example. Does the pronoun or possessive adjective agree
with the word it refers to?
Example:
The little girl put on her hat, and the little boy put on his hat.
If the hat girl put on belongs to the girl, the possessive adjective must agree with
the word girl. If the hat the boy put on belongs to the boy, the possessive
pronoun must agree with the word boy. If something in the sentence indicates
that the hats they put on belong to someone else, agreement must be made
between the possessive pronoun or adjective and that other person.
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for another
apartment.
When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another
apartment.
2. The bus leaves Ted and she at the corner
The bus leaves Ted and her at the corner

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B.

Choose the Correct Answer

1. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger
than ____
(A) it
(C) itself
(B) its
(D) it has
2. Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when
an athlete suffers an injury to______ leg.
(A) its
(C) the
(B) an
(D) his
3. One property of radioisotopes is that _______decaying occurs in half-lives over
a long period of time.
(A) they
(C) theyre
(B) them
(D) their
4. Since the earths crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment
would have to be capable of drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to
investigate the mantle ______
(A) beneath them
(C) beneath its
(B) beneath their
(D) beneath they
5. There are ten children playing in the yard near my house, but your child is
not______
(A) among them
(C) among their
(B) among us
(D) among theirs
6. The policemen ordered the suspect not to remove _______ from the hood of
the car.
(A) their hands
(C) them hands
(B) his hands
(D) him hands
7. It was ________ who came running the into the classroom
(A) I
(C) mine
(B) me
(D) my
8. The company has so little money that ________ cannot hardly operate
anymore.
(A) it
(C) its
(B) their
(D) they
9. The students were interested in taking a field trip to The National History
Museum, but _______ were not able to raise enough money.
(A) them
(C) they
(B) their
(D) theirs
10. His father does not approve of _______ to the banquet without dressing
formally.
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(A) his going
(B) him to go

(C) he goes
(D) him going

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1.

According to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, no person

should be
A
B
compelled to be a witness against him own.
C
D

2.

According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use
the hands
A
and feet most freely to walk and grasp was the one who survived and
evolved.
B
C
D
3.

Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with that artificial heart,
doctors were
A
able to learn a great deal from him having used it.
B
C
D

4.

According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all of the household

tasks for
A
B
the women warriors who governed and protected the cities for they.
C
D

5. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
A
B
C
D
6. Before my parents went home, she had bought me some food.
A
B
C
D
7. Peter and Tom play tennis every morning with Mary and I.
A
B
C
D
8.

A mosquitos wings move about one hundred times per second. Their wing
A
B
C
movement is the sound we hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears.
D

9.

The only teachers who were required to attend the meeting were George,
Betty,

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A

and me.
D
10.

Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were
unwilling
A
B
C
to give the results to Joan.
D

UNIT 2
MODAL AUXILIARIES
The modal auxiliaries in English are:
can,
ought to,
shall,
should,
will
would
could
better
may
might
must
.

had

Modal auxiliaries generally express a speakers

attitude, or moods. For example, modals can
express that a speaker feels something is necessary,
advisable, permissible, possible, or probable and
addition, they can convey the strength of these
attitudes. Only are some modals discussed in this
chapter.

A. MUST
Must is also a modal. We use must to make speculations when we make
conclusion based on evidences. There are three speculations, as follows:
PAST EVIDENCE
Subject
Must
Past
have
Particip
le
My
must
called
friend
have
PRESENT EVIDENCE
Subject
Must
Present
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Past
time
last
night
Present

Must followed by the verb

word have and a participle
expresses a logical conclusion
based
on
evidence
that
happened in the past.
Must that is followed by be

Page 20
be
My
friend

Particip
le
calling

must
be

tense

and an ing form or an

adjective expresses a logical
conclusion based on evidence
that is happening now.

now

REPEATED ACTION
Subject
Must
Verb
word
My friend
must
call

Repeated
time
often

Must followed by a verb

word expresses a logical
conclusion
based
on
evidence.

Avoid using should or can instead of must.

B. USED TO/ BE USED TO V-ING
Subje
ct
He

Used
to
used
to

Verb word
live

Subjec
t

b
e

Used
to

He

is

used to

Phrase/
Noun
in the country

Present
participl
e
living

Phrase/
Noun

Used to with a verb means

that a custom in the past
has not continued.
Be used to with an ing
form
means
to
be
accustomed to.

in the
country

C. HAD BETTER
Subjec
t
You

had better
had better

simple
verb
study

Had better indicates advice for the

future

D. WOULD RATHER
Subject

Would rather

I
I

would rather
would rather
not

Simple
verb
sleep
sleep

Would rather expresses

preference in present and
future time.

When the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that
introduces a clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause.
Although the verb is past tense, the preference is for present or future
time. Avoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb.
Avoid using should and a verb instead of a past verb.
Subje
Would
That
Subject
Verb (past)
ct
rather
would
I
that
you
drove
rather
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would
rather

that

you

didnt drive

Exercises!
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself.
After you show me the way, I can go by myself
2. He was used to drink too much.
He used to drink too much.
3. You had better to hurry if you dont want to miss the bus.
You had better hurry if you dont want to miss the bus.
4. If you dont mind, Id rather not to serve on the committee.
If you dont mind, Id rather not serve on the committee.
5. Diane would rather that her husband doesnt working so hard.
Diane would rather that her husband didnt work so hard.
B.

Choose the correct answer!

1. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should, without the
help of an adult, _______sit up or even stand up.
(A) to be able to
(C) able to
(B) to be able
(D) be able to

2. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there _______ long term
climatic changes in many areas during the past.
(A) must have been
(C) must be
(B) must have
(D) must

3. The general public________ a large number of computers now, because

prices are beginning to decrease.
(A) must have been buying
(B) must have bought

(C) must be buying

(D) must buying

4. Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the United States end in
divorce, about half of the children in America must _______ in single parent
homes.
(A) grow up
(C) growing up
(B) to grow up
(D) have grown up

5. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will ______ about

English, languages, literature, history, and the other social sciences.
(A) know
(C) knows
(B) known
(D) knowing
6. Harvard________ a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as
many women as men.
(A) was used
(C) used to be
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(B) was used to

(D) was used to be

7. To check for acidity, one had better _______litmus paper.

(A) use
(C) to use
(B) to use
(D) useful
8. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, _______.in groups.
(A) would rather living
(C) would rather live
(B) would rather they live
(D) would rather lived
9. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He ________ there for a long time.
(A) must have lived
(C) might be living
(B) ought to be lived
(D) should be living
10.When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody
______entered the house while we were away.
(A) must have
(C) ought to have
(B) would have
(D) should have
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. It is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross
told
A
B
General Washington she would rather that he changing the six-pointed
ones.
C
D
2. Because doctors are treating more people for skin cancer, it is widely
believed that
A
B
changes in the protective layers of the earths atmosphere must produced
harmful
C
D
effects.

3. Some astronomers contend that in ancient times, the Big Horn Medicine
Wheel, an
A
arrangement of stones in Wyoming, must have serve as sighting points for
B
C
D
observations of the sun.
4. The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather
using
A
horses than machines for transportation and farm work because they
believe that a
B
C
simple life keeps them closer to God.
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D
5. In todays competitive markets, even small businesses had better to
advertise
A
B
on TV and radio in order to gain a share of the market.
C
D
6. As television images of the astronauts showed, even for trained
professionals who
A
B
are used to move about in a lessened gravitational field, there are still
problems.
C
D
7. The Impressionists like Monet and Manet
create an
A
image of reality rather than reality itself.
D

are used to use color in order to

B

8. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring
every year.
A
B
C
D
9. When the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass must
originated
A
B
C
in the Arctic rather than over the Gulf of Mexico.
D
10.We had better to review this chapter carefully because we will have some
questions on
A

it.
D

UNIT 3
SINGULAR-PLURAL FORMS
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COUNT-NONCOUNT
A. SINGULAR AND PLURAL
(a) NOUN + -s: Friends are
important
NOUNS + -es: I like my
classes
SPELLING : FINAL -s vs es
(b) Song songs
(c) Glass glasses
(d) Toy toys
(d) Baby babies

A final s or es is added to make a noun

plural
Friend : a singular noun
Friends: a plural noun

For most words (whether a verb or a

noun), simply a final s is added to spell
the word correctly.
Final es is added to words that ends in
sh, -ch, -s, -z, and x
For words that end in y:
In (d): if y proceeded by a vowel, only s
is added.
In (e): if y is preceded by a consonant ,
the y is changed into i and es is
added

B. PLURALS
(a)
Man men
Mouse mice
Child children Foot feet
(b) echoes (c) photos (d) Mosquitoes
heroes
pianos
/
mosquitos
potatoes
videos
volcanoes
/volcanos
(e)
Knife - knives
(f) Belief - beliefs

(g)

Deer fish

sheep

(h)Criterion criteria (i) cactus cacti

(j) Formula formulae (k) basis bases
(l) Index indices
(m) datum - data

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The nouns in (a) have irregular

plural forms
Some nouns that end in :
o add es to form the plural,
as in (b)
o add only s to form in the
plural, as in (c)
o add either es or end s to
form the plural, as in (d)
Some nouns that end in :
e or fe are changed to ves
in the plural, as in (e)
f simply add s to form the
plural, as in (f)
- Some nouns have the same
singular and plural form (e.g.,
One deer is Two deer are .)
- Some nouns that English has
borrowed from other languages
have foreign plurals, as in (h) ,
(i), (j), (k), (l), (m)

Page 25

C. COUNT NOUN AND NONCOUNT NOUNS:

(a) I bought a chair. Sam
Chair is account noun, chairs are items
bought three chairs.
that can be counted
(b) We bought some
Furniture is a noncount nount. In
furniture.
grammar furniture cannot be counted
INCORRECT: We bought a
furniture
INCORRECT: We bought
some furnitures
SINGULAR
COUNT
NOUN

a chair
one chair

NONCOUNT
NOUN

furniture
some furniture

PLURA
L
chairs
two chairs
some
chairs

A count noun:
(1) May be preceded by
a/an in
the singular
(2) Takes a final s/-es in
the plural
A noncount noun:
(3) Is not immediately
preceded by a/an
(4) Has no plural form; does
not take a final s/-es

D. NONCOUNT NOUNS
Notice in the following: Most noncount nouns refer to a whole that is
made up of different parts
In (a): jewelry represents a
(a) I bought some earrings,
whole group of things that is
necklaces, rings and
made up of similar but separate
bracelets. In other words, I
items.
bought some jewelry.
In (b): sugar and coffee
(b) I put some sugar in my
represent whole masses made up
coffee
of individual particles or elements
In (c): luck is an abstract
(c) I wish you luck
concept, an abstract whole. It
has no physical form: you cant
touch it, you cant count it.
In (d): phenomena of nature, such
(d) Sunshine is warm and
as sunshine, are frequently used
cheerful
as noncount nouns.
A.

