Problems_Tran_winding 1

Problems on transformer main dimensions and windings

1. Determine the main dimensions of the core and window for a 500 kVA, 6600/400V, 50Hz,
Single phase core type, oil immersed, self cooled transformer.
Assume: Flux
density = 1.2 T, Current density = 2.75 A/mm2, Window space factor = 0.32, Volt / turn = 16.8,
type of core: Cruciform, height of the window = 3 times window width. Also calculate the
number of turns and cross-sectional area of the conductors used for the primary and secondary
windings.
Since volt / turn Et = 4.44 m f,
Et
16.8
Main or Mutual flux m =
=
= 0.076 Wb
4.44 f
4.44 x 50

0.076
= 0.0633 m2
Net iron area of the leg or limb Ai = m =
Bm
1.2
2
Since for a cruciform core Ai = 0.56d ,
Ai
0.0633
=
= 0.34 m
diameter of the circumscribing circle d =
0.56
0.56
width of the largest stamping a = 0.85d = 0.85 x 0.34 = 0.29 m
width of the transformer = a= 0.29 m
width of the smallest stamping b=0.53d = 0.53 x 0.34 = 0.18 m
Height of the yoke Hy = (1.0 to 1.5) a = a (say) = 0.29 m
kVA = 2.22 f Ai Bm Aw Kw x 10-3
500 = 2.22 x 50 x 2.75 x 106 x 0.0633 x 1.2 x Aw x 0.32 x 10-3
Area of the window Aw = 0.067 m2
Since Hw = 3 Ww , Aw = Hw Ww = 3W 2w = 0.067

0.067
= 0.15 m
3
and height of the window Hw = 3 x 0.15 = 0.45 m

Therefore, width of the window Ww =

29
29

29
34

45
15

34

29

34
29

Details of the core

Leg and yoke section (with the assumption
Yoke is also of cruciform type)
All dimensions are in cm

Overall length of the transformer = Ww + d + a = 0.15 + 0.34 + 0.29 = 0.78 m

Overall height of the transformer = Hw + 2Hy or 2a = 0.45 + 2 x 0.29 = 1.03 m
Width or depth of the transformer = a = 0.29 m
V
6600
Number of primary turns T1 = 1 =
393
Et
16.8

Problems_Tran_winding 2

Number of secondary turns T2 =

Primary current I1 =

400
V2
=
24
Et
16.8

kVA x 103
500 x 103
=
= 75.75 A
V1
6600

Cross-sectional area of the primary winding conductor a1 =

Secondary current I2 =

I1
75.75
=
= 27.55 mm 2

2.75

kVA x 103
500 x 103
=
= 1250 A
V2
400

Cross-sectional area of the secondary winding conductor a2 =

I2
1250
=
= 454.5 mm 2

2.75

2.Determine the main dimensions of the 3 limb core (i.e., 3 phase, 3 leg core type transformer),
the number of turns and cross-sectional area of the conductors of a
350 kVA, 11000/ 3300
V, star / delta, 3 phase, 50 Hz transformer. Assume: Volt / turn = 11, maximum flux density =
1.25 T. Net cross-section of core = 0.6 d2 , window space factor = 0.27, window proportion = 3 :
1, current density = 250 A/cm2 , ON cooled (means oil immersed, self cooled or natural cooled )
transformer having 2.5% and 5% tapping on high voltage winding
Et
11
m =
=
= 0.05 Wb
4.44 f
4.44 x 50

0.05
Ai = m =
= 0.04 m 2
Bm 1.25
Since Ai = 0.6 d2 , d =

Ai
0.6

0.04
= 0.26 m
0.6

Since Ai = 0.6 d2 corresponds to 3 stepped core, a = 0.9d = 0.9 x 0.26 = 0.234 m

Width or depth of the transformer = a = 0.234 m
Hy = (1.0 to 1.5) a = 1.0 a (say) = 0.234 m
kVA = 3.33 f Ai Bm Aw Kw x 10-3
350 = 3.33 x 50 x 250 x 104 x 0.04 x 1.25 x Aw x 0.27 x 10-3
Aw = 0.062 m2
Hw
Since window proportion
is 3 : 1, Hw = 3Ww and Aw = 3W 2w = 0.062
Ww
Therefore Ww =

0.062
= 0.143 m and Hw = 3 x 0.143 = 0.43 m
3
23.4

23.4
43

23.4

23.4
26

26
14.3

26
14.3
23.4

Leg and Yoke section

All dimensions are in cm
Details of the core
Overall length of the transformer = 2Ww + 2d + a = 2 x 14.3 x 2 x 26 + 23.4 = 104 cm

26

Problems_Tran_winding 3
Overall height of the transformer = Hw + 2Hy or 2a = 43 + 2 x 23.4 = 89.8 cm
Width or depth of the transformer = a = 23.4 cm
[ with + 2.5% tapping, the secondary voltage will be 1.025 times the rated secondary voltage. To
achieve this with fixed number of secondary turns T2 , the voltage / turn must be increased or the
number of primary turns connected across the supply must be reduced.]
V
3300
Number of secondary turns T2 = 2 =
= 300
Et
11
V1
11000 / 3
=
577
Et
11
Number of primary turns for + 2.5% tapping = T2 x E1 required E2 with tapping
11000 / 3
563
= 300 x
1.025 x 3300
11000 / 3
for 2.5% tapping = 300 x
592
0.975 x 3300

Number of primary turns for rated voltage T1 =

11000 / 3
550
1.05 x 3300
11000 / 3
608
for 5% tapping = 300 x
0.95 x 3300
Obviously primary winding will have tappings at 608th turn, 592nd turn, 577th turn,
563rd turn and 550th turn.
kVA x 103
350 x 103
primary current / ph I1 =
=
= 18.4 A
3V1ph
3 x 11000 / 3

for + 5% tapping = 300 x

Cross-sectional area of the primary winding conductor a1 = I1 / = 18.4 / 250

= 0.074 cm2
kVA x 103
350 x 103
Secondary current / ph I2 =
=
= 35.35 A
3V2ph
3 x 3300
Cross-sectional area of the secondary winding conductor a2 = I2 / = 35.35 / 250
= 0.14 cm2
3. Determine the main dimensions of the core, number of turns and cross-sectional area of
conductors of primary and secondary of a 125 kVA, 6600 / 460V, 50Hz, Single phase core type
distribution transformer. Maximum flux density in the core is 1.2T, current density 250 A/ cm2,
Assume: a cruciform core allowing 8% for the insulation between laminations. Yoke crosssection as 15% greater than that of the core.
Window height = 3 times window
width, Net cross-section of copper in the window is 0.23 times the net cross-section of iron in the
core, window space factor = 0.3. Draw a neat sketch to a suitable scale.
[Note: 1) for a cruciform core with 10% insulation or Ki = 0.9, Ai = 0.56d2.
With 8%
0.92
insulation or Ki = 0.92, Ai = 0.56d2 x
= 0.57 d 2
0.9
2) Since the yoke cross-sectional area is different from the leg or core area, yoke can considered
to be rectangular in section. Yoke area Ay = Hy x Kia ]
Acu = Aw Kw = 0.23 Ai . (1)
kVA = 2.22 f Ai Bm Aw Kw x 10-3
125 = 2.22 x 50 x 250 x 104x Ai x 1.2 x 0.23 Aix 10-3
125
Ai =
= 0.04 m 2
2.22 x 50 x 250 x 104 x 1.2 x 0.23 x 10-3

Problems_Tran_winding 4

0.04
= 0.27 m
0.57
Since the expression for the width of the largest stamping is independent of the value of stacking
factor, a = 0.85 d = 0.85 x 0.27 = 0.23 m
Width or depth of the transformer = a = 0.23 m
Since with 8% insulation, Ai= 0.56 d2 x 0.92 / 0.9 = 0.57 d2 , d =

Since the yoke is rectangular in section Ay = Hy x Kia = 1.15 Ai

1.15 A i
1.15 x 0.04
=
= 0.22 m
Therefore Hy =
Ki a
0.92 x 0.23
0.23 A i
0.23 x 0.04
From equation 1, Aw =
=
= 0.031 m 2
Kw
0 .3
Since Hw = 3Ww , Aw = Hw Ww = 3W 2w = 0.031
Therefore Ww =

0.031
= 0.1 m and H w = 0.1 x 3 = 0.3 m
3

22
23

23

27

30
10

27

23

27
22

Details of core
Leg section
All dimensions are in cm

V1
where E t = 4.44 m f = 4.44 A i Bm f = 4.44 x 0.04 x 1.2 50 = 10.7 V
Et
6600
T1 =
617
10.7
V
460
T2 = 2 =
43
Et
10.7

T1 =

I1 =

kVA x 103
125 x 103
=
= 18.93 A,
V1
6600

a1 =

I1
18.93
=
= 0.076 cm 2

250

I2 =

kVA x 103
125 x 103
=
= 271.73 A,
V2
460

a2 =

I2
271.73
=
= 1.087 cm 2

250

4.Determine the main dimensions of the core and the number of turns in the primary and
secondary windings of a 3 phase, 50 Hz, 6600/(400 440) V in steps of 2 %, delta / star
transformer. The volt / turn = 8 and the maximum flux densities in the limb and yoke are 1.25 T
and 1.1 T respectively. Assume a four stepped core. Window dimensions = 50 cm x 13 cm.