State whether the statements are correct or incorrect.

1. There are many mouses in our house.
There are many mice in our house.
2. Some churches in our country are old buildings.
Some churchs in our country are old buildings.
3. I need to buy some furniture for my new apartment.
I need to buy some furnitures for my new apartment.

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4. If you drink too much coffees, you will feel dizzy.

If you derink too much coffee, you will feel dizzy.
5. Hendra Wijaya is such an honest boy.
Hendra Wijaya is such a honest boy.
B.

Choose the Correct Answer

1. My scissors _____ sharp enough. I am going to buy a new one.

(A) is not
(C) does not
(B) are not
(D) do not
2. England _____ lot all their football matches this season.
(A) having
(C) have
(B) has
(D) is had
3. The police _____ to interview Fred about robbery.
(A) want
(C) wants
(B) are wanting
(D) were wanted
4. Mathematics _____ my best subject at school.
(A) is not
(C) not does
(B) are not
(D) do not
5. The trousers you bought for me _____ fit me.
(A) is not
(C) does not
(B) are not
(D) do not
6. My hometown has _____, thunder, fog, sleet, and snow in the winter months.
(A) rains
(C) rain
(B) rained
(D) raining
7. It would be better to check your _____ if you go to the post office.
(A) mailing
(C) mail
(B) mails
(D) my
8. We are going to cook these _____ on the barbeque.
(A) steak
(C) steakes
(B) steakoes
(D) steaks
9. _____ usually inherit some characteristics from their father and some from
their father.
(A) childrens
(C) children
(B) childes
(D) childs
10. There was not much__________ in the pool so we did not swim.
(A) waters
(C) watering
(B) water
(D) watered
B. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

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1. To make a yummy fruit salad we need some apples, tomatos, water melons,
and papayas.
A
B
C
D
2. The informations you gave to the detective was very misleading, you should
clarify it soon.
A
B
C
D
3. Although polyester was very popular and is still used in making clothing,
cloth made of
A
B
C
natural fibers is more fashionable today.
D
4. Homeworks are not only given to the pupils in Junior high school but also to
the children in
A
B
C
D
elementary school.
5. Art of colonial America was very functional, consisting mainly of useful
objects such as
A
B
C
furnitures and household utensil.
D
6. George had a good luck when he first came to State University.
A
B
C

7. In 1959 it was naively predicted that eight or ten computer would be

sufficient to handle all
A
B
of the scientific and business needs in the United States.
C
D
8. After spending most of his life travelling round the world, he is now writing a
book about
A
B
C
his experiences.
D
9. I know I always feel great in bright sunshines, during the summer months.
A
B
C
D
10. I had a pair of knifes on the table, which I was going to use later for dinner. .
A
B
C
D

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UNIT 4
WORD ORDER
A. WORD ORDER IN ADJECTICE
Det
.

Opinio
n

silly

Two

Siz
e

Age
youn
g

hug
e
sma
ll

Som
e

Sha
pe

Fact
Colo Origi
r
n
Englis
h

roun
d

Materi
al

Purpo
se

man
metal

red

sleepin
g

B. WORD ORDER IN SENTENCE

Word order for a simple and affirmative sentence.
subject
I
I

verb(s)
speak
can speak

object
English
English

subject

verb

indirect
object

direct
object

place

time

will tell

you

the story

at
school

tomorrow
.

direct

place

time

Word order in a negative sentence.

subject

verbs

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indirect

Nou
n

bowl
s
bags

Page 29

object
you

will not
tell

object
the
story

at
school

tomorrow
.

C. POSITION OF TIME EXPRESSION

subject

verb

will
tell

indirect
object
you

direct
object

time

the story

tomorrow,
recently,
now, then,
yesterday.

D. POSITION OF ADVERBS
1) Adverb of Frequency
These are usually put before the main verb (except for 'be' as a main
verb).
subje
ct

auxiliary/
be

I
He

doesn't

We

are

have

adver
b

main verb

object, place or
time

often

go
swimming

in the evenings.

play

tennis.

alway
s
usuall
y
never

here in summer.
been

abroad.

2) Adverb of Manner
subje
ct

verb(
s)

He

drove

He

drove

direct
objec
t
the
car

These adverbs are

put behind the direct
object (or behind the
carefull verb if there's no
direct object).
y
carefull
y
adver
b

3) Adverb of Manner

verb(s)

direc
t
obje
ct

adver
b

didn't
see

him

here

He

stayed

subje
ct

4) Adverbs of Time

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behin
d

Like adverbs of manner,

these adverbs are put
behind the direct object
or the verb

Page 30

subje
ct

verb(
s)

indire
ct
object

direct
object

time

will
tell

you

the
story

tomorro
w

Adverbs of time
are usually put at
the end of the
sentence

E. SUBJECT AUXILIARY WORD INVERSION

In normal everyday English, inversion is used :
to make questions :
does he? can you?
after so, neither, nor :
so do I, neither do I.
In written English, as well as in a very formal style, inversion is used in
the following cases :
After negative adverbial
(a) At no time did she say she would
expressions
come.
After adverbial expressions of
(b) On the doorstep was a bunch of
place
flowers.
After seldom, rarely, never
(c) Seldom have I seen such a
beautiful view.
(d) No sooner had I arrived than they After hardly, scarcely, no
sooner, when one thing
all started to argue
happens after another
(e) Only after the meeting did I realize After adverbial expressions
beginning with 'only'
the importance of the subject
After exclamations with here
(f) Here comes the winner!
and there

A. State whether the statements are correct or incorrect.

1. I am interested in buying a wonderful old Italian clock.
I am interested in buying an old wonderful Italian clock.
2. My husband really wants to have some slim new French trousers.
My husband really wants to have some French slim new trousers.
3. Sonya always goes to school on foot because her school is very close to
her house.
Sonya goes always to school on foot because her school is very close to
her house.
4. Never I have seen such a great movie.
Never have I seen such a great movie.
5. Only after the car crash have they become careful drivers.
Only after the car crash they have become careful drivers.
B. Choose the correct answer.
1. Tom is very temperamental, and he _____
(A) always gets angry
(B) gets always angry
(C) always angry gets
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(D) angry always gets

2. He likes his new job very much and _____.
(A) works hardly
(B) hard works
(C) hardly work
(D) works hard
3. My younger brother plays _____
(A) the piano very well
(B) very good the piano
(C) very well the piano
(D) the piano very good
4. Where are you considering In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced
a _____ to New Yorks rock n roll fans.
(A) new dance, the twist
(B) twist, was the new dance
(C) twist, the new dance
(D)new dance is the twist
5. I think Jane deserved to be fired for her _____
(A) totally behavior irresponsible
(B) behavior totally irresponsible
(C) irresponsible totally behavior
(D)totally irresponsible behavior
6. _____ appeared to be coming from the science lab next door.
(A) The pungent unpleasant odor of burning plastic
(B) The unpleasant pungent odor of burning plastic
(C) The pungent unpleasant odor of plastic burning
(D)The unpleasant odor pungent of burning plastic
7. One of Farahs favorite subjects in school is drama because _____ lots of fun
and enjoys being part of it all
(A) has really she
(B) she really has
(C) she really is
(D)is she really
8. Only after they had completed the analysis to that degree ___ how to apply
technology to the needs of our enterprise.
(A) did they ask to begin
(B) did they begin to ask
(C) they did begin to ask
(D)to ask did they begin
9. The archeologists were astonished to find such _____ at that particular site.
(A) an incredibly rare beautiful artifact
(B) a rare incredibly beautiful artifact
(C) a beautiful artifact incredibly rare
(D)an incredibly beautiful rare artifact
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10.

_____ explorers the nature of guilt and responsibility and builds to a

remarkable conclusion.
(A) The written beautifully novel
(B) The beautifully written novel
(C) The novel beautifully written
(D) The written novel beautifully

C. Choose the incorrect answer

1.

Overtime the young students will perfect the art of

piano playing. After all such a tuned finely
A
B
C
D
instrument need delicate handling.

2.

In that particular department of the company, production keeps going

often day and night.
A
D

3.

The tenants were asked to throw all recyclable trash into the green big
plastic bag
A
B
C
D

4.

I know I always feel great in bright sunshines during the summer months.

5.

A
B
C
D
Bella is a beautifully girl who always goes to campus by car every day.
A

D
6.

There are some importance points that they are going to discuss
tomorrow.
A

7.

When my brother was studying abroad he got married to a small Canadian

thin lady
A

D
8.

George gave his wife a beautiful blue boat sailing as a birthday present.
A

D
9.

Young mothers like cooking with microwave because it can cook fastly.

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Page 33
A

D
10. Uncle Jim walks with shakily because he is getting old and once he got a
tremor.
A

UNIT 5
DETERMINERS
A. DEFINITE AND INDENFINITE ARTICLES
ARTICLE THE
a) An elephant and a mouse fell in
love. The mouse loved the
elephant's long trunk, and the
elephant loved the mouse's tiny
nose.

a) To refer to something this has

already been mentioned.

d) The sun sets in the west.

b) When both the speaker and

listener know what is being
talked about, even if it has not
been mentioned before.
c) in sentences or clauses where we
define or identify a particular
person or object.
d) to refer to objects we regard as
unique.

e) They have their honeymoon in the

Yacht the Caribbean
f) she grew up in the seventies

e) with names of geographical

areas and oceans.
f) with decades, or groups of years.

b) Could you open the door, please?

c) My house is the one with a blue
door.

ARTICLE A/ AN
1.
An elephant and a mouse
fell in love.
2.
a. John is a doctor
(B) John is an Englishman.
(C) Sherlock Holmes was playing a
violin
(D) I was born on a Thursday
3.

it was a very strange car

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1. to refer to something for the

first time
2. to refer to a particular member
of a group or class; a) with
names of jobs, b) with
nationalities and religions,
c) with musical instruments,
d) with names of days.
3. to refer to a kind of, or example
of something.

Page 34
4.

She's such a beautiful

4. with singular nouns, after the
words 'what' and 'such':

5.
The burglar took a diamond
necklace and a valuable
painting

5. meaning 'one', referring to a

single object or person:

EXPLANATION
NO ARTICLE
a) Germany is an important economic
power (But: I'm visiting the United
States next week.)

a) with names of countries (if

singular)..

b) English uses many words of Latin

origin
c) Breakfast is the first meal of the
day.

b) with the names of languages

c) with the names of meals.

d) with people's names (if

d) George King is my uncle.
singular):
(But: we're having lunch with the
John's coming to the party
Morgans tomorrow.)
e) President Kennedy was
e) with titles and names
assassinated in Dallas.
(But: the Queen of England, the
Pope.)
f) After the 's possessive case
f) His brother's car.
g) with professions
g) Engineering is a useful career
h) with years
h) 1948 was a wonderful year.
i) with uncountable nouns
i) Rice is the main food in Asia.
j) with the names of individual
j) Mount McKinley is the highest
mountains, lakes and islands
mountain in Alaska.
k) with most names of towns,
k) Victoria Station is in the centre of
streets, stations and airports
London
1.in some fixed expressions, for example:
by car
on foot
at school
in prison
by train
on holiday
at work
in bed
by air
on air
at University
in church

B. DEMONSTRATIVES
The demonstratives this, that, these, those show where an object or
person is in relation to the speaker.
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Page 35
this (singular) and these (plural) refer to an object or person near the
speaker. that (singular) and those (plural) refer to an object or person
further away. It can be a physical closeness or distance as in the following
examples.
1.This car looks cleaner than that one.
2.This old world keeps turning round
3.I would like some of those cookies on that shelf.
4.These dolls on the table here are very old.

C. QUANTIFIERS
An expression of quantity (many, much, few, little) may precede a noun.
Pay attention that some expressions of quantity are used only with count
nouns; some only with noncount nouns. Some with either count or noncount
nouns
USING A FEW AND FEW; A LITLLE AND LITTLE
a few
(a) She is a new students but she a few and a little give a
positive idea; they indicate
has made a few friends.
that something exists, is
(positive idea: she has made
present, as in (a) and (b)
some friends)
a little
(b) Im very pleased. Ive been
able to save a little money
this month. (positive idea: I
have save some money
instead of spending all of it)
few

a few

I am very sorry for her. She has

very few friends, (Negative
idea: she does not have many
friends; she has almost no
friends)
I have very little money. I dont
even have enough money to buy
food for dinner. (negative idea: I
do not have much money, I have
almost no money)

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few and little (without a)

give a negative idea; they
indicate that something is
largely absent.
very (+few/little) makes
the negative idea stronger,
the amount/the number
smaller.

Page 36
USING MUCH AND MANY
much
(a) I dont have much money
(b) How much water do you
consume every day?
many

much and many mainly

used in negative sentences
as in (a) and (c) and
questions, as in (b) and (d)

(c) There arent many new

species here.
(d) How many cigarettes do you
smoke in a day?

USING SOME AND ANY

Some: we some in affirmative sentences
Any: we use any in negative sentences and most in questions (but not
all).
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
INTEROGATIVE
There are some
There aren't any
Are there any apples?
apples.
apples.
(We want to know if
(We don't know how
(The bowl is empty)
the bowl contains
many, but the bowl
apples)
is not empty)
USING ENOUGH
(a) I am strong enough to lift that
box. I can lift it.
(b) I have enough strength to lift
that box.
(c) I have strength enough to lift
that box.

A.

Enough follows an adjective, as in

(c)
Enough may precede a noun, as in
(d), or follow a noun as in (c)

Choose the Correct Answer

1. We took a new routes to the beach house.
We tool a new route to the beach house.
2. He gave too many different reasons for his actions.
He gave too many different reason for his actions.
3. You need to show a little kindness then she will be yours.
You need to show a few kindness then she will be yours.
4. There are any children playing in the park.
There are some children playing in the park.
5. There were not much people came to his birthday party.
There were not much people came to his birthday party.

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Page 37

B.

Choose the correct answer!

1. In __________, the team has begun to show some form again and has won
some big games.
(A) few weeks
(B) few past weeks
(C) the past few weeks
(D) a few weeks since
2. George Washington once said that _______ have virtue enough to withstand
the highest bidder.
(A) few men
(B) the few men
(C) few are the men
(D) the men are few
3. We
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

were fortunate enough to visit the Grand Canyon. It has _____.

beautiful scenery that is much
many beautiful landscapes
many beautiful sceneries
much beautiful scenery

4. Do you have _____ to do today? We could have a long lunch if not.

(A) many work
(B) much work
(C) many works
(D) much works
5.

Our company didn't pay _____ for that banner advertisement.

(A) much funds
(B) many funds
(C) many money
(D) much money

6.

I am familiar with that product. I don't know _____ times I've seen it
advertised on TV.
(A) how many
(B)
how often
(C)
how much
(D) many often

7. We
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

saw quite _____ wild animals while on vacation

a few
much
many
some

8. There is an island near ___ Pacific Ocean.

(A) a
(B) an
(C) the
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Page 38
(D) on
9. _____ is currently available to researchers and physicians who study and treat
acromegaly, a glandular disorder characterized by enlargement and obesity.
(A) The little information
(B) Few information
(C) Little information
(D) A few information
10.When your body do not get _____, it cannot make the glucose it needs.
(A) enough food
(B) food as enough
(C) food enough
(D)enough the food
C.

Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. Lisa wants to drink a water because she is very thirsty.

A
B
C

2. Serbian conduct in Bosnia has been strongly condemned by the civilized

world, but
A
B
few serious action has been taken against it.
C
D
3. The Suvarnabhumi airport, Thailand's new international airport, is the largest
in Asia
A
B
C
D
4. Sperm whale is a unique organism in that it is the largest mammal on earth.
A
B
C
D
5. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, any writers claimed that lists of
wonders of the world
A
B
C
have existed during the Middle Ages.
D

6. Many heavy work that was once done by hand can now be done more easily
with the help
A
B
C
D
of compressed air.
7. Peter and Carol dont have much children, just one daughter and one son.
A
B
C
D

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Page 39
8.

His score on the exam was enough good to qualify him for a graduate
program.
A
B
C
D

9. This trees will grow very tall if you water them every day.
A
B
C

10.Grand Canyon National Park is said to be one of the first National Parks in the
United States
A
B
C
and attracts more than five million visitors a year.
D

UNIT 6
TENSES
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THE SIMPLE TENSE

Tense
Examples
Simple
(a) It snows in Alaska
Present
(b)
I
read
newspaper every morning

Present
Progressive
(Continuous)

Tense
Simple Past

Past
Progressive
(Continuous)

(c)

John
is
eating dinner now
(d)
We
are
leaving for the theater at
seven oclock.
Examples
John went to Spain last
year.
(b) Bob bought a new bicycle
yesterday.
(c) Maria washed the dishes
last night
(a)

(d) When Mark came home,

Martha
was
watching
television.
(e)
Martha
was watching television
while John was reading a
book.

THE PERFECT TENSE

Tense
Examples
Present
(a) John has travelled around
Perfect
the world.
(b) George has seen this movie
three times.
(c) John has lived in the same
house for twenty years. (he
still lives there)

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Meaning
In general, the simple
present
expresses
events or situations
that
exist
always,
usually, habitually. They
exist now, have existed
in
the
past,
and
probably will exist in
the future.
This
present
progressive is used to
indicate present time
(now) with all (c).
It is also used to
indicate future time (d).
Meaning
The simple past is used
for a completed action
that happened at one
specific time in the
past.
It began and ended in
the past.
Past progressive is used
to indicate an action
which was occurring in
the
past
and
was
interrupted by another
action.(d)
It is also used to
indicate two actions
occurring at the same
time in the past. (e)

Meaning
The present perfect is
used to indicate an
action that happened at
an indefinite time in the
past (a)
It is also used to
indicate an action that
happened more than
once in the past (b)
It is also used to
indicate
an
action

Page 41

Present
Perfect
Continuous

(a) I have been waiting for her

since you left

Tense
Past Perfect

Examples
(a) John had gone to the store
before he went home.

began in the past and is

still occurring in the
present (c).
Present
perfect
continuous is used to
indicate an action that
began in the past and
still occurring in the
present (present perfect
rules). It is also possible
to use the present
perfect progressive.
Meaning
Past perfect is used to
indicate an action that
happened
before
another action in the
past; there usually are
two actions in the
sentence.

Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. Please, be quiet. I am trying to concentrate.
2. Kathy is always washing her hair every other day.
3. I called Mary last night.
4. In her whole life time, I have never see snow.
5. She will probably attends the meeting.
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. A: How long has she been the principal of our school?
B: Since I _____this school.
(A) was entering
(C) have entered
(B) would entered
(D) entered
2. A: Can I borrow your magazine?
B: I am sorry, my sister ______it.
(A) is still reading
(C) has been reading
(B) will still read
(D) still reads
3. Oh dear! I forgot to bring my dictionary.
Thats all right. I ______you mine.
(A) am lending.
(C) am going to lend
(B) will lend
(D) will be lending
4. Where is my dictionary? It was on my desk.
Perhaps, somebody ______it.
(A) takes
(C) has taken
(B) is taking
(D) had taken
5. Political demonstrations on American campuses have abated_______
(A) after 1970
(C) in 1970
(B) for 1970
(D) since 1970
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Page 42

6. People who have very little technical background

understand computer language.
(A) learn
(C) learning
(B) learned
(D) learns

have______

to

7. Before the Angles and Saxons ______to England, the Ibarians had lived
there.
(A) came
(C) comes
(B) had come
(D) has come
8. My nephew______ working for me about ten years ago.
(A) begun
(C) begin
(B) have begun
(D) began
9. Doctoral students who are preparing to take their qualifying examinations
have been studying in the library every night _______the last three months.
(A) since
(C) until
(B) before
(D) after
10.The internal Revenue service ______their tax forms by April 15 every year.
(A) makes
(C) make
(B) is making
(D) has made
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Before she died, Andrew Jacksons daughter, who lives in the family
mansion, used
A
B
C
to take tourists through her home.
D
2. In 1867, The United Stated will purchased Alaska from the Russians for
$7.2 million.
A
B
C
D
3. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in All
Star
A
B
C
D
game.
4. Robert E. Lee surrenders the Confederate army to General Grant in 1865
at the
A
B
C
D
Appomattox
5. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on earth.
A
B
C
D

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Page 43
6. When Columbus seen the new world, he thought that he had reached the
East
A
B
C
Indies by way of a Western route.
D
7. Nerve impulses will send sensation to the brain at a speed of about one
hundred
A
B
C
yards per second.
D
8. In 1970, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the average
life
A
B
expectancy for people born during year is 72.4 years.
C
D
9. The professor had already given the homework assignment when he had
A
had remembered that Monday was a holiday.
B
C
D
10.John lived in New York since 1990 to 2000, but he is now living in Detroit.
A
B
C
D

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Page 44

UNIT 7
PASSIVE
A. Form
We make passive verb forms with the verb TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
To be includes: am, is, are, was, were, be, and been.
B. Uses
TENSE

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT

Jim plays a toy.

A toy is played by Jim.

SIMPLE PAST

Jim played a toy.

A toy was played by Jim.

SIMPLE FUTURE

Jim will play a toy.

A toy will be played by Jim.

PRESENT CONTINOUS

Jim is playing a toy.

A toy is being played by Jim.

PAST CONTINOUS

Jim was playing a toy.

A toy was being played by Jim.

BE GOING TO

Jim is going to play a toy. A toy is going to be played by

PRESENT PERFECT

Jim has played a toy.

Jim.
A toy has been played by Jim.

PAST PERFECT

Jim had played a toy.

A toy had been played by Jim.