Problems_Tran_winding 5
Et
8
=
= 0.036 Wb
4.44 f
4.44 x 50

0.036
= 0.028 m 2
Ai = m =
Bm
1.25

m =

Since for a 4 stepped core Ai = 0.62d2, d =

0.028
= 0.21 m
0.62

a = 0.93 d = 0.93 x 0.21 = 0.19 m

Width or depth of the transformer = a = 0.19 m

0.036
Ay = m =
= 0.033 m 2
By
1.1
Since the yoke area is different from the leg area, yoke can be considered to be of rectangular
section. Therefore
A
0.033
Hy = y =
= 0.193 m , with the assumption that Ki = 0.9
K ia
0.9 x 0.19
Since the window dimensions are given,
Length of the transformer = 2Ww + 2d + a = 2 x 0.13 + 2 x 0.21 + 0.19 = 0.87 m
Overall height of the transformer = a = Hw + 2Hy = 0.5 + 2 x 0.193 = 0.886 m
Width or depth of the transformer = 0.19 m
440 / 3
T2 (for maximum voltage of 440V) =
= 31
8
V
6600
T1 for maximum secondary voltage of 440V = 1 x T2 =
x 31 = 806
V2
440 / 3
6600
T1 for minimum secondary voltage of 400 V =
x 31 = 886
400 / 3
Since voltage is to be varied at 2 %, from (400 to 440) V, the tapings are to be provided to get
the following voltages 400V, 1.025 x 400 = 410V, 1.05 x 400 = 420V, 1.075 x 400 = 430 V and
1.10 x 400 = 440V. Generally the hV winding is due to number of coils connected in series.
out of the many coils of the hV winding, one coil can be made to have 886 806 = 80 turns with
tapping facility at every 20 turns to provide a voltage variation of 2 % on the secondary side
5.For the preliminary design of a 100kVA, 50Hz, 11000/3300 V, 3 phase, delta / star, core type
distribution transformer, determine the dimensions of the core and window, number of turns and
cross-sectional area of HT and LT windings. Assume : Maximum value of flux density 1.2T,
current density 2.5 A/mm2 window space facto 0.3.Use cruciform core cross-section for which
iron area Ai = 0.56d2 and the maximum limit thickness is 0.85d, where d is the diameter of the
circumscribing circle volt / turn = 0.6 kVA , overall width = overall height.
[NOTE: since overall width = overall height ie., (2Ww + 2d + a) = (Hw + 2 Hy or 2a). this
condition when substituted in Aw=HwWw leads to a quadratic equation. By solving the same the
values of HwWw can be obtained.]
6. Determine the main dimensions and winding details for a 125 kVA, 2000/400V, 50Hz, Single
phase shell type transformer with the following data. Volt / turn = 11.2,
flux density = 1.0
2
T, current density = 2.2 A/mm , window space factor = 0.33. Draw a dimensioned sketch of the
magnetic circuit.
Solution:
7.5
7.5

10

b=(2 to 3) 2a
= 37.5

15
30
7.5
15
7.5

Problems_Tran_winding 6
Et
11.2
=
= 0.05 Wb
4.44 f
4.44 x 50
Since m is established in the Central leg

m =

0.05
= 0.05 m 2
Bm
1.0
If a rectangular section core is assumed then Ai = 2a x Kib = 2a x Ki x (2 to 3) 2a
If the width of the transformer b is assumed to be 2.5 times 2a and Ki = 0.9, then the width of the
Ai
0.05
=
= 0.15 m
central leg 2a =
(2.5) K i
2.5 x 0.9

Cross-sectional area of the central leg Ai =

Width or depth of the transformer b = 2.5 x 2a = 2.5 x 0.15 = 0.375 m

Height of the yoke Hy = a = 0.15 / 2 = 0.075 m
kVA = 2.22 f Ai Bm Aw Kw x 10-3
125 = 2.22 x 50 x 2.2 x 106x 0.05 x 1.0 x Aw x 0.33 x 10-3
Aw = 0.031 m2
[Since the window proportion or a value for Hw / Ww is not given, it has to be assumed] Since Hw
/Ww lies between 2.5 and 3.5, let it be = 3.0
Therefore Aw = Hw Ww = 3W 2w = 0.031

0.031
= 0.1 m and Hw = 3 x 01. = 0.3 m
3
Winding details:
V
2000
V
400
178
T2 = 2 =
36
T1 = 1 =
Et
11.2
Et
11.2
Ww =

I1 =

kVA x 103
125 x 103
=
= 62.5 A,
V1
2000

a1 =

I1
62.5
=
= 28.4 mm 2

2.2

kVA x 103
125 x 103
I
312.5
=
= 321.5 A, a 2 = 2 =
= 142 mm 2
V2
400

2.2
Calculate the core and window area and make an estimate of the copper and iron required for a
125 kVA, 2000 / 400 V, 50 Hz single phase shell type transformer from the following data. Flux
density = 1.1 T, current density = 2.2 A/mm2 , volt / turn = 11.2, window space factor = 0.33,
specific gravity of copper and iron are 8.9 and 7.8 respectively. The core is rectangular and the
stampings are all 7 cm wide.
[Note: A shell type transformer can be regarded as two single phase core type transformers
placed one beside the other.]
Et
11.2

0.05
m =
=
= 0.05 Wb , Ai = m =
= 0.045 m 2
4.44 f
4.44 x 50
Bm
1.1
-3
kVA = 2.22 f Ai Bm Aw Kw x 10
125 = 2.22 x 50 x 2.2 x 106x 0.045 x 1.1 x Aw x 0.33 x 10-3
Aw = 0.03 m2
I2 =

Problems_Tran_winding 7

Single phase shell type

Transformer

Upper yoke
removed

Sketch showing the dimensions of LV & HV windings together

A
7

3
0

Shell type transformer due to two single phase core type transformers.
If the whole window is assumed to be filled with both LV & HV windings, then the height of the
winding is Hw and width of the LV & HV windings together is Ww .
Weight of copper = Volume of copper x density of copper
= Area of copper in the winding arrangement x mean length of copper
in the windings x density of copper
= Aw Kw x length wxyzw x density of copper
Mean length wxyzw = 2 (wx + xy) = 2 [ (2a + Ww ) + (b + Ww)]
Since the stampings are all 7 cm wide, a = 7cm & 2a = 14 cm
Ai
0.045
b=
=
= 0.36 m
K i 2a
0.9 x 0.14
Since Hw / Ww lies between 2.5 and 3.5, let it be 3.0
Therefore Aw = Hw Ww = 3W 2w = 0.03.

Problems_Tran_winding 8

Thus Ww =

0.03
= 0.1 m and Hw = 3 x 01 = 0.3 m
3

wxyzw = 2 [ (14 + 10) + (36 + 10)] = 140 cm

Width of copper = 0.03 x 104 x 0.33 x 140 x 8.9 x 10-3 = 123.4 kg
Weight of iron = 2 x volume of the portion A x density of iron
A
= 2 x i x Mean core length
2
PQRSP x density of iron
0.045
=2x
x 104 x 2 [ (10+7) + (30 + 7)] x 7.8 x 10-3 = 379 kg
2

7. Determine the main dimensions of a 350kVA, 3 phase, 50Hz, Star/delta, 11000 / 3300 V core
type distribution transformer. Assume distance between core centres is twice the width of the
core.
For a 3 phase core type distribution transformer Et = 0.45 kVA = 0.45 350 = 8.4
Et
8.4

m =
=
= 0.038 Wb , Ai = m
4.44 f
4.44 x 50
Bm
Since the flux density Bm in the limb lies between (1.1 & 1.4) T, let it be 1.2 T.
0.038
= 0.032 m2
Therefore Ai =
1 .2
0.032
If a 3 stepped core is used then Ai = 0.6 d2. Therefore d =
= 0.23 m
0.6
a = 0.9d = 0.9 x 0.23 0.21 m
Width or depth of the transformer = a = 0.21 m
Hy = (1.0 to 1.5) a = a= 0.21m
kVA = 3.33 f A1 Bm Aw Kw x 10-3
If natural cooling is considered (upto 25000 kVA, natural cooling can be used), then current
density lies between 2.0 and 3.2 A/mm2. Let it be 2.5 A/mm2.
10
10
Kw =
=
= 0.24
30 + Kv hv
30 + 11
350 = 3.33 x 50 x 2.5 x 106 x 0.032 x 1.2 x Aw x 0.24 x 10-3
Aw = 0.09 m2
A
0.09
Since Ww + d = 2a , Ww = 2 x 0.21 0.23 = 0.19 m and Hw = w =
0.47 m
Ww
0.19
Overall length of the transformer = Ww + 2d + a = 0.19 + 2 x 0.23 + 0.21 = 0.86 m
Overall height of the transformer = Hw + 2 Hy = 0.47 + 2 x 0.21 = 0.89 m
Width or depth of the transformer = 0.21m

Problems on No load current

1. Calculate the no load current and power factor of a 3300/220 V, 50Hz, single phase core
type transformer with the following data. Mean length of the magnetic path = 300 cm,
gross area of iron core = 150 cm2 , specific iron loss at 50 Hz and 1.1 T = 2.1 W / kg
ampere turns / cm for transformer steel at 1.1T = 6.2. The effect of joint is equivalent to

Problems_Tran_winding 9
an air gap of 1.0 mm in the magnetic circuit. Density of iron = 7.5 grams / cc. Iron factor
= 0.92
Solution:
No-load current I0 =

Ic2 + I 2m

Core loss
V1
Core loss = loss / kg x volume of the core x density of iron
= loss / kg x net iron area x mean length of the core or
magnetic path x density of iron
= 2.1 x 0.92 x 150 x 300 x 7.5 x 10-3 = 656.4 W
656.4
Therefore Ic =
= 0.198 A
3300
ATiron + 800000 lg Bm
Magnetising current Im =
2 T1
ATiron = AT/cm x mean length of the magnetic path in cm
= 6.2 x 300 = 1800
V1
T1 =
where Et
= 4.44 m f
Et
= 4.44 Ai Bm f
= 4.44 (Ki Ag ) Bm f
= 4.44 x 0.92 x 150 x 10-4 x 1.1 x 50
= 3.37V
3300
T1 =
980
3.37
1860 + 800000 x 1 x 10-3 x 1.1
Im =
= 1.98 A
2 x 980

Core loss component of the no load current Ic =

I0 =

0.1982 + 1.982 = 1.99 A

No-load power factor cos 0 =

Ic
0.198
=
= 0.1
1.98
I0

2. Calculate the no-load current of a 220/110V, 1kVA, 50Hz, Single phase transformer with the
following data uniform cross-sectional area of the core = 25 cm2, effective magnetic core length
= 0.4m, core weight = 8 kg, maximum flux density = 1.2 T, magnetizing force = 200 AT/m,
specific core loss = 1.0 W/kg
I0 =