FUTURE PERFECT

Jim will have played a

A toy will have been played

MODAL

toy.
Jim may play a toy.

by Jim.
A toy may be played by Jim.

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Page 45
C. Need
a.
My
computer needs to be repaired
b.
My
computer needs repairing

Verb need may be followed by to be

+V-3 or
V-ing without any differences in
meaning

Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold
My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold
2. Laura was born in Iowa
Laura born in Iowa
3. Most of us are sponsored from our parents
Most of us are sponsored by our parents
4. The car was inspected for customs
The car was inspected by customs
5. Her watch needed repaired
Her watch needed repairing
B. Choose the Correct Answer.
1. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported
into the United States, a report needs ________with the customs office.
(A) file
(C) file
(B) to file
(D) to be filed
2. The famous architect, Frank Wright, was greatly _______., who wanted him
to study architecture.
(A) influenced by his mother (C) from his mothers influence
(B) his mother influenced him (D) influencing for his mother.
3. In the stringed instruments, the toners _______ by planting a bow across a
set of strings that may be made of wire or gut.
(A) they produce
(C) producing
(B) are produced
(D) that are producing
4. ________ Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike
animal.
(A) It is generally believed that
(C) Generally believed it is
(B) Believed generally is
(D) That is generally believed
5. Hundreds of houses and other buildings ________ by the raging tropical
storms which later developed into a hurricane.
(A) were developing
(C) were developed
(B) are developing
(D) are developed
6. The biology class will _______into two sections to prevent overcrowding in
his classroom.
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Page 46
(A) be divided
(B) divide

(C) be divide
(D) be dividing

7. We arrived at the store to purchase the dishwasher which _________ in the

local newspaper.
(A) has been advertised
(C) have been advertised
(B) had been advertised
(D) is advertised
8. A great deal of property _______ by hurricanes each year.
(A) is destroyed
(C) was destroyed
(B) destroyed
(D) destroy
9. Next week, some new equipment _______ by the company to increase the
production.
(A) will be ordered
(C) was ordered
(B) is ordered
(D) ordered
10.These contracts _______ by the manager in the next meeting.
(A) should be signed
(C) was signed
(B) is signed
(D) signed

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. Work
A

is often measure in units called foot pounds.

B
C
D

2. In the ionosphere, gases have been partly ionize for high frequency
radiation from
A
B
C
the sun and other sources.
D
3. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across the country
was built
A
B
about thirty-five years ago, most of the roads in the system now need
repaired.
C
D
4. It is believe that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the
A
B
C
youngest mountain ranges-----the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra
Nevada.
D
5. With special enzymes that are call restriction enzymes, it is possible to
spilt off
A
B
segments of DNA from the donor organism.
C
D

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Page 47
6. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee.
A
B
C
D
7. He is sent an e mail last week to inform him about the new schedule
A
B
C
D
8. We are suppose to read all of the chapter seven and answer the questions
for
A
B
C
tomorrows class
D
9. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago.
A
B
C
D
10. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding
our
A
B
C
weekend trip to the mountains.
D

UNIT 8
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
In all patterns, there must be an agreement of subject and verb. Avoid using a
verb that agrees with the modifier of a subject.
USING EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY (BE AS VERB)
SINGULAR VERB
PLURAL VERB
(a)
Some of the book (c) Some of the books
is good.
are good.
(b)
A lot of the (d) A lot of my friends
equipment is new.
are here.

(e)

One
of
friends is here

my

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The verb is determined

by
the
noun
(or
pronoun) that follows of
in most expressions of
quantity. Notice in (a)
and (c)
Some of + singular
noun + singular verb
Some of + plural noun
+ plural verb
EXCEPTION:
one
of,
each
of,

Page 48
(f)

Each
of
my
friends is here
(g)
Every one of my
friends is here
(h)

(j)

None of the boys (i)

None
of
the
is here
boys
are
here.
(informal)

((9
The number of (k)
A number of
students in the class
students were late
is fifteen.
for class

every one of
singular verbs.

take

one of, each of, every

one of + plural noun +
singular verb
Subjects with none of
are considered singular
in very formal English,
but plural verbs are
often used in informal
speech and writing.
COMPARE:
In (j) the number is
the subject. In (k) a
number
of
is
an
expression of quantity,
meaning a lot of. It is
followed by a plural
noun and a plural verb.

Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1.

The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm

file, is among the best in the country.
The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file,
are among the best in the country.

2.

Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments were delayed, we will
have to reschedule our work.
Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments was delayed, we will have
to reschedule our work.

USING MAIN VERB

SINGULAR VERB
PLURAL VERB
(a)
The
student (d)
The students
always borrows the
always borrow the
book.
book.
(b)
The book has a (e)
The books have
good story.
good story.
(c)
The child usually (f)
The
children
sleeps at 9 am.
usually sleep at 9
am.

If a main verb is used:

Singular noun + main
verb+ s/es
Plural noun + main
verb (without s/es)

Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1.

Several pets, two dogs and a cat, needs to be taken care of while we are
gone.
Several pets, two dogs and a cat, need to be taken care of while we are gone.

2.

State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, have more

than 50,000 students on main campus.

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State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, has more than
50,000 students on main campus
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARIES
SINGULAR VERB
(a)
The news is interesting.
(b)
Mathematics is easy for
her. Physics is easy for her,
too.
(c)
Ghosts is the best film I
have ever watched.
(d)
The United Nations has its
headquarters in New York
City.
(e)
Eight hours of sleep is
enough.
(f)
Ten dollars is too much
too pay.
(g)
Five thousand miles is too
far to travel.
PLURAL VERB
(h)
Those people are from
Canada
(i)
The police have been
called.

Sometimes a noun that ends in s is

singular. Notice the examples: If the
noun is changed to a pronoun, the
singular pronoun it is used (not the
plural pronoun they).
Note: Fields of study, as in (b), that end
is -ics take singular verbs.
Expression of time, money, and
distance usually take a singular verb.

People and police do not end in s but

are plural nouns and take plural verbs

SINGULAR-PLURAL VERB
SINGULAR VERB
(j)
English
is
spoken in many
countries.
(k)
Chinese is his
native language

PLURAL VERB
(l)
The
English
drink tea.
(m)
The
Chinese
have
an
interesting history

(n)

The poor have

many problems.
(o)
The rich get
richer.

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In (j): English language

In (l): the English people
from England
Some nouns of nationality
that end in sh, -ese, and
ch can mean either
language or people.
E.g. English, Spanish,
Chinese, Japanese,
Vietnamese, Portuguese,
French
A few adjectives can be
preceded by the and used
as a plural noun (without
final s) to refer to people
who have this quality.
Other examples:
the young, the old, the
living, the dead, the blind,
the deaf, the handicapped.

Page 50

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE

There and here introduce verb-subject order. The verb agrees with the subject
following it.
There
There

Verb

Subject
a lot of
people in the
park.

are
Here

Verb

Subject
Here
is
the
result
of
discussion
Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject

the

EXERCISES
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. I think there was ten people in line.
I think there were ten people in line.
2. There has been very little rain this summer.
There have been very little rain this summer.
3. Statistics is a difficult subject for me.
Statistics are a difficult subject for me
B. Choose the correct answer!
1.
A group of tissues, each with its own function, ____ in the human body
(A) it makes up the organs
(C) they make up the organs
(B) make up the organs
(D)makes up the organs
2.

Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods, ____

(A) were a little winged child
(B) representing as a little winged child
(C) was represented as a little winged child
(D)a little winged child

3.

In a suspension bridge ____ that carry one or more flexible cables firmly
attached at each end.
(A) there is two towers on it
(C) two towers there are
(B) there are two towers
(D)towers there are two

4.

The Palo Verde tree ____ in spring.

(A) has beautiful yellow blossoms
(B) beautiful yellow blossoms

(C) having
beautiful
yellow
blossoms
(D)with beautiful yellow blossoms

5.

Nine of every ten people in the world ____in the country in which they were
born.
(A) living
(C) lives
(B) they are living
(D)live

6.

The average temperature of rocks on the surface of the earth ____55

degrees F.
(A) be
(B) are
(C) is
(D)been

For Internal Use Only

Pusat Bahasa Unesa @ 2011

Page 51

7.

All of the people at the AAME conference are ____

(A) mathematic teachers
(C) mathematics teacher
(B) mathematics teachers
(D)mathematics teachers

8.

Oscillatona, one of the few plants that can move about, ____ a wavy,
gliding motion.
(A) having
(B) has
(C) being
(D)with

9.

In the ocean, ____ more salt in the deeper water.

(A) is there
(C) there is
(B) it may be
(D)it is

10.

The yearly path of the sun around the heavens ____.

(A) is known as the ecliptic
(C) it is known to be ecliptic
(B) known as the ecliptic
(D)knowing as the ecliptic

For Internal Use Only

Pusat Bahasa Unesa @ 2011

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state, are not only the largest city in
Ohio but also a
A
B
C
typical metropolitan area, often used in market research.
D
2. There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori
Method to
A
B
C
encourage an individual initiative.
D
3. A thunderhead, dense clouds that rise high in the sky in huge columns,
produce hail,
A
B
C
D
rain, or snow.
4. Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease are likely to
develop
B
B
C
D
symptoms of it.
5. Both a term paper and a final exam is required for Chemistry 320.
A
B
C
D
6. Studies of job satisfaction are unreliable because there is so many
variables and because
A
B
C
the admission of dissatisfaction may be viewed as a personal failure.
D
7. The popularity of soccer in the United States were increased significantly
by the playing
A
B
C
of the World Cup in cities throughout the country in1994.
D
8. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in the
All Star
A
B
C
D
game.
9. The information officer at the bank told his customers that there was
several different
A
B
C
D
kinds of checking accounts available.
10.Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in
soccer.
A
B
C
D

UNIT 9
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same
grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called parallel
structure. The conjunctions used in this pattern are and, but, or nor.
(a) Steve and Joe are coming to
dinner.
(b) Susan raised her hand and
snapped her fingers.
(c) He is wearing his arms and
(is) shouting at us
(d) These shoes are old but
comfortable
(e) He wants to watch TV or (to)
listen to some music
(f) They must put the book on
the table or the chair
(g) We know where he went and
what he did
(h) Both my brother and my
sister are doctors
(i) Neither Paul nor Linda lives
in New York
(j) You can either sit there or
wait here
(k) Jane went to the post office
not only to buy stamps but
also to send letters.
(l) Steve, Joe, and Alice are
coming to dinner
(m)
Susan raised her hand,
snapped her fingers, and
asked a question.
(n) The colors in that fabric are
red, gold, black, and green.

In (a): noun + and + noun

In (b): verb + and + verb
In (c): verb + and + verb ( The
second auxiliary may be omitted if
it is the same as the first auxiliary
In (d): adjective + but + adjective
In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive
(the second to may be omitted)
In (f): phrase or phrase
In (g) clause + and + clause
In (h): both ..and .
In (i): neither nor
In (j): either ..or
In (k): not only .but also
.