Ic2 + I 2m

Coreloss
V1
loss / kg x weight of core in kg
1x 8
=
= 0.036 A
=
V1
220
ATfor iron + 800000 lg Bm
ATfor iron
Im =
=
2 T1
2 T1
as there is no data about the effect of joints
or lg is assumed to be zero
ATfor iron = AT / m x Effective magnetic core length
= 200 x 0.4 = 80

Ic =

Problems_Tran_winding 10
V1
where Et = 4.44 m f
Et
= 4.44 Ai Bm f
= 4.44 (Ki Ag ) Bm f
= 4.44 x 0.9 x 25 x 10-4 x 1.2 x 50 if Ki = 0.9
= 0.6V
220
367
T1 =
0 .6
80
Im =
0.154 A
2 x 367

T1 =

I0 =

0.0362 + 0.1542 = 0.158 A

3. A 300 kVA, 6600/400V, delta / star, 50Hz, 3 phase core type transformer has the following
data. Number of turns/ph on HV winding = 830, net iron area of each limb and yoke = 260 and
297 cm2, Mean length of the flux path in each limb and yoke = 55 cm and 86.9 cm. For the
transformer steel
Flux density in tesla 0.75 1.0 1.15 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4
AT/m
- 100 105 200 400 500 1000 1500
Coreloss / kg
- 0.7 1.25 1.75 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.8
Determine the no load current

86.9 cm

55 cm

260 cm2

297 cm2

Core and Yoke details

Solution: I0 =
Ic =

2
c

I +I

2
m

Coreloss / ph
V1 ph

loss in 3 legs + loss in 2 yokes

3
Loss in 3 legs = 3 x loss in one leg
= 3 x loss / kg in leg x volume of the leg i.e, (Ai x mean length of the flux
Path in leg) x density of iron

V1
6600
Bm = m where m =
=
= 0.036 Wb
Ai
4.44 f T1
4.44 x 50 x 830

Coreloss / ph =

Problems_Tran_winding 11
0.036
= 1.38 T
260 x 10- 4
At 1.38 T, loss / kg in the leg = 2.7 as obtained from the loss/kg graph drawn to scale.
Loss in 3 legs = 3 x 2.7 x 260 x 55 x 7.55 x 10-3 = 874.5W with the assumption that density of
iron is 7.5 grams / cc
Loss in 2 yokes = 2 x loss in one yoke
= 2 x loss/kg in yoke x volume of the yoke i.e, (Ay x mean length of the
flux path in the yoke) x density of iron

Bm =

AT/m

Loss/kg
1.38T

AT/m
1300

Loss/kg
2.7

By =

m
Ay

0.036
= 1.21 T
297 x 10- 4

At 1.21T, loss/kg in yoke = 1.9

Loss in 2 yokes = 2 x 1.9 x 297 x 86.9 x 7.55 x 10-3 = 740.5W
874.5 + 740.5
= 538.7W
Coreloss / ph =
3
538.7
= 0.08A
Ic =
6600
(ATfor iron + 800000 lg Bm ) / ph
ATfor iron / ph
Im =
=
as there is no data about lg
2 T1
2 T1
ATs for 3 legs + ATs for 2 yokes
ATfor iron / ph =
3
3 x AT/m for leg x mean legnth of the flux path in the leg + 2 x AT/m for yoke
x mean length of the flux path in the yoke
3
At Bm = 1.38T, AT/m for the leg = 1300 and
At By = 1.21T, AT/m for the yoke = 300 as obtained from the magnetization curve drawn to
scale.
3 x 1300 x 0.55 + 2 x 300 x 0.869
Therefore ATfor iron / ph =
= 888.8
3
888.8
Im =
= 0.76A
2 x 830

I0 =

0.082 + 0.762 = 0.764 A

4. A 6600V, 50Hz single phase transformer has a core of sheet steel. The net iron cross sectional
area is 22.6 x 10-3 m2, the mean length is 2.23m and there are four lap joints. Each lap joint takes
times as much reactive mmf as is required per meter of core. If the maximum flux density as

Problems_Tran_winding 12
1.1T, find the active and reactive components of the no load current. Assume an amplitude factor
of 1.52 and mmf / m = 232, specific loss = 1.76 W/kg, specific gravity of plates = 7.5
Coreloss
Active component of no load current Ic =
V1
Coreloss = specific core loss x volume of core x density
= 1.76 x 22.6 x 10-3 x 2.23 x 7.5 x 103 = 665.3 W
665.3
= 0.1A
Ic =
6600
ATiron + 800000 lg Bm
Reactive component of the no-load current Im =
as peak, crest or
1.52 T1
Maximum value
= 1.52
amplitude factor =
rms value
ATiron = 232 x 2.23 = 517.4
1
AT for 4 lap joints = 800000 lg Bm = 4 x
x 232 = 232
4
V1
V1
6600
=
=
1196
T1 =
4.44 m f
4.44 A i Bm f
4.44 x 22.6 x 10-3 x 1.1 x 50
Im =

517.4 + 232
= 0.412 A
1.52 x 1196

5. A single phase 400V, 50Hz, transformer is built from stampings having a relative permeability
of 1000. The length of the flux path 2.5m, Ai = 2.5 x 10-3 m2 , T1 = 800. Estimate the no load
current. Iron loss at the working flux density is 2.6 W/kg. Iron weights 7.8 x 103 kg/m3, iron
factor = 0.9
[Hint: Bm = 0 r H, ATiron = H x flux path length
Problems on Leakage reactance
1. Calculate the percentage reactance of a 15 kVA, 11000/440V, star-delta, 50Hz transformer
with cylindrical coils of equal length, given the following. Height of the coils = 25cm, thickness
of LV = 4cm, thickness of HV = 3 cm, mean diameter of both primary and secondary together =
15 cm, insulation between HV & LV = 0.5cm, volt / turn = 2, transformer is of core type
I X
Percentage reactance x = 1 p x 100
V1
kVA x 103
15 x 103
=
= 0.8A
3 V1
3 x 11000/ 3

L bp
b
Xp = 2 f Tp2 0 mt
+ s + a
Lc 3
3

I1 =

V1
11000 / 3
=
= 3176
Et
2
Lmt = Mean length of turn of both primary and secondary together
= x mean diameter of both primary and secondary together
= x 15 = 47.1 cm
0.471 0.03 0.04

Xp = 2 x 50 x (3176)2 x 4 x 10-7 x
+
+ 0.005 = 212.13

0.25 3
3

0.8 x 212.13
x =
x 100 = 2.67
11000 / 3

Tp = T1 =

Problems_Tran_winding 13

2. Determine the equivalent reactance of a transformer referred to the primary from the following
data. Length of the man turn of primary and secondary = 120 cm and 100 cm number of primary
and secondary turns = 500 and 20. Radial width of both windings = 2.5 cm, width of duct
between two windings = 1.4 cm, height of coils = 60 cm.

L mt b p
b

+ s + a
Lc 3
3

Lmt = Mean length of turn of both primary and secondary together

= x (1.2 + 1.0) / 2 = 3.46 m
3.46 0.025 0.025

= 2 x 50 x 5002 x 4 x 10-7 x
+
+ 0.014 5.55

0.6 3
3

Xp = 2 f Tp2 0

OR

Xp = xp + x 's = xp + xs (Tp / Ts)2

xp

= 2 f Tp2 0

L mtp b p
a

+
Lc 3
2

= 2 x 50 x 5002 x 4 x 10-7 x
xs = 2 f Ts2 0

1.2 0.025 0.014

+

3.03
0.6 3
2

L mts bs
a
+

Lc 3
2

= 2 x 50 x 202 x 4 x 10-7 x

1.0 0.025 0.014

-3
+

4.03 x 10
0.6 3
2

500
Xp = 3.03 + 4.03 x 10 x
= 5.55
20
-3

3.Calculate the percentage regulation at full load 0.8pf lag for a 300 kVA, 6600/440V, delta-star,
3 phase,50Hz, core type transformer having cylindrical coils of equal length with the following
data. Height of coils = 4.7 cm, thickness of HV coil = 1.6 cm, thickness of LV coil = 2.5 cm,
insulation between LV & HV coils = 1.4 cm, Mean diameter of the coils = 27 cm, volt/turns =
7.9 V, full load copper loss = 3.75 Kw
Percentage regulation =
I1 =

I1 R p Cos + I1 X pSin
V1

x 100

kVA x 103
300 x 103
=
= 15.15A
3 V1
3 x 6600

Since full load copper loss = 3 I 12 Rp ,

Rp =

3.75 x 103
= 5.45
3 x (15.15) 2

L mt b p
b

+ s + a
Lc 3
3

V
6600
Tp = T1 = 1 =
836
Et
7.9
Lmt = Mean length of turn of both primary & secondary together = x 27 = 84.82 cm

Xp = 2 f Tp2 0

Problems_Tran_winding 14
0.8482 0.016 0.025

+
+ 0.014 = 13.77

0.47 3
3

15.15 x 5.45 x 0.8 + 15.15 x 13.77 x 0.6

Percentage regulation =
x 100 = 2.89
6600

Xp = 2 x 50 x (836) x 4 x 10-7 x

4. A 750 kVA, 6600/415V, 50Hz, 3 phase, delta star, core type transformer has the following
data. Width of LV winding = 3 cm, width of HV winding = 2.5 cm, width of duct and insulation
between LV & HV = 1.0 cm, height of windings = 40 cm, length of mean turn = 150 cm, volt /
turn = 10V. Estimate the leakage reactance of the transformer. Also estimate the per unit
regulation at 0.8 pf lag, if maximum efficiency of the transformer is 98% and occurs at 85 % of
full load.