A parallel structure may contain

more than two parts. In a series,
commas are used to separate each
unit. The final comma that
precedes
the
conjunction
is
optional but is customarily used.
(No commas are used if there are
only parts to a parallel structure).

Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. We learned to read the passage carefully and underlying the main idea.
We learned to read the passage carefully and to underline the main idea.
2. She is not only famous in the United States, but also in Indonesia.
She is famous not only in the United States, but also in Indonesia.
3. The students are obliged to write and reporting the results of their field study.
The students are obliged to write and report the results of their field study.
4. He is neither helpful nor polite.
He is neither help nor polite.
5. He is still confused both the first question and the second one.
He is still confused both the first question or the second one.
B. Choose the correct answer
1. A hot and sunny climate can be neutralized by eating less, drinking more
liquids, and ________ wearing lighter clothing
(A) wears lighter clothing
(C) to wear lighter clothing
(B) wearing lighter clothing
(D) wear lighter clothing
2. Both historically and _______, Ontario is the heartland of Canada
(A) in its geography
(C) also its geography
(B) geographically
(D) geography
3. He knows where she lives and ________
(A) what she does
(B) her address

(C) she does

(D) her job

4. Peter is not reading a novel but ________

(A) to wait her
(B) writing a letter

(C) type a report

(D) wash his car

5. A vacuum will neither conduct heat nor ________.

(A) transmit sound waves
(C)
transmitted
(B) transmitting sound waves
(D)
sound waves

sound
the

waves
transmission

are
of

6. North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National
Park ________.for the Cherokee Indian settlements.
(A) also
(C) but also
(B) and
(D) because of
7. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to increase the
subscription price or ________.
(A) to sell advertising
(C) selling advertising
(B) if they should sell advertising
(D) sold advertising
8.

When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to
college, getting a job, or ___________.
(A) joining the army
(C) joins the army

(B) to join the army

(D) join the army

9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and _______ beautiful butterflies are Derricks
hobbies.
(A) to mount
(C) mounting
(B) mounts
(D) mount
10. The chief of police demanded from his assistants an orderly investigation, a
well-written report, and _______.
(A) that they work hard
(C) working hard
(B) hard work
(D) work hard

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but impressively.
A
B
C
D
2. They want to know where she went and did two days ago.
A
B
C
D
3. My friend is interested not in books but in watching films.
A
B
C
D
4. I think they can explain clearly neither when they go nor they do.
A
B
C
D
5. The books and the magazine might be the bag or under the chair.
A
B
C
D
6. Both Linda or Mary usually go to the cinema on Saturdays.
A
B
C
D
7. Either Elisa nor Eriana really wanted to see them last week.
A
B
C
D
8. They can go there either at the end of July or they can go there at the end of
August.
A
B
C
D
9. The aims of the Common Market are to eliminate tariffs member countries;
developing
A
common policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, and transportation; and
B
to abolish trust and cartels.
C
D
10. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked
A
B
C
D

UNIT 10
CAUSATIVE VERBS
Causative verbs are used to show that one person causes second person
to do something for the first person. It means that he can cause another person
to do something for him by paying, asking, or forcing the person. The causative
verbs commonly used are: have, get, make.
(1)ACTIVE
S + have / make* + complement + verb in simple
form .......
(any tense)
(usually person)
e. g. :
Gery had Tom clean the floor. (Tom cleaned the floor).
I have my husband buy me a new car.
The robber made the teller give him the money. (The
robber forced the teller to give him the money.)
The president is making his cabinet members sign this
document.
* The causative verb make can be followed only by a clause in the active
voice. It has stronger sense than have and get. It means force
(2)ACTIVE
S
+
get
+
complement
+
to
infinitive ................
(any tense)
(usually person)
e. g. :
Gery got Tom to clean the floor. (Tom cleaned the floor)
I get my husband to buy me a new car.

(3)PASSIVE
S + have / get + complement + V 3 (past participle)
............
(any tense)
(usually thing)
e. g.:
Gery got (had) the floor cleaned.
(The floor was cleaned by somebody)
I have/get the new car bought.

Other examples:
1. The lecturer had the students hand in the term paper on time.
The lecturer got the students to hand in the term paper on time.
The lecturer got/had the term paper handed in.
2. Dick is having his sister make the bed.
Dick is getting his sister to make the bed.
Dick is getting/having the bed made.
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. The teacher made John to leave the class.
2. Ellen got Marley paint the wall.
3. The policeman made the robber lie on the ground.
4. Maria had Gene prepare the meal.
5. We have to have our children to study hard.
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. Nadia will have her friend______ her essay assignment next week.
(A) submit
(C) submitting
(B) submitted
(D) to submit
2. The students are getting the lecturer _______ the schedule.
(A) change
(C) to change
(B) changing
(D) changed
3. The attorney had his client_______ the possibility of winning the case.
(A) consider
(C) to consider
(B) considering
(D) considered
4. All people make the new leader _______the need for justice and equality.
(A) emphasize
(C) to emphasize
(B) emphasizing
(D) emphasized
5. The instructor had the trainees _______a project report.

(A) making
(B) make

(C) made
(D) to make

6. The test administrator made us not _______our books until h told us to do

so.
(A) open
(C) opening
(B) to open
(D) opened
7. Jack always gets me _______beside him.
(A) not to smoke
(C) not smoking
(B) no smoking
(D) not smoke
8. The speaker is getting the audience ______to his speech.
(A) listen
(C) listening
(B) listened
(D) to listen
9. The principal always has the students _______the school rules.
(A) obey
(C) to obey
(B) obeying
(D) obeyed
10.The new government will have the budget of education_______.
(A) increased
(C) increase
(B) to increase
(D)increasing
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Luis got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write
the report
A
B
for him because he did not have enough time.
C
D
2. The director had them to work in committees to plan
advertising
A
B
C
campaign for a new product.
D

a more effective

3. James lecturer had him to rewrite his thesis many times before allowing
him to
A
B
C
present it to the committee.
D
4. I always go to the hairdressers to have my hair to cut every month.
A
B
C
D
5. Why dont you make her doing it herself.
A
B
C
D
6. Hendry always gets the room cleanly every day.
A
B
C
D

7. Father will have the mechanic repaired my car before I use it tomorrow.
A
B
C
D
8. The police officer had the suspect to fill the form.
A
B
C
D
9. Nadine usually gets the woman sweep the floor in the morning.
A
B
C
D
10.Father will have the room clean before the guests arrive.
A
B
C

UNIT 11
SUBJUNCTIVE
Subjunctive is used in a noun clause that follows certain verbs and expressions.
The sentences generally stress importance. Subjunctive verbs are used only in
their simple form. They do not have present, past, or future form; they are
neither singular nor plural.
(a) The teacher demands that we be
on time.
(b) I insisted that he pay me the
money
(c) I recommended that she not go to
the concert
(d) It is important that they be told
the truth
(e) I suggested that she see a doctor
(f) I suggested that she should see a
doctor

In (a): be is a subjunctive
verb.
Negative: not + simple form,
as in (c).
Passive: simple form of be +
past participle, as in (d)

Should is also possible after

suggest and recommend

Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in the noun

clause
Verbs
It + is (other form of be) +
adjective
demand
ask
it is important
it is urgent
insist
urge
it is necessary
it is vital
suggest
advise
it is essential
it is
recommend
propose
imperative

request
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. Mr. Adams insisted that we be careful in our writing.
2. It is essential that no one will be admitted to the room without proper
identification.
3. It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.
4. I requested that I permit to change my class.
5. Her advisor recommended that she takes five courses.
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. It is imperative that he_____ home immediately.
(A) returns
(C) will return
(B) return
(D) shall return
2. The government proposed that a new highway _____.
(A) is built
(C) builds
(B) will be built
(D) be built
3. She specifically asked that I ______anyone else about it.
(A) not tell
(C) will not tell
(B) does not tell
(D) do not tell
4. It is imperative that the government _____ poverty.
(A) eradicate
(C) not eradicate
(B) eradicates
(D) does not eradicate
5. It is necessary that calcium ______for the development of strong bones and
teeth.
(A) be used
(C) is used
(B) will be used
(D) used
6. The judge insisted that the jury ________ a verdict immediately.
(A) return
(C) returned
(B) returning
(D) returns
7. The university requires that all its students _______ this course.
(A) taking
(C) take
(B) took
(D) are taking
8. Congress had recommended that the gasoline tax _______ abolished
(A) be
(C) was
(B) is
(D) to be
9. It is imperative that the committee ________ discussion on this issue
(A) suspended
(C) suspend
(B) suspending
(D) suspends
10.It is advised that you ________ the prerequisites before registering for this
course.
(A) takes
(C) take
(B) took
(D) to take

C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct

1. It is essential that the temperature is not elevated to a point where the
substance
A
B
formed may become unstable and decompose into its constituent
elements.
C
D
2. When a patients blood pressure is much higher than it should be, a doctor
usually
A
B
C
insists that he will not smoke.
D
3. He insisted that the food is canned for later consumption.
A
B
C
D
4. The instructor recommended that everyone takes the placement test.
A
B
C
D
5. The government urged that all citizens will vote in the next election.
A
B
C
D
6. It is most important that he speaks to the dean before leaving for his
vacation.
A
B
C
D
7. It was suggested that Pedro studies the materials more thoroughly before
A
B
attempting to pass the exam.
C
D
8. The doctor advised Mr. Andrew that he lies in bed for a few days as a
precaution
A
B
C
against further damage to the tendons.
D
9. It is urgent that the committee will study the proposals before making a
decision.
A
B
C
D
10.The director suggested that his staff to plan a more effective advertising
campaign
A
B
C
for the new product.
D

UNIT 12
COMPARATIVES
1. DEGREES OF COMPARISON
subject +
verb
An essay test
is

more(less) +
adjective
adjectives+-er
more difficult
harder

than

noun

than

an objective test

easier
subject
+verb

the

An essay test
is

the

most(least) + adjective
adjectives + est
most difficult
hardest

*more (less) or most (least) is used when the adjective has two syllables.
er or -est is used when the adjective has only one syllable or two syllables
ending in y.
2. DOUBLE COMPARISON
the

comparati
ve

the

comparative

The

hotter

it

is

the

the more
miserable

feel

3. EXACT COMPARISON
The same as and the same have the same meaning, but the same as is
used between the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two
nouns or a plural noun.
Noun
This coat
Noun
This coat
Noun (plural)
These coats

Be
is
And
and

The same as
the same as
Noun
that one

Be
are

Be
are

Noun
that one
the same
the same
The same
the same

Avoid using like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns
compared.

4. GENERAL SIMILARITY AND GENERAL DIFFERENCE

The words like and alike have the same meaning, but like is used between
the two nouns compared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural
noun. And avoid using as instead of like and avoid using like after the two
nouns compared.

Noun
This coat
Noun
This coat

Be
is
And
and

Like
like

Noun
that one

Noun (Plural)
These coats

Noun
that one

Be
are

Alike
alike

Be
are

Noun
This coat

Be
is

Alike
alike

Different From
different from

Noun
that one

5. COMPARATIVE ESTIMATE
Subject +Verb
Fresh fruit costs
We have

Multiple

As

twice

as

Many/
Many
much

half

as

many

as

Noun/Clau
se
canned fruit

as

we need

As

Subject +Verb

More (Less)
Than

Number

Noun/Clause

Steve has

more than

a thousand

coins in his
collections

Subject/Verb
We should have

As Many As
as many as

Number
five hundred

Noun
applications

Exercise:
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. The car is almost the same like mine
2. The watch in the window is a little different than this one.
3. This one is better, but it costs three times as much as the other one.
4. This field is larger than the other one.
5. She is most prettiest of all the girls in our class.

B. Choose the correct answer.

1. Although we often use speed and velocity interchangeably, in
technical sense, speed is not always _______velocity.
(A) alike
(C) the same as

(B) similar

(D) as

2. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are_______ most other ground

squirrels.
(A) like to
(C) like with
(B) like as
(D) like
3. A nursery school is ______ a day care center.
(A) different from
(C) different than
(B) different
(D) different as
4. The rent at College Apartment is only half ________ you pay here.
(A) than
(C) as many as
(B) as much as
(D) from
5. The main library has_______ one millions volumes.
(A) more as
(C) more than
(B) most than
(D) least than
6. There are ______fifteen thousand students attending summer school.
(A) as many as
(C) as many
(B) as much as
(D) as much
7. The bill which we received was________ than the estimate.
(A) most higher
(C) higher
(B) the higher
(D) more higher
8. The Disney amusement park in Japan is _______Florida or California.
(A) the largest than the ones in (C) larger than the ones in
(B) larger the ones in
(D) the largest of the ones
9. The greater the demand, _______the price.
(A) higher
(C) high
(B) the higher
(D) the high
10. The teacher gave Mike a failing grade on her term paper because it
was______ Ardians.
(A) the same as
(C) the same with
(B) same like
(D) the same with
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence
the publics
A
B
C
D
choice.
2. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago were
alike
A
B
C
D
viruses.

3. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture,

farming
A
B
C
is different other industries.
D
4. With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price,
A
manufacturers are beginning to use fructose blended with pure sugar, or
sucrose.
B
C
D
5. It is generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much as
forty strains
A
B
C
of viruses that may be present in the air at all times.
D
6. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engines
because it
A
B
C
converts the useful energy stored up in the fuel.
D
7. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for my
other
A
B
C
courses.
D
8. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean
Theorem.
A
B
C D
9. Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant
results are in
A
B
C
D
the abstract.
10.The climate here is more milder than that of New England.
A
B
C
D

UNIT 13
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. REAL CONDITIONS (POSSIBLY TRUE)

FUTURE TIME type 1
If + subject + simple present tense, subject + will (can) + (verb in simple
form)
+V-1(s/es)(to indicate a fact)
e. g.
1. If I have enough time, I will write to my parents every week
2. If water is kept in a refrigerator, it becomes cool

2. UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)

PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME type 2
If + subject + simple past tense, subject + would (could) + (verb in simple
form)
e. g.
1. If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
Fact: ( I dont have the time) (Im not going to the beach with you)
2. He would tell you about it if he were here.
Fact: (He wont tell you about it.) (Hes not here)
3. If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.
Fact: (He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him).

PAST TIME type 3

If + subject + past perfect, subject + would (could) + have + (verb in past
participle)
e. g.:

1. If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a
letter.
Fact: (We didnt know that you were there.) (We didnt write you a
letter.)
2. She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
Fact: (She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)
3. If we hadnt lost our way, we would have arrived sooner.
Fact: (We lost our way) (We didnt arrive sooner)

OMITTING IF
With were, had (past perfect), and
should, sometimes if is omitted and the
subject and verb are inverted.
told you.
(c) Should anyone call, please In (a): Were I you = If I were you
In (b): Had I known = If I had known
take a message.
In (c): Should anyone call = If anyone
should call
* In the negative, not follows the subjects. It is not contracted with the
auxiliary verb:
CORRECT: Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldnt have believed it.
INCORRECT: Hadnt I seen it with my own eyes,

(a) Were I you, I wouldnt do that.

(b) Had I known, I would have

VERB FORMS FOLLOWING WISH

A wish
about
the
future

A wish
about
the
present
A wish
about
the
past

VERB FORM IN
VERB FORM
TRUE SENTENCE
FOLLOWING WISH
(a) She will not tell I wish (that) she
me.
would tell me.
I wish he were going
(b) He isnt going to be here.
to be here.
I wish she could
(c) She cant come come tomorrow.
tomorrow.
(d) I dont
know
French.
(e) It is raining right
now.
(f) I cant speak
Japanese.
(g) John
didnt
come.
(h) Mary
couldnt
come.

Wish is used when

the speaker wants
reality
to
be
different,
to
be
exactly
the
opposite.
Verb
forms similar to
those in conditional
sentences
are
used. Notice the
examples.

I wish I knew French.

I wish it werent
raining right now.
I wish I could speak
Japanese.
Wish is followed by
a noun clause. The
I wish John had used of that is
come.*
optional. Usually it
I wish Mary could is
omitted
in
have come.
speaking.
* Sometimes in
very
informal
speaking: I wish
John would have

come.

A. USING WOULD TO MAKE WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE

(a) It is raining. I wish it would
stop.
(I want it to stop raining.)
(b) Im expecting a call. I wish the
phone would ring. (I want
the phone to ring)
(c) Its going to be a good party. I
wish you would come. (I
want you to come.)
(d) Were going to be late. I wish
you would hurry. (I want you
to hurry.)
B. USING AS IF/AS THOUGH
(a) I looks like rain.
(b) It looks as if it is going to
rain.
(c) It looks as though it is going
to rain.
(d) It looks like it is going to rain.
(informal)

Would is usually used to indicate

that the speaker wants something
to happen in the future. The wish
may or may not come true (be
realized).
In (c) an (d): I wish you would ..
is often used to make a request.

Notice in (a): like is following by a noun

object.
Notice in (b) and (c): as if and as though
are followed by a clause.

Notice in (d): like is followed by a clause.

This use of like is common in informal
English but is not generally considered
appropriate in formal English. As if or as
though is preferred. (a), (b), (c), and (d) all
have the same meaning.
TRUE STATEMENT
VERB FORM AFTER AS
IF/AS THOUGH
(e) He is not a child.
She talked to him as if Usually the idea
following as
he were a child.
(f) She did not take a shower When she came in from if/as though is
with her clothes on.
the
rainstorm,
she untrue
looked as if she had
taken a shower with In this case,
(g) He has met her.
verb usage is
her clothes on.
He acted as though he similar to that
(h) She will be here.
in
conditional
had never met her.
sentences.
She spoke as if she
Notice
the
wouldnt be here.
examples.
Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. a. If water freezes, it has become a solid
b. If water freezes, it becomes a solid
2. a. If children are healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.

b. If children be healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.

3. a. We will wait if you wanted to go
b. We will wait if you want to go
4. a. If you made your bed in the morning, your room looks better when you
got back in the afternoon
b. If you made your bed in the morning, your room would look better when
you got back in the afternoon
5. a. If we had had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system
b. If we had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system
B. Choose the Correct Answer!
1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F ______as team
(A) it boiled and escape
(C) it is boiling and escaping
(B) it boils and escape
(D) it would boil and escape
2. If services are increased, taxes________
(A) will probably go up
(C) probably go up
(B) probably go up
(D) going up probably
3. If American ate fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health
______better
(A) be
(C) is
(B) will be
(D) would be
4. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he
______the rest of Europe.
(A) had conquered
(C) would conquer
(B) would have conquered
(D) conquered
5. If humans were deprived of sleep, they _______.hallucinations, anxiety,
coma, and eventually death.
(A) would experience
(C) would have experienced
(B) experience
(D) had experienced
6. If footballs teams play in the Super bowl Championship, ______ either the
National or the American Conference
(A) they win
(C) they win
(B) they will win
(D) they have won
7. If I had known her address, I _____her.
(A) could see
(B) would visit

(C) would have visited

(D) will visit

8. If I were Jane, I ______leave the man

(A) am
(B) would

(C) have
(D) will

9. If I have time, I ______visit you.

(A) would
(B) will

(C) would have

(D) would be

10. If you _______ the plant in a cooler location, the leaves would not have
burned.
(A) had set
(C) has set
(B) have set
(D) set
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they completed the second grade
A
B
C
D
2. If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth, man would have
evolved quite
A
B
C
differently.
D
3. If we were to consider all of the different kinds of motion in discussing the
A
movement of an object, it is very confusing, because even an object at rest
is
B
C
D
moving as the earth turns.
4. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur.
A
B
C
D
5. If you sat in that position for too long, you may get a cramp in your leg.
A
B
C
D
6. If you dont register before the last day of regular registration, you paying a
late fee.
A
B
C
D
7. If you start doing it now, you might finished it in time.
A
B
C
D
8. We would have bought a new car if we have had a lot of money
A
B
C
D
9. If biennials were planted this year, they will be likely to bloom next year.
A
B
C
D
10.If Monique had not attended the conference, she never would meet her old
friend
A
B
Dan, whom she had not seen in years.
C
D

UNIT 14
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE & ADJECTIVE PHRASE
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase. It
describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun/noun phrase. An
adjective clause is also called a relative clause. An adjective clause commonly
uses relative pronouns such as who, which, that, whom, where, when.
A. USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO, WHICH, THAT.
a. The vendors will be relocated to the
central park
b. The vendors sell on the main street
c. The vendors who (that) sell on the
main street will be relocated to the
central park
a. Mobile phones are kept in the
customs office
b. Mobile phones were smuggled to
Indonesia

Clauses (a) and (b) make up a

sentence with an adjective clause
(clause c)
The italic clauses are adjective clause
which modifies the noun the
vendor
and
mobile
phone
respectively.
Who : used for people as subject
Which : used for things as subject or

c. Mobile phones which (that) were object

smuggled to Indonesia are kept in the That
: used for both people and
customs office
things

B. USING OBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO(M), WHICH, THAT

a. The man was a chronically late
employee
b. The new boss fired him
c. The man (who)m the new boss fired
was a chronically late employee.
d. The man that the new boss fired was
a chronically late employee.
e. The man the new boss fired was a
chronically late employee.

The clauses (a) and (b) make up a

sentence with an adjective clause
using object pronouns.
The italic clause is an adjective clause
Notice: the adjective clause pronoun
(clause c and d) is put as close as
possible to the noun it modifies.
In clause: the object pronoun is
omitted from the adjective clause
without
changing
the
meaning.
(Subject pronouns may not be
omitted).