L bp
b
Xp = 2 f Tp2 0 mt
+ s + a
Lc 3
3

V
6600
Tp = T1 = 1 =
= 660
Et
10
1.5 0.025 0.03

+
+ 0.01 = 18.3

0 .4 3
3

I1 R p Cos + I1 X pSin

Xp = 2 x 50 x (660)2 x 4 x 10-7 x
Per unit regulation =
3

V1
3

kVA x 10
750 x 10
=
= 37.88A
3 V1
3 x 6600
Since copper loss = iron loss at maximum efficiency,
1 -
output
Losses = WCu + Wi = 2 WCu = 2 x 3 (0.85 I1)2 Rp =

1 - 0.98
3

0.85 x 750 x 10 x 1.0

0.98

Therefore Rp =
= 2.01
2 x 3 x 37.882 x 0.852
37.88 x 2.01 x 0.8 + 37.88 x 18.3 x 0.6
Per unit regulation =
= 0.072
6600
I1 =

HV

LV

22

bS
a

26.5
29.5

36

5.Estimate the percentage regulation at full load 0.8 pf lag for a 300 kVA, 6600/400V, delta-star
connected core type transformer with the following data.
Diameter
Cross-sectional area of
inside
outside
the conductor
HV winding
29.5 cm
36 cm
5.4 mm2
LV winding
22 cm
26.5 cm
70 mm2
Length of coils = 50 cm, volt/turn = 8, Resistivity = 0.021 / m / mm 2
I R Cos + I1 X pSin
Solution: Percentage regulation = 1 p
x 100
V1
I1 =

kVA x 103
300 x 103
=
= 15.15A
3 V1
3 x 6600

Rp = rp + r 1s = rp + rs (Tp / Ts)2

bP

Problems_Tran_winding 15

L mtp
Tp
Resistance of the primary rp =
a1
(36 + 29.5)
= 102.9 cm
2
(0.021 x 1.029 x 825)
V
6600
Tp = 1 =
= 825 . Therefore, rp =
= 3.3
5.4
Et
8

Lmtp = x mean diameter of primary i.e., HV winding =

L mts
Ts
Resistance of the secondary rs =
a2
(26.5 + 22)
= 76.2 cm
2
V
400 / 3
(0.021 x 0.762 x 29)
29 . Therefore, rs =
= 6.63 x 10-3
Ts = 2 =
Et
8
70

Lmts = x mean diameter of secondary i.e., LV winding =

825
Rp = 3.3 + 6.63 x 10-3 x
= 8.66
29

L bp
b
Xp = 2 f Tp2 0 mt
+ s + a
Lc 3
3

Lmt = Mean length of turn of both primary & secondary together

= x mean diameter of both coils
(22 + 36)
102.9 + 76.2
= x
= 91.1 cm or can be taken as =
= 89.6 cm
2
2
36 29.5
width of primary or HV winding bp =
= 3.25 cm
2
26.5 22
width of secondary or LV winding bs =
= 2.25 cm
2
29.5 - 26.5
width of insulation or duct or both between LV & HV i.e, a =
= 1.5 cm
2
0.911 0.0325
0.0225

Xp = 2 x 50 x 8252 x 4 x 10-7 x
+
+ 0.015 = 16.32

0.5 3
3

15.15 x 8.66 x 0.8 + 15.15 x 16.32 x 0.6

Percentage regulation =
x 100 = 3.84
6600

Design of cooling tank and tubes

1. Design a suitable cooling tank with cooling tubes for a 500 kVA, 6600/440V, 50Hz, 3 phase
transformer with the following data. Dimensions of the transformer are 100 cm height, 96 cm
length and 47 cm breadth. Total losses = 7 kw. Allowable temperature rise for the tank walls is
350C. Tubes of 5 cm diameter are to be used. Determine the number of tubes required and their
possible arrangement.
Tank height Ht = transformer height + clearance of 30 to 60 cm = 100 + 50 = 150 cm
Tank length Lt = transformer length + clearance of 10 to 20 cm = 96 + 14 = 110 cm
width or breadth of the tank Wt = transformer width or breadth + clearance of
cm
= clearance of 47 + 13 = 60 cm
Losses = 12.5 St + 8.78 At

10 to 20

Problems_Tran_winding 16

Dissipating surface of the tank (neglecting the top and bottom surfaces)
St = 2Ht (Lt + Wt) = 2 x 1.5 (1.1 + 0.6) = 5.1 m2
7000 = 12.5 x 5.1 x 35 + 8.78 At x 35
Area of all the tubes At = 15.6 m2
Dissipating area of each tube at = x diameter of the tube x average height or length of the tube
= x 0.05 x 0.9 x 1.5 = 0.212 m2
At
15.6
=
= 73.6 & is not possible. Let it be 74.
Number of tubes nt = a t
0.212
If the tubes are placed at 7.5 cm apart from centre to centre, then the number of tubes that can be
110
60
provided along 110 cm and 60 cm sides are
15 and
8 respectively.
7 .5
7 .5
Therefore number of tubes that can be provided in one row all-round = 2(15 + 8) = 46. Since
there are 74 tubes, tubes are to be arranged in 2nd row also. If 46 more tubes are provided in
second row, then total number of tubes provided will be 92 and is much more than 74. With 13
& 6 tubes along 100 cm & 60 cm sides as shown, total number of tubes provided will be 2(13 +
6) = 76 though 74 are only required.
2x 13 tubes in 2 rows

110 cm
60 cm

20 tubes in
2 rows

Plan showing the arrangement of tubes

2. A 3 phase 15 MVA, 33/6.6 kV, 50 Hz, star/delta core type oil immersed natural cooled
transformer gave the following results during the design calculations.
Length
of core + 2 times height of yoke = 250 cm, centre to centre distance of cores = 80 cm, outside
diameter of the HV winding = 78.5 cm, iron losses = 26 kw, copper loss in LV and HV windings
= 41.5 kW & 57.5 kW respectively.
Calculate the main dimensions of the tank, temperature rise of the transformer without cooling
tubes, and number of tubes for a temperature rise not to exceed 500C.
Comment upon whether tubes can be used in a practical case for such a transformer. If not
suggest the change.
Ht = 250 + clearance of (30 to 60) cm = 250 + 50 = 300 cm
Lt = 2 x 80 + 78.5 + clearance of (10 to 20) cm = 238.5 + 11.5 = 250 cm
Wt = 78.5 + clearance of (10 to 20) cm = 78.5 + 11.5 = 90 cm
Without tubes, losses = 12.5 St

Problems_Tran_winding 17
St = 2 Ht (Lt + Wt ) = 2 x 3 (2.5 + 0.9) = 20.4 m2
( 26 + 41.5 + 57.5) 103
=
= 4900 C
12.5 x 20.4
with cooling tubes, losses = 12.5 St + 8.78 At
( 26 + 41.5 + 57.5) 103 - 12.5 x 20.4 x 50
= 255.6 m 2
At =
8.78 x 50
With 5 cm diameter tubes at = x 0.05 x 0.9 x 3 = 0.424 m2
255.6
603
nt =
0.424
Tan

250

78.5

Ht

HV

80

80

Lt

All dimensions are in cms.

If tubes are provided at 7.5 cm apart from centre to centre, then the number of tubes that can be
provided along 250 cm and 90 cm sides are 250 / 7.5 33 and 90 / 7.5 12 respectively.
Number of tubes in one row = 2 (33 + 12) = 90.
Therefore number of rows required = 603 / 90 7.
As the number tubes and rows increases, the dissipation will not proportionately increase. Also it
is difficult to accommodate large number of tubes on the sides of the tank. In such cases external
radiator tanks are preferable & economical.
3. The tank of a 1250 kVA natural cooled transformer is 155 cm in height and 65 cm x 185 cm in
plan. Find the number of rectangular tubes of cross section 10 cm x 2.5 cm. Assume
improvement in convection due to siphoning action of the tubes as 40%. Temperature rise =
400C. Neglect top and bottom surfaces of the tank as regards cooling. Full load loss is 13.1 kw.
Loss = 12.5 St + 1.4 x 6.5 At
13100 = 12.5 x [ 2 x 1.55 (0.65 + 18.5) ] x 40 + 1.4 x 6.5 x At x 40
At = 25.34 m2
at = dissipating perimeter of the tube x average height of the tube
= 2 (10 + 2.5) x 10-2 x 0.9 x 1.55 = 0.349 m2

Problems_Tran_winding 18
25.34
At
72
=
at
0.349
If the tubes are provided at 5 cm apart (from centre to centre of the tubes) then the number of
185
= 37. With 36 tubes on each side of 185
tubes that can be provided along 185 cm side are =
5
cm tank length, number of tubes provided = 2 x 36 = 72, as required.

nt =

1 2 3

185

Header

Tubes spaced at 5 cm apart

Solved Problems on Armature of a DC machine

Example: 1
Determine the number of poles, armature diameter and core length for the preliminary design
of a 500kW, 400V, 600 rpm, dc shunt generator assuming an average flux density in the air
gap of 0.7 T and specific electric loading of 38400 ampere- conductors per metre. Assume core
length/ pole arc = 1.1. Apply suitable checks.
Output in watts 500103
Armature current Ia = IL + ISh =
=
=400A
terminal voltage
400
In order that the current/path is not more than 200A, a lap winding is to be used. The number
of parallel paths required is
A=

1250
= 6.25
200

Since the number of parallel paths cannot be a fraction as well an odd integer, A can be 6 or 8.
Let it be 6. (Note: A current/path of 200A need not strictly be adhered)
Check: Frequency of the induced emf f =

PN 660
=
=30Hz and can be considered
120
120

as the frequency generally lies between 25 and 50 Hz

D L =

kW
1.64 10 B q N

1.64

10

500
0.7 38400 600

0.189m
Note: Since the capacity is considerable, power developed in the armature can be taken as
power output for a preliminary design.
L = 1.1 pole arc=1.1
Since lies between 0.6 and 0.7, let it be 0.7.