C. USING WHOSE AND OF WHICH

a. Audience applauded the The italic clause is an adjective clause
speaker
using whose.
b.
Whose is used to show possession. It has
His presentation was very the same meaning as other possessive
excellent
pronouns used as adjectives: his, her, its,
c.
and their. Like the adjective pronouns,
Audience
applauded
the whose is linked with a noun:
speaker
whose
presentation
was
very his presentation becomes whose
excellent
presentation
a.
Both whose and the noun it is connected
to are placed at the beginning of the
adjective clause.
Whose may not be omitted.

D. USING WHERE
a. The apartment is near my dads
office
b. My family live there
c. The apartment where my family
live is near my dads office

Where is used in an adjective

clause to modify a place (city,
country, room, house, town, school,
etc.)
If where is used, a preposition is
not included in the adjective clause.
And if where is not used, the
preposition must be used.

E. USING WHEN
a. I will never forget the day
b. We first met on the day
c. I will never forget when we first

When is used in an adjective clause

to modify time(hour, day, date,
month, year, etc.)
m
e
t

CHANGING AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO AN ADJECTIVE PHRASE.

(a) The girl who is helping my mom is
my sister.
(b) The girl helping my mom is sister

a. CLAUSE: The man who is sitting

next to me is from Korea
PHRASE: The man sitting next to me
is from Korea

The adjective clause in (a) can be

reduced to the adjective phrase in
(b). (a) and (b) have the same
meaning.
Only adjective clauses that have a
subject pronoun who, which,
that- that can be reduced to
modifying adjective phrases.
There are two ways to change an
adjective clause into an adjective
phrase.

(1) If the adjective clause contains

the be form of a verb, omit the
pronoun and the be form, as in
examples (a) and (b)

b. CLAUSE: The arguments which are

presented in the paper are
convincing
PHRASE: The arguments presented
in the paper are convincing
c. CLAUSE: English has an alphabet (2) If there is no be form of a verb in
which consists of 26 letters
the adjective clause, it is
PHRASE: English has an alphabet
sometimes possible to omit the
consisting 26 letters
subject pronoun and change the
verb to its -ing form, as in (c)

(d) CLAUSE: George Washington, who

was the first president of
the United States, was a
wealthy colonist and a
general in the army.
(e) PHRASE: George Washington, the
first president of the
United States, was a
wealthy colonist and a
general in the army.
(f)Paris, the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
(g) I read a book by Mark Twain, a
famous American author.

If the adjective clause requires

commas as in (d), the adjective
phrase also requires commas, as in
(e)

Adjective phrases in which a noun

follows another noun, as in (f) and
(g ), are called "appositives."

Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. The students who had taken the test today are tired.
2. My sister who living in Paris is a biologist.
3. The film that we are watching is really scary.
4. The bed that I slept on was very soft.
5. At the party there were many people I did not know.
B. Choose the Correct Answer!
1. A crystal is a piece of matter_______ are naturally formed plane surface.
(A) whose boundaries
(C). which boundaries
(B) that boundaries
(D). when boundaries
2. Let ABC be a triangle ________.
(A) which sides are of equal length (C) that sides are of equal length
(B) whose sides are of equal length (D) where sides are of equal length
3. The man ________ was the manager of the supermarket.
(A) which hired Robert
(C) hiring Robert
(B) hired Robert
(D) who was hired Robert
4. The tornado ________ destroyed several homes.
(A) which was struck the town
(C) struck the town
(B) that was being struck the town (D)whose town was struck
5. John admired the dresser ________.
(A) where Alice kept her sheets.
(B) which Alice kept her sheets.

(C) of which Alice kept her sheets.

(D) when Alice kept her sheets.

6. The scientist ________ was from Sweden.

(A) which was awarded the Nobel prize
(C) whose award the Nobel prize
(B) awarded the Nobel prize
(D) that the Nobel prize awarded
7. Edward bought a car_________.
(A) that Fred had previously sold to Susan
(B) in which Fred had previously sold to Susan
(C) where Fred had previously sold to Susan

(D)to whom Fred had previously sold Susan

8. The books ________ was very helpful.
(A) we bought last night
books last night
(B) that we bought the books last night
night
9. The guy _________ owns a big house.
(A) whose car is engaged to Joan
to Joan
(B) by which car is engaged to Joan

(C) which we bought the

(D) whose we bought last

(C) in which car is engaged

(D) who car is engaged to Joan

10.
The car ________ has a very powerful engine.
(A) that Ted bought the car
(C) which Ted bought
(B) by which Ted bought
(D) when Ted bought
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. A foreign investor bought stock in a cigarette manufacturer which profits had
increased
A
B
C
dramatically for the last three quarters.
D
2. The actor who last three movies I had seen and enjoyed gave a surprisingly
bad performance
A
B
C
D
in this play.
3. The archeologist found an ancient manuscript the last few pages which had
several beautiful
A
B
C
D
illustrations.
4. The T-shirt the colors and sizes which are determined by the athletic
department are on sale
A
B
C
at a store on campus.

5. The bills when were passed by the House yesterday died in the Senate.
A
B
C
D
6. Senators were familiar with details of the proposal believe that it has a good
chance of
A
B
C
passing.
D
7. Sir Andrew is considered to be a prophet which is descended from heaven.
A
B
C
D
8. It is believed that any man, whose loves children and dogs, would make a
good husband.
A
B
C
D

9. The author, who books have sold well, who I like, are few and far between.
A
B
C
D
10.The research report on urban life in which submitted and published was far
from the fact
A
B
C
and criticized.
D

UNIT 15
NOUN CLAUSE
Like a noun, a noun clause is also used as a subject or an object. In other words,
a noun clause is a clause used in the same ways as a noun.
(a) Her presentation was convincing
(b) What she presented was
convincing

In (a): presentation is a noun. It is used

as the subject of the sentence
In (b) what she presented is a noun
clause. It is also used as the subject of
the sentence. The noun clause has its
own subject she and verb presented
(c) I cannot understand her complaint In (c): complaint is a noun. It is the
(d) I cannot understand what she
object of the verb understand
complained
In (d): what she complained is a noun
clause. It is the object of the verb
understand
WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES
(1)question words: when, where, who, why, how, which, whom, what,
whose
(2)whether, if
(3)that
NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGINS WITH A QUESTION WORD
QUESTION
NOUN CLAUSE
Where does he
(a) I do not know where he
work?
works
What time did she (b) Did you know what
come?
time she came

Who helped you? (c)

Tell me who helped
What was wrong?
you
(d) I do not know what
was wrong
Who are you?
Whose book is
that?

(e) I know who you are

(f) I know whose book that
is

What did you

give?

(g) What you gave makes

me offended
(h) How she behaved is
embarrassing

How did she

behave?

EXPLANATION
In (a) where he works is the
object of the verb know. You
may not use question word
order in a noun clause.
Notice: does and did are used
in questions but not in noun
clauses.
In (c) and (d): The word order
is the same in both the
question and the noun clause
because who and what are
the subjects in both.
In (e) and (f) you and that are
the subjects, so they must be
placed in front of the verb are
and is in the noun clauses.
In (g) and (h): What you
gave and How she behaved
are the subjects of the
sentences.
Notice: a noun clause takes a
singular verb (e.g. s and is)

NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH WHETHER OR IF

YES/NO QUESTIONS
Will she study?
Did he come?

NOUN CLAUSES
(a) I do not know
whether she will
study
(b) I wonder if he came

NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT

STATEMENT
NOUN CLAUSES
Ted is a great artist
(a)I think that Ted is a
He is a successful
great artist
teacher
(b)I think (that) he is a
successful teacher

She is good at
mathematics

(c)That she is good at

mathematics is
surprising
(d)
It is surprising
that she is good at
mathematics

EXPLANATION
When a yes/no
question is changed to a
noun clause, whether or
if is used to introduce the
noun clause.
Whether is more
acceptable in formal
English, but if is quite
common, especially in
speaking.
EXPLANATION
In (a) and (b): that Ted
is a great artist and
that) he is a
successful teacher are
noun clauses. They are
the objects of the verb
think
The word that, when
used to introduce noun
clauses, has no meaning
in itself. It may be
omitted.
In (c): the noun clause is
used as the subject of the
sentence.
In (d): the noun clause is
used as the object of the
sentence.

A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.

1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.
2. She told me when should I pick up the children.
3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.
4. We could not believe what he did to us.
5. I want to know if is it going to rain tomorrow.
6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.
7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.
8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.
9. The map showed where the party would be held.
10.
Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. Scientists cannot agree on ____________ related to other orders of insects.
(A) that fleas are
(B) how fleas are
(C) how are fleas
(D) fleas that are
2. It was in 1875 _________________ joined the staff of the astronomical observatory
at Harvard University.
(A) that Anna Winlock
(B) Anna Winlock, who
(C) as Anna Winlock
(D) Anna Winlock then
3. ___________ is a narrow strip of woods along a stream in an open grassland.
(A) Ecologists use the term gallery forest
(B) What do ecologists call a gallery forest
(C) Gallery forest is the term ecologists use
(D) What ecologists call a gallery forest
4. ________ so incredible is that these insects successfully migrate to places that
they have never even seen.
(A) That makes the monarch butterflies migration
(B) The migration of the monarch butterflies is
(C) What makes the monarch butterflies migration
(D) The migration of the monarch butterflies, which is
5. In order to grow vegetables properly, gardeners must know _______________.
(A) what the requirements for each vegetable are
(B) that the requirements for each vegetable
(C) what are each vegetables requirements
(D) that is required by each vegetable
6. For many years people have wondered ___________ exists elsewhere in the
universe.

(A) that life

(B) life which
(C) whether life
(D) life as it
7. ______________ was caused by breathing impure air was once a common belief.
(A) Malaria
(B) That malaria
(C) Why malaria
(D) Because malaria
8. One basic question psychologists have tried to answer is __________________ .
(A) people learn
(B) how do people learn
(C) people learn how
(D) how people learn
9. The judges had an extremely hard time deciding _______ .
(A) who's painting was the best
(B) whose painting was the best
(C) painting who was the best
(D) the best painting was who
10.No one is sure ..
(A) what did it happen in front of the building.
(B) what it happened in front of the building.
(C) what does it happen in front of the building.
(D)what happened in front of the building.
C. Choose the incorrect answer.
1. A test pilot tries out new kinds of aircraft to determine if are they safe
A
B
C
D
2. Art critics do not all agree on what are the qualities that make a painting great
A
B
C
D
3. Exactly when was the wheel invented is not known.
A
B
C
D
4. The new student is not sure which it is the most important course in the
program.
A
B
C
D
5. We thought about whom would we choose as the best vice president of our
company.
A
B
C
D

6. Don had an elaborate excuse for being late for his class, but the lecturer did
not believe
A
B
C
what did he explain.
D
7. It is obvious that is English the principal language of the business community
A
B
C
throughout much of the world.
D
8. There are several reasons why are millions of students studying English in the
world.
A
B
C
D
9. That many people in the world live in intolerable poverty concern all of us.
A
B
C
D
10.The people of the town protested why were they given no warning of the
approaching
A
B
C
D
tornado.