Since =

D
D
, L=1.1 0.7
=0.4D
6
P

D 0.4D = 0.189
D =

0.189
= 0.473m
0.4

D = 0.78m and L = 0.4 0.78 0.31m

DN 0.78600
=
=24.2m/s
60
60
and is within the limits,i.e.30 m/s.
Check: Peripheral velocity v=

Example: 2
Determine the main dimensions of the armature core, number of conductors, and commutator
segments for a 350kW, 500V, 450 rpm, 6pole shunt generator assuming a square pole face
with pole arc 70% of the pole pitch. Assume the mean flux density to be 0.7T and ampereconductors per cm to be 280.
D L =
=

kW
1.64 10 B q N

1.64

10

350
0.7 280 100 450
0.24m

For a square pole face, L= =0.7 D/6=0.36D

D3 =

0.24
=0.654m3
0.37

Therefore D=0.87m and L=0.370.870.32m

Since E= ZNP/60A, number of armature conductors Z=E60A/NP

Flux per pole =

Bav DL 0.70.870.32
=
=0.1Wb
P
6

If a lap winding is assumed, A=P and therefore

Z=

60 500 6
=666.6 and is not possible as the number of conductors must always an even integer.
0.1 450 6

The number of conductors can be 666 or 668. Let it be 666.

Number of coils=Number of commutator segments
=

Z
666
=
=333 if asingle turn coil is assumed.
2 turns per coil 21

Example: 3
A design is required for a 50kW,4pole,600rpm, and 220V dc shunt generator. The average
flux density in the air gap and specific electric loading are respectively 0.57T and 30000
ampere- conductors per metre. Calculate suitable dimensions of armature core to lead to a
square pole face.
Assume that full load armature drop is 3% of the rated voltage and the field current is 1% of
rated full load current. Ratio pole arc to pole pitch is 0.67.

D L =

kW
1.64 10 B q N

Note: Since data is available in the problem to calculate the power developed in the armature,
the same may be obtained to substitute for kW.
Power developed in the armature in kW=EIa 10-3
E=V+voltage drop in the armature circuit=220+0.03220=226.6V
Ia = IL + ISh
IL =

Output in watts
50 10
=
= 227.3A
terminal voltage
220

Ia = 227.3 + 0.01227.3=229.6A
kW=226.6 229.610-3 =52

D L =

1.64

10

52
0.57 300 600
0.031m

For a square pole face, L= =0.67 D/4=0.53D

D3 =

0.031 3
m and therefore D=0.39m and L=0.530.390.21m
0.53

Example: 4
Determine the diameter and length of the armature core for a 55kW, 110V, 1000rpm, and
4pole dc shunt generator. Assume:
Specific magnetic loading 0.5T, Specific electric loading 13000 ampere turns,
Pole arc 70% of pole pitch and length of core about 1.1 times the pole arc, Allow 10A for field
current and a voltage drop of 4V for the armature circuit.
Determine also the number of armature conductors and slots.
D L =

kW
1.64 10 B q N

Power developed in the armature in kW = EIa 10

E=V+ voltage drop in the armature circuit=110+4=114V
Ia = IL + ISh =

55 10
+ 10 = 510A
110

kW=114 51010-3 =58.14

q = 13000 2 = 26000
as q must be substituted in ampere conductors andone turn corresponds 2 conductors
D L =

1.64

10

58.14
0.5 26000 1000
0.027m

since L=1.1 times pole arc, L= =1.10.7 D/4=0.4D

D3 =

0.027 3
m and therefore D=0.36m and L=0.60.360.22m
0.6

Number of armature conductors Z=

60EA
NP

Flux per pole =

Bav DL 0.50.360.22
=
=0.03Wb
P
4

If a lap winding is assumed, A=P and therefore

Z=

60 114 4
228
0.03 1000 4

Since the minimum number of slots per pole is 9 from commutation point of view, minimum
number of slots for the machine is
= 9 x 4 = 36 -------(1)
Since slot pitch s =
lies between

D
, lies between 2.5 and 3.5 cm, the number of slots
S

36
36
32 and
45 -------------------(2)
3.5
2.5

From 1 and 2 the number of slots lies between 36 and 45.

Since a lap winding is assumed and for a lap winding the number of slots may be multiple of
number of poles i.e. 6 or multiple of number of pair poles i.e. 3, let the number of slots S = 40.
Note: Since preliminary number of slots and conductors are known, actual number of
conductors per slot and number of conductors can be calculated as detailed below.
Conductors per slot=

228
=5.7and is not possible as Conductors per slot must always be
40

an even integer for a double layer winding. Since only double layer winding is for dc machines,
let the number Conductors per slot be 6. Therefore Zrevised =406=240.
Example: 5
For a preliminary design of a 50hp, 230V, 1400 rpm dc motor, calculate the armature diameter
and core length, number of poles and peripheral speed. Assume specific magnetic loading
0.5T, specific electric loading 25000 ampere- conductors per meter, efficiency 0.9.
Ia = IL - ISh

Input in watts 8 746:9 50 747

IL =
=
=
=180.2A
Voltage
;
0.9 230

For this armature current, a lap or wave winding can be used. Since minimum number

of paths

and poles is two, 2 poles are sufficient for the machine. However, to gain more

advantages of more number of poles, let P=4.

<=

=> 4 1400
=
= 46.7?@, within the limits.
120
120

D2 L=

kW
1.6410-4 Bav q N

Power developed in the armature

1 + 29
=A
B outputpower
39
=A

1 + 2 0.9
B 50 0.746 = 38.7kW
3 0.9

D2 L=

Since

38.7
1.6410 0.5250001400
-4

C
lies between 0.55 and 1.1, let it be 1.0.
D

Therefore L==
I =

= 0.0134m3

HI
= 0.785I
4

0.0134
= 0.017m3 and
0.785

Peripheral velocity v =

D=0.26m,

L=0.7850.260.2m

HI> H 0.26 1400

=
19m/s
60
60

Example: 6
Calculate the armature diameter and core length for a 7.5kW, 4pole, 1000rpm, and 220V shunt
motor. Assume:
Full load efficiency = 0.83, field current is 2.5% of rated current. The maximum efficiency
occurs at full load.
D2 L=

kW
1.6410-4 Bav q N

Power developed in the armature

6

= Electrical input to the motor Mield and armature copper losses

= Electrical output of the motor + Iron, friction and windage losses
output 7.5103
Electrical input to the motor =
=
9036W

0.83
Losses at full load =Q

RS
S

T output = Q

RU.V
U.V

T 7.5 103 = 1536W

Since efficiency is maximum at full load and at maximum efficiency, the variable loss
is equal to constant loss,
Variable loss = armature copper loss =
Field copper loss =XYZ[ X\2 ][ ^_ ;Z[

1536
768W
2

7.5103
Ish =0.025 full load current =0.025
= 1.03A
0.83220

Field copper loss =2201.03=226.6W

Power developed in the armature = 9036 768 226.6 = 8041.4W

OR
Iron, friction and windage losses = Constant losses Mield copper loss
= 768 226.6 = 541.4W
OR Power developed in the armature = 7500 + 541.4 = 8041.4W
Since specific magnetic loading lies between 0.45 and 0.75 T, let it be 0.6T.
Since specific electric loading lies between 15000 to 50000 ampere-conductors, let it be 30000.
D2 L=
Since

8.041
1.6410-4 0.6300001000

C
lies between 0.55 and 1.1, let it be 1.0.
D

Therefore L==
I =

= 0.0027m3

HI
= 0.785I
4

0.0027
= 0.0343m3 and
0.785

D=0.33m,

L=0.7850.330.26m
7

Example: 7
List the design details of armature winding suitable for a 35hp, 4pole, 500rpm, and 230V,
motor. Flux per pole 0.028Wb.
Details of the winding : Type of winding, number of slots, number of conductors, crosssectional area of conductor, number of coils, back pitch, front pitch etc.
Input in watts 8 746:9
Ia
=
Voltage
;
35 747
=
=126.1A with the assumption, efMiciency is 0.9.
0.9 230
For the armature current of 126.1A, a lap or wave winding can be used. Let a wave winding be
used.
Number of armature conductors Z=

60EA
602302
=
492
NP
0.0285004

Since the minimum number of slots per pole is 9 from commutation point of view, minimum
number of slots for the machine is 9 x 4 = 36.
[Note: Since the diameter of the armature is not known, number of slots from the slot pitch
consideration cannot be fixed. It is not very much essential to determine D either from
D L product or peripheral velocity and then fix number of the slots. Even the condition
minimum, 9 slots per pole need not be satisfied, as it is only a guiding figure in fixing the
number of slots for the machine. For a preliminary design, a number, around the minimum
number of slots can be selected.]
Since for a wave winding, the number of slots should not be a multiple of pair of poles i.e. p =
2, let the number of slots be 43.
Conductors per slot=

492
11.5 and is not possible. Let the number Conductors per slot be 12.
43
Therefore Zrevised =1243 =516

Commutator or average pitch YC for simplex wave winding=

C1
p

and must be an integer

Number of coils C=

Z
516
=
= 258 with single turn coils Yassumed\.
2turns per coil 21

C = 258 leads to an asymmetrical, unbalanced or a wave winding with a dummy coil because
258 is a multiple of number of pair of poles.
If a two turn coil is assumed, then the number coils will be

516

22

= 129 and leads to a

symmetrical, balanced or a wave winding without a dummy coil because 129 is not a multiple
of number of pair of poles.
Therefore YC =

C1
1291
=
= 65 or 64
p
2

If YC = 65, YB = 65 and YF = 65
If YC =64, YB = YC 1 = 64 1 = 63 or 65
With YB = 63, YF

= YB 2 = 63 2 = 65 so that

With YB = 65, YF

= YB 2 = 65 2 = 63 so that
I

Cross-sectional area of the conductor a = Aa =

126.1
25

YB + YF
= YC = 64
2
YB + YF
= YC = 64
2

=12.61mm2

For the above area a round or rectangular conductor can be used.

Example: 8
For a preliminary design of a 1500kW, 275V, 300rpm, dc shunt generator determine the
number of poles, armature diameter and core length, number of slots and number of conductors
per slot. Assume:
Average flux density over the pole arc as 0.85T, Output coefficient 276, Efficiency 0.91.Slot
loading should not exceed 1500A.
Ia = IL + ISh IL =

1500 10
= 5454.5A
275

In order that the current per path is not more than about 200A,a simplex wave winding cannot
be used. Obviously, a lap winding has to be used having number of parallel paths
A=

5454.5
27.27.
200

Since the number of parallel paths must be an even integer, it can be 26 or 28. Let A =
28.Therefore, with a simplex lap winding considered P = 28.
hi

Check: f =
=
R U

V UU
R U

= 70Hz and is on the higher side as frequency generally considered

between 25 and 50Hz. In order to reduce the frequency and to have A =28, a duplex lap
winding can used with P = 14 and f = 35Hz.

D L =

kW
kW
=

1.64 10 B q N Co N

Power developed in the armature in kW =

output 1500
=
= 1648.1
9
0.91

[Note: a\ When the speed is in rpm in the expression, D L =

kW
, the output coefMicient
Co N

Co = 1.64 10 B q lies between

1.64 10 0.45 15000 = 1.0 and 1.64 10 0.75 50000 = 6.0.

On the other hand if the speed is in rpm, Co = H 10 B q lies between
H 10 0.45 15000 = 60 and H 10 0.75 50000 = 360.

Since the given value of Co lies in the range of 60 and 360, the speed must be in rps
when substituted in the output equation.]

D L =

1648.4

276

UU
lU

1.2m

[Note: In order to spilt up D L product into D and L, a value for

has to be assumed. ]

Let L=, Therefore, L=

D3 =

n
o

ratio or peripheral velocity

D
=0.23D
14

1.2
= 5.2m3 and therefore D=1.7m and L=0.231.70.39m
0.23

Since the minimum number of slots per pole is 9 from commutation point of view, minimum
number of slots for the machine is
= 9 x 44 =126 -------(1)

10

Since slot pitch p =

lies between

HI
, lies between 2.5 and 3.5 cm, the number of slots
q

170
170
152 and
214 -------------------(2)
3.5
2.5

From 1 and 2 the number of slots lies between 152 and 214.

Since a lap winding is assumed and for a lap winding the number of slots may be multiple of
number of poles i.e. 14 or multiple of number of pair poles i.e. 7, let the number of slotsS =
196.
Number of armature conductors Z=

E60A
NP

Bav DL Bg DL
=
P
P
0.70.851.70.39
=
=0.089Wb with the assumption = 0.7
4

Flux per pole =

Z=

60 275 28
1236
0.089 30014

Conductors per slot=

1236
=6.3and is not possible as Conductors per slot must always be
196

an even integer for a double layer winding. Let the number Conductors per slot be 6.
Therefore Zrevised =1966=1176.
Slot loading = conductors per slot current through the conductor i.e.
=6

5454.5
28

Ia
A

=1168.8 < 1500 and the condition is satisMied.

Example: 9
A 150hp, 500V, 6pole, 450rpm, dc shunt motor has the following data.
Armature diameter = 54cm, length of armature core = 24.5cm, average flux density in the air
gap = 0.55T, number of ducts = 2, width of each duct = 1.0cm, stacking factor = 0.92.
Obtain the number of armature slots and work the details of a suitable armature winding. Also
determine the dimensions of the slot. The flux density in the tooth at one third height from the
root should not exceed 2.1T.

11

Ia =

hp746 150746
=
=248.7A
V
0.9500

For this armature current, a lap or wave winding may be used. Let a lap winding be used.
Since the minimum number of slots per pole is 9 from commutation point of view, minimum
number of slots for the machine is
= 9 x 6 = 54 -------(1)
Since slot pitch s =
lies between

D
, lies between 2.5 and 3.5 cm, the number of slots
S

H 54
H 54
48 and
68 -------------------(2)
3.5
2.5

From 1 and 2 the number of slots lies between 54 and 68.

Since a lap winding is assumed and for a lap winding the number of slots may be multiple of
number of poles i.e. 6 or multiple of number of pair poles i.e. 3, let the number of slots S = 60.
Details of winding: Type of winding (already fixed), number of slots (also fixed), number of
conductors, cross-sectional area of the conductor, back pitch, front pitch etc.
Flux per pole =

Bav DL 0.550.540.245
=
=0.038Wb
P
6

qince a lap winding is assumed,

Conductors per slot=

Z=

60500 6
1754
0.038 450 6

1754
=29.2and is not possible
60

let the number Conductors per slot be 30. Therefore Zrevised =3060=1800.
Z
1800
1800
Back pitch YB = K =
K =
1 = 301 say.
P
6
6
Front pitch YF =YB 2 = 3012=299 for a progressive winding
Since the current density lies between 4.5 and 7A/mm2, let it be 5A/mm2
Cross-sectional area of the conductor a =

Zt 248.7
=
= 8.3mm
uv 6 5

Since a is less than 10mm , let a round conductor be used of bare diameter

12

4x
4 8.3
w
=w
= 3.25mm
H
H
Since only double layer winding is used for a dc machine, number of conductor per layer is
(30/2) =15 and can be arranged in any one of the following ways.

(A)- 15 conductors are arranged one below the other in each layer. Slot is not proportionate.
(B)- 15 conductors are arranged one beside the other in each layer. Slot is not proportionate.
(C) and ( D) - arrangement of conductors as shown in (C) or (D), leads to proportionate slots
If the conductors are arranged as shown in (D), then,

Slot width bs= ( diameter of the conductor + insulation on it) number of conductors along the

13

slot width + (insulation over the coil side or group of coil sides + slot liner
+ clearance)
= (3.25 + 2 x 0.075)3 + 1.5
= 11.7mm
Slot depth ht= (diameter of the conductor + insulation on it) number of conductors along the
slot depth + (insulation over the coil side or group of coil sides + slot liner
+ separator + clearance) + wedge 3 to 5 mm + lip 1 or 2mm.
= (3.25 + 2 x 0.075)10 +4 + 4 + 2
= 44mm
Flux density in the tooth at one third height from the root of the tooth yz{: =
width of the tooth at 1:3 height from the root of the tooth ~z{:
|
=

H QI
q




~p =

H Q54

60

.


~z{: C
|

1.17 = 1.35cm

Net iron length C =  (L - ~ )=0.9(24.5- 21)= 20.7cm

_<^_yz{: =
|

0.038

0.0135 0.207

lU
l

= 1.36.

yz{: = 1.36is the average flux density in the tooth

|

with assumption, that the flux per pole is uniformly distributed in all the teeth under one pole.
However because of higher value of flux under pole arc, the flux density in the tooth will be
more than the average value. Thus maximum value of the average flux density ( Bt1 )
:3

can ken as

A Bt1 B
:3

max

ave

Field form factor or per uint enclosure

14

If per unit enclosure is taken as 0.7, then,( Bt1 )

:3

max

1.36
=1,94T and less than 2.1T
0.7

Example:10
A 250kW, 500V, 6pole, 600rpm, dc generator is built with an armature of 0.75m and core
length of 0.3m. The lap connected armature has 72o conductors. Using the data obtained from
this machine, determine the armature diameter, core length, number of armature slots, armature
conductors and commutator segments for a 350kW,44oV,720 rpm,6pole dc generator.
Assume a square pole face with ratio pole arc to pole pitch equal to 0.66. The full load
efficiency is 0.91 and the internal voltage drop is 4% of rated voltage. The diameter of
commutator is 0.7 of armature diameter. The pitch of the commutator segments should not be
less than 4mm. The voltage between adjacent segments should not exceed 15V at no load.
[Note: In order to determine the details of 350kW machine, Bav and q are required. Since the
data of 250kW machine is to be used for the second machine, Bav, q and Co are same for both
the machines. The data square pole, efficiency, voltage drop can assumed to be applicable to
both machines.]
I machine:
q=

Ia Z
AD

Ia =

Power developed in the armature

induced emf

Power developed in the armature=

250
Output
=
=274.7kW
Efficiency 0.91

emf induced E = 500+0.04500=520V

274.7 10
Zt =
=528.3A
520

528.3 720
26906 ampere- conductors per meter
6 H 0.75

Bav =
=

P
DL

60EA 605206
=
0.072Wb
ZNP 7206006

Bav =

60.072
= 0.61T
0.750.3
15

OR

yt =

274.7
=
= 0.61



1.64 10 >I C 1.64 10 26906 600 0.75 0.3

II machine:

350:

0.91
I C=
=
0.195


1.64 10 yt >
1.64 10 0.61 26906 720

For a square pole face, L= =0.66 D/6=0.35D

D3 =

0.195
=0.564m3
0.35

Therefore D=0.83m and L=0.350.830.29m

Since the minimum number of slots per pole is 9 from commutation point of view, minimum
number of slots for the machine is
= 9 x 6 = 54 -------(1)

Since slot pitch

lies between

s =

D
S , lies between 2.5 and 3.5 cm, the number of slots

H 83
H 83
74 and
104 -------------------(2)
3.5
2.5

From 1 and 2 the number of slots lies between 74 and 104.

If a lap winding is assumed then for a lap winding the number of slots may be multiple of
number of poles i.e. 6 or multiple of number of pair poles i.e. 3, let the number of slots S = 78
Number of armature conductors Z=

E60A
NP

.
emf induced E = 440+0.04440=457.6V
Flux per pole =
Z=

Bav DL 0.610.830.29
=
=0.078Wb
P
6

60 457.66
488
0.078 720 6

Conductors per slot=

488
=6. 2 and is not possible. Let it be 6
78
16

Zrevised =786=468

Conductors /layer=

6
=3
3

Three conductors /layer is possible only with 3 coil sides/layer of single turn coil or one coil
Side/layer of 3 turn coil. If a single turn coil is assumed, then the number of coils =

lV

=234.

There the number of segments = 234.

Check:
Commutator segment pitchC =

DC
number of segments

Commutator diameter I =0.783=58.1cm

D =

H 58.1
= 0.78m > 4mm
234

Voltage between segments pitch =

Open circuit voltage

number of

segments
pole

457.6
=11.7V <15V
234:
6

Example:11
=_^x^8x^ =

30x
x[
8>

_x = m~_^<8x_x8x[8x_[
= x_x^x~^mmx^_[m[
= xm8_ ^^_[8_m_^<8_8_
= 8_8_^m/[
8 = m~_^<8x_^<8^[
> = [8_8m

17

Assume the machine to be lap wound with single turn coils.