UNIT 16
ADVERB CLAUSES & REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb clauses are clauses which serve as adverb. They may be preceded by words
showing time, cause and effect, opposition, and condition, as presented below.
(a) When we were Jakarta, we
attended a seminar
(b) We have to study hard because we
will have an exam next week

When we were Jakarta is an adverb

clause. It is a dependent clause.
Therefore, it cannot stand alone and
must be connected to an independent
clause.
When an adverb clause precedes an
independent clause, as in (a), a comma
is used to separate the clauses.
SUMMARY LIST OF WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES
TIME
After
before
when
while
as
by the time
since
until
as soon as
whenever
every time (that)
the first time
(time)
the last time
(that)
the next time

CAUSE AND
EFFECT
Because
now that
since
as
as/so long as
inasmuch as
so that
in order that

OPPOSITION

CONDITION

even though
although
though
whereas
while

if
unless
only if
whether or not
even if
providing (that)
provided (that)
in case (that )
in the event (that)

REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES TO MODIFYING PHRASES

Some adverb clauses may be changed to modifying phrases if the subject of the
adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same. A modifying
phrase, a reduction of an adverb clause, modifies the subject of the main clause.
There are two ways to change adverb clauses into modifying phrases
1.
Omit the subject of the dependent clause and the be form of the verb
(a) ADVERB CLAUSE
: While I was reading a novel, I was listening to a
music
(b) MODIFYING CLAUSE: While reading a novel, I was listening to a music
2. If there is no be form of a verb, omit the subject and change the verb to ing

(a) ADVERB CLAUSE

: Before I left for work, I had breakfast
(b) MODIFYING CLAUSE: Before leaving for work, I had breakfast

A. State whether the sentences are correct or incorrect.

1. Before I went to bed, I read a novel.
2. We stayed there until we finish our work
3. By the time he comes, we will already have leave
4. Before stolen this morning, I put the book on my desk.
5. We will have a big party providing that I had had much money.
B. Choose the correct answer.
1. __________, the children were bored.
(A) To have nothing to do
(B) Having nothing to do
(C) Have nothing to do
(D)Because nothing to do
2. ___________ a married man, I have many responsibilities
(A) Being
(B) To be
(C) Due to
(D)Because of
3. By the time I leave this city, __________.
(A) I will already be here for four months
(B) so I will already have been here for four months
(C) as I will already have been here for four months
(D)I will already have been here for four months
4. ____________ his nose gets red
(A) By the time James gets angry
(B) Before James gets angry
(C) After James gets angry
(D) Whenever James gets angry
5. Janes contact lens popped out _____________.
(A) while she was playing basketball.
(B) as soon as she was playing basketball.
(C) until she was playing basketball.
(D)although she was playing basketball.
6. __________ I am going to rest a few days and then take a trip.
(A) Before the semester is finished
(B) Now that the semester is finished
(C) By the time the semester is finished
(D)Though the semester is finished

7. Football teams don't play in the Super Bowl championship _________ either the
National or the
American Conference.
(A) unless they win
(B) but they win
(C) unless they will win
(D) but to have won
8. Before we can tell them about the discount,__________.
(A) they will have bought the tickets
(B) they will buy the tickets
(C) they bought the tickets
(D)they are buying the tickets
9. We will have gotten an answer to our letter ____________.
(A) after we have to make a decision.
(B) as long as we have to make a decision.
(C) as we have to make a decision.
(D)while we have to make a decision.
10. Usually boys cannot become Boy Scouts ___________.
(A) unless they complete the fifth grade
(B) if they completed the fifth grade
(C) unless they completed the fifth grade
(D)if they complete the fifth grade
C. Choose the incorrect answer
1. Many young people move to the cities in search of employment because of there
are few jobs
A
B
C
D
available in the rural areas.
2. Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource in order to we must do whatever we can in
order to
A
B
C
D
conserve it.
3. While live in Burma last year, I learned many things about Burmese customs.
A
B
C
D
4. While I was walking down the street a car swerved to avoid a dog and almost
drove onto the
A
B
C
D
sidewalk.
5. Point to the sentence on the whiteboard, the teacher explained the meaning of
modifying
A
B
C
D
Phrases.

6. Because having already spent all of his last paycheck, Andrew does not have any
more money
A
B
C
to live on for the rest of the month.
D
7. Before became vice-president of marketing and sales, Peter Mc Kay worked as a
sales
A
B
C
D
representative.
8. You are eligible for the low-cost health insurance provides that you are students
or teachers.
A
B
C
D
9. The political situation in Sudan will continue to deteriorate unless if there is an
agreement
A
B
C
D
between the opposition and government.
10. He tapped his fingers loudly on the desk top, he made his impatience and
dissatisfaction
A
B
C
known.
D

UNIT 17
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES
A gerund is the ing form of a verb (e.g., speaking, understanding, playing)
which is used as a noun, i.e. as a subject and an object of both a verb or a
preposition.
An infinitive is to + the simple form of a verb (e.g., to speak, to understand,
to play).
GERUNDS
(a) Climbing is challenging
(b) Jogging makes me healthy
(c) I enjoy reading novels
(d) He always avoids seeing me
(e) I am looking forward to studying
overseas
(f) I object to changing my plan
(g) I talked about not taking this topic.

In (a) and (b): climbing and jogging

are gerunds. They are used as the
subject of the sentences.
In (c) and (d): the words reading and
seeing are gerunds which are used as
objects of verbs enjoy and avoid
respectively
A gerund is often used as the object of
a preposition
In (e), (f) and (g): to and about are
prepositions, not part of an infinitive
form, so a gerund follows.
In (g): for negative form, not precedes
a gerund

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

enjoy
appreciate
mind
quit (give up)
finish (get through)
stop
avoid

postpone (put off)

delay
(talk about)
mention

keep (keep on)

consider (think about)

discuss

suggest

COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

VERB + INFINITIVES
(a) I want to buy a new notebook
(b) I promise not to disturb you
VERB + (PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVES
(c)
Mr Ted allowed me to use his
car
(d) The teacher always encourages us
to study hard
(e) I was told to be here at nine oclock
(f) The thief was ordered not to
move
(g) I expect to visit my grandma
(h) I expect Susan to help me

Some verbs are followed

immediately by an infinitive, as in (a)
and (b).
Negative form: not precedes the
infinitive
Some verbs are followed by a
(pro)noun and then an infinitive, as
in (c) and (d).
These verbs are followed
immediately by an infinitive when
used in the passive, as in (e) and (f).
Ask, expect, would like, want, and
need, may or may not be followed by
a (pro)noun object. Compare:
(i) I think I will pass the exam
(j) I think Susan will help me

GROUP A: VERB+INFINITIVES
hope to
promise to
seem to
ask to
plan to
agree to
appear to
expect to
intend to
offer to
pretend to
would like to
decide to
refuse to
need to
want to
GROUP B: VERB+(PRO)NOUN + INFINITIVE
tell someone to
invite someone to
require someone to
ask
someone to
advise someone to
permit someone to
order someone to
expect
someone to
encourage someone to allow someone to
force someone to
would
like someone to
remind someone to
warn someone to
want someone to
need
someone to
COMMON VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER INFINITIVES OR GERUNDS
Some verbs may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, sometimes with
no difference un meaning and sometimes with a difference in meaning.
GROUP A: VERB +INFINITIVES OR GERUND (WITH NO DIFFERENCE IN
MEANING
begin
like
hate
start
love
cant stand
cant bear
continue
prefer

(a) It began to rain

(c) It started to work
(b) It began raining
(d) It started working
GROUP A: VERB +INFINITIVES OR GERUND (WITH A DIFFERENCE IN
MEANING
remember
forget
regret
try
(a) Jane always remembers to lock
In (a) and (c): remember and forget
the door
to perform responsibility, duty, or task.
(b) Jane remembers seeing the
In (b) and (d): remember and forget
strange man
something that happened in the past.
(c) Kim will never forget to clean his
room
(d) Kim often forgets lending me
money
A. State which sentences are correct and incorrect.
1.
Alice is not interested to look for a job
2.
I am accustomed to have a big breakfast
3.
Instead of studying, Mary went to a ball game with some
of her friends.
4.
Simon objected to work with me.
5.
Fred keeps researching learning strategies.
B. Choose the correct answer
1. It is hot here. Would you mind ___________ the window?
(A) opening
(B)
to open
(C) opens
(D) opened
2. I enjoy___________ the newspaper every morning while I am having my first cup of
tea.
(A) reading
(B) to read
(C) read
(D)to read
3. Sometimes teenagers get into trouble with their parents by_________.
(A) disobeying what their parents want
(B) disobey what their parents want
(C) disobeys what their parents want
(D) to disobey what their parents want
4. Where are you considering ___________ for vacation?
(A) going
(B) to go
(C) to be going
(D)went
5. The teacher reminded the students __________.
(A) submitting their assignment on time
(B) to submit their assignment on time

(C) submitted their assignment on time

(D)to be submitted their assignment on time
6. Fred did not have any money, so he decided __________.
(A) to take a job
(B) taking a job
(C) he takes a job
(D)he took a job
7. The students were expected ___________.
(A) taking part in the seminar
(B) to take part in the seminar
(C) they take part in the seminar
(D)they took part in the seminar
8. Our teacher encourages the students ___________ a dictionary when they find
unfamiliar words.
(A) not to look up
(B) not looking up
(C) do not look up
(D)not look up
9. All applicants are required __________ an entrance examination.
(A) to take
(B) taking
(C) takes
(D)take
10.

After a brief interruption, the professor continued ____________.

(A) lecturing
(B) lecturer
(C) to lecture
(D)to be lecturing

C. Choose the incorrect answer

1.
Sometimes students avoid to look at the teacher if they
do not want to answer a question.
A
B
C
D
2.

Liza encouraged me throwing away my old running shoes

and to buy a new pair without holes
A
B
C
D
in the toes.

3.

In the fairy tale, the wolf threatened eating a girl named

Little Red Riding Hood.
A
B
C
D

4.

How many times does your mother have to remind you

hanging up your coat when you get
A
B
C
D
home from school?

5.

I finally managed persuading Jane to stay in school and

finish her degree.
A
B

6.

When a student asks a question, the teacher always tries

explaining the problem as clearly as
A
B
C
D
possible.

7.

I cannot ever forget to watch our team score the winning

goal in the last seconds of the game
A
B
C
to capture the national championship.
D

8.

Before I left home to go away to college, my mother

reminded me write a letter at least once
A
B
C
D
a week.

9.

Jane and David were considering to get married in June,

but they finally decided to postpone
A
B
C
D
it until August.

10.I am looking forward to eat my mothers cooking and sleeping in my own bed.
A
B
C
D