18

Output W=terminal voltage load current

= Ym~_^< [~8^[xx~_[[
^_m~_^<[m[~~_[[^_m~_^<[m[8_8^
^_m~_^<^[8_8^\ Zn
= Ym~_^[8_8^ Zn

=
=
[ =
=

Y p\

Zn

Zn
=

x[8 = x[^<^[^ . . Y1\

28 2 1
2

Zt
Zn
u

, Zn = 2xHIx[x = . . Y2\
uHI uHI
2

HI>
60
, HI =
,
60
>

. . Y3\

q~^^<x^[ 2 x 3 1 x[^
=

2x 60:>

28
2

30x
x[
8>

Note: In case of lap winding, number of brushes is equal to number of poles.

Example: 12
Determine the main dimensions, number of poles, number of conductors per slot and air gap
length subjecting the results to design checks for a 600kW, 500V 900rpm dc generator.
Assume:
Average flux density 0.6T, ampere-conductors per metre 35000. The ratio pole arc to pole
pitch 0.67, efficiency 91%.
Peripheral velocity should not exceed 40m/s
Armature mmf per pole should be below 7500A
Current per brush arm should not exceed 400A

19

Frequency of the flux reversal should not exceed 50Hz

The mmf required for air gap is 50% of armature mmf and gap contraction factor is 1.15.
600103
Armature current Ia IL =
=1200A
300
In order that current per path is not greater than 200A or current per brush arm
is not greater than 400A, a lap winding is to be used having parallel paths,
u=

1200
=6
200

Since for a simplex lap winding, A=P, P=6

Check: Frequency f=
I C =

PN 6900
=
=45<50Hz and the condition is satisfied.
120 120

1.64 10 yt >

Power developed in kW=

I C =

1.64

10

Output 600
=
=659.4

0.91

659.4
= 0.213m
0.6 3500 900

Since the peripheral velocity should not be greater than 40 m/s , let it be 36 m/s.
Since v=
L=

0.213
0.762

DN
60v 6036
, D=
=
=0.76m
N 900
60
=0.28m

Since the minimum number of slots per pole is 9 from commutation point of view, minimum
number of slots for the machine is
= 9 x 6 = 54 -------(1)

Since slot pitch

lies between

s =

D
S , lies between 2.5 and 3.5 cm, the number of slots

H 76
H 76
68 and
96 -------------------(2)
3.5
2.5

20

From 1 and 2 the number of slots lies between 68 and 96.

Since for a lap winding the number of slots may be multiple of number of poles i.e. 6 or
multiple of number of pair poles i.e. 3, let the number of slots S = 72.
Number of armature conductors Z=

E60A
NP

Bav DL 0.60.760.28
=
=0.067Wb
P
6

Z=

60 500 6
498
0.067 900 6

Conductors per slot=

498
=6.9and is not possible. Let it be 6.
72

Zrevised =726=432
Check:
Armature mmf per pole

Ia Z 1200432
ATa
:pole =
=
=7200A <7500A
266
2AP
and the condition is satisfied.

Air gap mmf A = 800000 y = 0.5

ATa
:pole

Carter's gap expansion or contraction coefficient = 1.15

Maximum gap density Bg =
Air gap length =

Bav 0.6
=
=0.895T
0.67

0.5 7200
=0.0043m
800000 1.15 0.895

***************

21

SOLVED PROBLEMS ON DC MACHINE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

Example.1
Calculate the ampere-turns
turns for the air gap of a dc machine given the following data.
Gross core length = 40cm, air gap length = 0.5cm, number of ducts = 5, width of duct
= 1.0cm, slot pitch = 6.5cm, slot opening = 0.5cm, average value of flux density in the air gap
=0.63T. Field form factor = 0.7, Carters coefficient = 0.72 for opening/gap-length
opening/gap
= 2.0 and
Carterss coefficient=0.82 for opening/gap
opening/gap-length = 1.0.
Note: If the Carters coefficient given is greater than 1.0, then it may be
 ,
78 9:
7 . If the
Carters coefficient given is less than 1.0, then it may be . or 1 / . +, 0 or1 / 0 +.
Therefore
 and
 are to be found out to find out
 .When the ratio !"  o r !  is
less like 1, 2 or 3 and the Carters coefficient given is close to 1.0, then it may be s or0 . If it is
close to zero, then it may be 1 / . +, or 1 / 0 +.

  800000
 

  Carter ' s gap expansion coeficient
coeficient
 1


  Carter ' s gap expansion coeficient for the slots 
At

s
s - bos 1-s +

!" 0.5

 1.0, s  0.82
82

0.5

 

6.5
1
1.014
6.5 -0.5 1-0.82+

  Carter ' s gap expansion coeficient for the ducts 

5
5 / 6 ! 1 / 0 +

At

! 1.0

 2.0, 0  0.72
 0.5

 

40
 1.04
40 / 5 1 11 / 0.72+

  1.014 1 1.04  1.054

Maximum value of lux density in the air gap 

A
0.63

 0.9
0.7

B

  800000 1 0.5 1 10EF 1 1.054 1 0.9  3794.4

Example.2
Calculate the ampere turns required for the air gap of a DC machine given the following data.
Gross core length = 40cm, air gap length = 0.5 cm, number of ducts = 5, width of each duct
= 1.0cm, slot pitch = 6.5cm, average value of flux density in the air gap = 0.63T. Field form
factor = 0.7, Carters coefficient = 0.82 for opening/gap length = 1.0 and Carters coefficient
= 0.82 for opening/gap length = 1.0, and Carters coefficient = 0.72 for opening/gap length =
2.0.
  800000
 

 = Carter' s gap expansion coefficient=
 1


 = Carter' s gap expansion coefficient for the slots =
Since

GH
IJ

s
s - bos (1-s )

= 1.0/0.5 = 2.0, corresponds to ducts, opening/gap-length = 1.0, must correspond to

slots.Therefore, opening of the slot !" =  x 1.0 = 0.5x1.0=0.5cm.

At

!" 0.5
=
= 1.0, s = 0.82

0.5

 =

6.5
= 1.014
6.5 -0.5 (1-0.82)

 = Carter' s gap expansion coefficient for the ducts =

At

5
5 6 ! (1 0 )

! 1.0
=
= 2.0, 0 = 0.72
 0.5


 =

40
= 1.04
40 5 1(1 0.72)

 = 1.014 1.04 = 1.054

Maximum value of flux density in the air gap =

A
0.63
=
= 0.9

B
0.7

 = 800000 0.5 10EF 1.054 0.9 = 3794.4

Example.3
Find the ampere-turns/pole required for a dc machine from the following data. Radical length
of the air gap = 6.4mm, tooth width = 18.5 mm, slot width = 13.5mm, width of core packets
= 50.8mm, width of ventilating ducts = 9.5mm, Carters coefficient for slots and ducts = 0.27
and 0.21, maximum gap density = 0.8T. Neglect the ampere turns for the iron parts.

ATpole = ATL + ATN + ATO + ATP + ATQ

= RS"T + 
=  as the ampere turns for the iron parts is to be neglected

= 800000
 

 =



 =

s
s - bos (1-s )

Slot pitchV = !W + ! = 18.5 + 13.5 = 32mm

Opening of the slot!" = ! = 13.5mm if an open slot is assumed.
At

!" 13.5
=
= 2.1, (1 - s ) = 0.27

6.4

32
= 1.13
32 13.5 0.27

 =

5
5 6 ! (1 0 )

 =

5 = width of the core packets + width of ventilating ducts i.e.6 !

= 50.8 + 9.5 = 60.3 mm
60.3
= 1.03
60.3 9.5 0.21

 =

 = 1.13 1.03 = 1.17

[9\ = 800000 6.4 10E] 1.17 0.8 = 4792.3
Example.4
Find the ampere turns required for the air gap of a 6pole, lap connected dc machine with the
following data. No load voltage = 250V, air gap length = 0.8cm, pole pitch = 50cm, pole arc
= 33cm, Carters coefficient for slots and ducts = 1.2, armature conductors = 2000, speed
= 300RPM, armature core length = 30cm.
 = 800000
 

 =


 =

A

B 9:

A =

^
_`5

60a
60 250 6
=
= 0.025Wb
bc^
2000 300 6

Since e =
A =

_`
, _` = e ^ = 50 6 = 300cm
^

6 0.025
= 0.17T
_ 0.3

[9\ f:g
33
=
= 0.66
[9\ [hig
50

 =

0.17
= 0.25
0.66

OR
 =

0.025
= kl =
=
= 0.25T
_`5 5 e5 0.33 0.3
m

 = 800000 0.8 10EF 1.2 0.25 = 1920

Example.5
Calculate the ampere turns for the air gap of a machine using the following data. Core length
= 32cm, number of ventilating ducts = 4, width of duct = 1.0cm, pole arc of ventilating ducts =
4, width of duct = 1.0cm, pole arc = 19cm. Slot pitch = 5.64 cm, semi-closed slots with slot
opening = 0.5cm, air gap length = 0.5cm, flux/pole = 0.05Wb.

 = 800000
 

 =



 =
At

s
s - bos (1-s )

!" 0.5

= 1.0, (1 - s ) obtained from Carter ' s fringing coeficient curve is 0. 18

0.4

 =

 =

5.64
= 1.016
5.64 0.5 0.18
5
5 6 ! (1 0 )
5

At

! 1.0

= 2.0, (1 0 ) obtained from Carter ' s fringing coeficient curve
 0.5

corresponding to open slots is 0. 28. Curve corresponding to open slot is considered because
ducts are similar to open type of slots.
32
= 1.04
32 4 1 0.28

 =

 = 1.016 1.04 = 1.06

 =

A

0.05
= kl =
=
= 0.82T
_`5 5 e5 0.19 0.32
m

 = 800000 0.5 10EF 1.06 0.82 = 3476.8

Example.6
A DC machine has an armature diameter of 25cm, core length of 12cm, 31 parallel slots 1.0cm
wide and 3.0cm deep. Insulation on the lamination is 8.0%. The air gap is 0.4cm long and there
is one radial duct 1cm wide in the core. Carters coefficient for the slots and the duct is 0.68.
Determine the ampere turns required for the gap and teeth if the flux density in the gap is 0.7T.
The magnetization curve for the iron is:
Flux density in tesla
ampere- turns/cm

1.4
18

1.6
30

1.8
65

2.0
194

2.1
344

2.2
630

2.3
1200

 = 800000
 

 =



 =

s
s - bos (1-s )

Slot pitchV =

_` _ 25
=
= 2.53cm
n
31

nh6g\ of:i\: p qg9\rrhgh\6i hq qfs\ r9: !9i q9iq f6t tugi, :fih9

!" !
= .



\:\r9:\ !" = ! = 1.0.

 =

2.53
= 1.15
2.53 1.0(1 0.68)
6


 =

5
12
=
= 1.03
5 6 ! (1 0 ) 12 1 1(1 0.68)

 = 1.151.03 =1.18
 =

A

0.7
= 1.0T, with the assumption that = 0.7
0.7

 = 800000 0.4 10EF 1.18 1.0 = 3776

W = fiW W
Flux density in the tooth at
Wwx =
]

!iwx 5R m
]

z{H kl|

1
height from the root of the tooth,
3

}.~k}.F}.wF
m

Width of the tooth at

!iwx =
]

}.}
m

Wb

1
height from the root of the tooth,
3

Flux
density
1.86

_(` ] W )

!y =

_ 25 ] 3
31

1.0 = 1.13cm

5R =
R (5 6 ! ) = 0.92(12 1 1) = 10.12gs
Wwx

0.066x
^
=
]w = 1.86
0.0113 0.1012 m

140
aampere
turns/cm

At 1.86T, at t , the ampere-turns obtained from the magnetization curve

drawn to scale is 140/cm.
Therefore, W = 140 3 = 420

Example.7
A shunt generator with lap connected armature rated 100kW, 125V, 450rpm, and 4pole has the
following data relating to its magnetic circuit.
Part
Yoke (Cast iron)
Pole (Stalloy)
Gap (Effective)
Teeth (Mean)
Armature core (Stalloy)

Area in cm2
350
650
900
380
300

Length in cm
40
22
0.86
2.9
15.2

Leakage coefficient = 1.2. Calculate the ampere turns/pole required for 125V at no load. The
armature has 232 conductors.

ATpole = ATL + ATN + ATO + ATP + ATQ

f)  :
Flux density in the yoke =

5o/2

60a
60 125 4
=
0.072Wb
bc^
232 450 4

0.072 1.2/2
= 1.23
350 10E

The ampere turns per metre at , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to cast steel at B = 1.23 hq 1350.
 = fi mean length of the lux path in the yoke
= 1350 0.4 = 540
!) m :
Flux density in the polem =

5o

m

0.072 1.2
= 1.33
650 10E

The ampere turns per metre at , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to stalloy at B = 1.33 hq 800.
m = fim mean length of the lux path in the polem
= 800 0.22 = 176
g)  :
 = 800000
 
Effective air gap length 5
 = 0.86cm
 =

A

e5

effective gap area /pole

0.072
= 0.8T
900 10E

 = 800000 0.86 10EF 0.8 = 5504

t) W :

Flux density in the tooth at

Wwx =
]

!iwx 5R
]

1
height from the root of the tooth,
3

mean area of the teeth / pole

0.072
= 1.89
380 10E

The ampere turns per metre at P , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to stalloy at Wwx = 1.89 hq 30000.
]

W = fiW mean length of the lux path in the toothW

= 30000 0.029 = 870
\)  :
Flux density in the armature core =

/2

0.072/2
= 1.2
300 10E

The ampere turns per metre at , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to stalloy at B = 1.2 hq 400.
 = fi mean length of the lux path in the armature core 
= 400 0.153 = 60.8
Therefore ATpole = 540 + 176 + 5504 + 870 + 60.8 = 7150.8
Example.8
Find the ampere turns/pole required to drive the flux through the teeth using Simpsons rule
with the following data: flux/pole = 0.07Wb, core-length = 35cm, number of ducts = 4, width
of each duct = 1.0cm, slot pitch at the gap surface = 2.5cm, slot pitch at the root of the tooth =
2.3cm, dimensions of the slot = 1.2cm x 5cm, slots/pole-pitch = 12
iW = A W
1
gg9:th67 i9 nhs[q96q :u\ A = (w + 4F + ] )
6
u t\6qhi fi q\gih96 1, Ww =

!iw 5R m

5R =
R (5 6 ! ) = 0.9(35 4 1) = 27.9gs

10

Ww =

0.07
= 1.6
0.013 0.279 12
The ampere turns per metre Hw , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to stalloy at BPw = 1.6 hq 6000.

lux density at section 2, WF =

!iF 5R

Over a slot depth of 5cm,the tooth width changes by (1.3-1.0)=0.2cm. Therefore

for a slot depth of 2.5 cm, the tooth width changes by

0.22.5
=1.0cm. Thus the
5.0

tooth width at section 2 is Bt2 =1.3-0.1=1.2cm.

WF =

0.07
= 1.742
0.012 0.279 12
The ampere turns per metre HF , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to stalloy at BPF = 1.742 hq 15000.

u t\6qhi fi q\gih96 3, W] =

!i] 5R

0.07
= 1.9
0.011 0.279 12

The ampere turns per metre H] , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to stalloy at BP] = 1.9 hq 30000.
\:\r9:\ A =

1
(6000 + 4 15000 + 30000) = 16000
6

W = 16000 0.05 = 800

Example.9
Find the ampere turns required to drive the flux through the teeth with the following data using
graphical method. Minimum tooth width = 1.1cm, maximum tooth width = 1.5cm, slot depth
= 4.0cm, maximum value of flux density at the minimum tooth section = 2.0T. Material used
for the armature is Stalloy.

11

Since the height of the tooth is 4cm, let the tooth be divided into 4 parts. Therefore, according
to graphical method,
W =

w + F W F + ] W ] + W +  W
+
+
+

2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4

u t\6qhi fi q\gih96 5, W = 2.0

The ampere turns per metre H , obtained from the magnetization curve corresponding
to stalloy at BP = 2.0 hq 65000.
nh6g\ W =

!i 5R

f6t W =

lux density at section 4, W =

!i 5R

W !i
!i

Over a tooth height of 4cm,the tooth width changes by (1.5-1.1)=0.4cm. Therefore

for every 1.0cm the tooth width changes by

0.41.0
=0.1cm.
4.0

Thus the tooth width at

section 3 is bt3 =1.2+0.1=1.3cm
section 2 is bt2 =1.3+0.1=1.4cm

W =

2.0 1.1
= 1.83
1.2

nhshf: W] =

2.0 1.1
2.0 1.1
2.0 1.1
= 1.7, WF =
= 1.57 f6t Ww =
= 1.46
1.3
1.4
1.5

The ampere turns per metre H , H] , HF and Hw obtained from the magnetization curve
corresponding to stalloy at respective lux densities are20000, 10800,5000 and 2500.
W =

w + F W F + ] W ] + W +  W
+
+
+

2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4

W = [

w + F F + ] ] + + 
W
+
+
+
]
2
2
2
2
4

12

W = [

2500 + 5000 5000 + 10800 10800 + 20000 20000 + 65000

0.04
+
+
+
]
2
2
2
2
4
= 695.5

Example.10
Calculate the apparent flux density at a section of the tooth of the armature of a DC machine
with the following data at that section. Slot pitch = 2.4cm, slot width = 1.2 cm, armature core
length including 5 ducts each 1.0cm wide = 38cm, stacking factor = 0.92, true flux density in
the teeth at the section is 2.2T for which the ampere turns/m is 70000.
A = SAI + " (
 1)
n9i rfgi9:
y =

Vy 5
Vy 5
2.4 38
=
=
= 2.5
!W 5R (Vy ! )
R (5 6 ! (2.4 1.2) 0.92(38 5 1)

A = 2.2 + 4_ 10E~ 70000(2.5 1) = 2.33

Example.11
Calculate the apparent flux-density at a particular section of a tooth from the following data.
Tooth width = 12mm, slot width = 10mm, gross core length = 0.32mm, number of ventilating
ducts = 4, width of the duct each = 10mm, real flux density = 2.2T, permeability of teeth
corresponding to real flux density = 31.4x10-6H/m. Stacking factor = 0.9.
A = SAI + " (
 1)
nh6g\  = " S , =
n9i rfgi9:
y =

2.2
= 70063.7
31.4 10E

Vy 5
(1.2 + 1.0) 32
=
= 2.33
!W 5R 1.2 0.9(32 4 1)

A = 2.2 + 4_ 10E~ 70063.7(2.33 1) = 2.32

Example.12
The armature core of a DC machine has a gross length of 33cm including 3 ducts each 10mm
wide, and the iron space factor is 0.9.If the slot pitch at a particular section is 25 mm and the
slot width 14mm, estimate the true flux density and the mmf/m for the teeth at this section
corresponding to an apparent flux/density of 23T. The magnetization curve data for the
armature stamping is,
B in tesla
At/m

1.6
3700

1.8
10000

1.9
17000

2.0
27000

2.1
41000

2.2
70000

2.3
109000

13

Since, A = SAI + " (
 1)

SAI = A " (
 1)
Slot factor
y =

Vy 5
2.5 33
=
= 2.8
!W 5R (2.5 1.4) 0.9(33 3 1)

SAI = 2.3 4_ 10E~ (2.8 1)

= 2.3 2.26 10E and is an equation of a straight line.
The intersection ofthis line and the magnetization curve leads toSAI and .
When = 0, A = SAI = 2.3 and whenSAI = 0, =

A
= 1017.7 10]
2.26 10E

Since = 1017.7 10] is too a large value to locate on the x-axis, let a
deinite value of H be considered to locate another point and to draw the straight
line. With that, when = 70000, SAI = 2.3 2.26 10E 70000 = 2.14T
It is clear at the intersection point,SAI = 2.1 f6t

ssr
h. \. = 59000.
s

*********

14