Engineering, 2013, 5, 37-42

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2013.59B007 Published Online September 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/eng)

High-Impedance Bus Differential Protection Modeling

in ATP/MODELS
Mardnnia T. S. Alvarenga, Priscila L. Vianna, Kleber M. Silva
Power System Protection Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
Email: [email protected]
Received July 2013

Abstract
This paper presents a modeling of a high-impedance bus differential protection logic using the ATP (Alternative Transients Program) MODELS language. The model is validated using ATP simulations on an electrical system consisting
of a sectionalized bus arrangement with four transmission lines (TLs) and two autotransformers. The obtained results
validate the model and present some of the advantages of using this type of bus protection, such as fast and safe operation, even when under adverse conditions such as current transformers (CTs) magnetic core saturation upon the occurrence of external faults.
Keywords: Bus Protection; High-Impedance Differential Protection; ATP; MODELS

1. Introduction
The increasing demand for energy supplies and lower
fares cause the electricity sector to operate close to its
stability limits, which may compromise the safety of its
operation. In this context, the protection of electric power
system plays a key role in order to extinguish system
faults quickly and appropriately, preserving the integrity
of the system components, avoiding blackouts of major
proportions and preserving load as much as possible.
Among faults in electric apparatus, substation (SE) bus
deserves serious attention. Even though faults in these
components are not very commonabout 5% [1], its
effects are very harmful to the system, and can often lead
it to instability.
With respect to the station-bus protection, two techniques are widely used: low impedance differential protection and high-impedance differential protection. The
second one is typically used in SEs with rated voltage
greater or equal to 500 kV, where buses have arrangements with fixed topology and there are less occurrences
of switching maneuvers in CTs secondary circuits.
Softwares traditionally used for analysis of protection
systems use component models dedicated to the analysis
of the power system at fundamental frequency. As a result, the transient performances of the protection systems
are not evaluated. In this way, EMTP (Eletromagnetic
Transient Programs) softwares have shown to be an appropriate alternative for modeling and simulating protective relays, since they use more thorough models of the
system components and provide suitable environments to
Copyright 2013 SciRes.

link user-defined numeric relays models.

In the state-of-art of relay modeling in EMTP software,
most papers on the subject deal with the transmission
lines (TL) distance protection [2-5]. In [2], a distance
relay is modeled in EMTP program and its performance
is compared with the one of a manufactured relay. In [3]
and [4], distance protection schemes applied to three
terminals line and double circuit lines are evaluated, respectively. In both researches, the relay is modeled with
the use of MODELS language of ATP. In [5], a Visual
C++ based program is implemented to obtain the FORTRAN code that represents the functional blocks of the
relay, which is incorporated in a PSCAD/EMTDC simulation.
To the authors best knowledge, there are no papers in
the state-of-art that present high-impedance bus differential protection modeling and simulation in EMTP softwares, which became the motivation and objective for the
development of this paper: propose, implement and validate a high-impedance bus differential protection model in
ATP for use in power system protection schemes analysis.
The proposed model of the numerical differential protection was done using MODELS language of ATP and
can be divided into four modules: signal condition, data
acquisition, phasor estimation and differential analysis.
The first one implements the model of an anti-aliasing
analog filter. The second one implements the models of
the Sample/Holder and A/D Converter. In the third module, the phasors amplitude and argument are calculated
in the fundamental frequency. Finally, the high-impedance
bus differential protection logic is implemented in the
ENG

M. T. S. ALVARENGA ET

38

fourth and last module.

The model is validated using ATP simulations on an
electrical system consisting of a sectionalized bus arrangement with four transmission lines (TLs) and two
autotransformers. The obtained results validate the model
and present some of the advantages of using this type of
bus protection.

2. Fundamentals of High-Impedance Bus

Differential Protection
In order to understand the systematic of high-impedance
bus differential protection, a single bus arrangement with
four transmission lines will be used (Figure 1).
To accomplish the differential protection closed loop,
the physical parallel connection of the CTs secondary is
necessary, as shown in Figure 1. The connected CTs
must have the same ratio in order to minimize the difference in performance between them.
As shown in Figure 1, the high-impedance bus differential relay internal elements are applied to the common
node of all CTs. R s is the stabilizing resistance, which
has typical value of 2000 , and determines the highimpedance input of the relay.
The 87Z element is a sensitive, low-impedance, adjustable pick-up current element scaled in voltage [6].
Since the branch current formed by these two components is low, the high-impedance bus differential relay
trip becomes dependent on voltage in its terminals.
The Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) is a non-linear resistance connected across the high-impedance circuit to
prevent high voltage from damaging the relay and CT
circuitry [6] .
The instantaneous overcurrent relay (50) and timed
overcurrent relays (51) control the breaker opening, during abnormal conditions of operation of the system
which cause high current magnitudes.
The high-impedance relay is set to trip based on the
relay pickup threshold ( Vpick up ) . This value must be set
Bus

Br 1

Br 2

Br 3

Br 4
86

TRIP

AL.

above the highest voltage measurement across the relay

with a completely saturated CT for external faults conditions. This ensures safety for external-fault protection.

2.1. Normal Conditions and External Faults

without CT Saturation
In Figure 2, CT A represents the parallel combination of
the CTs of circuits 1, 2 and 3 of the electrical system in
Figure 1 and the constant current source, I'T , represents
the sum of their secondary currents. CT B represents the
CT of circuit 4 and the constant current source I 4
represents the current in its secondary circuit.
In normal conditions or external fault condition without CT saturation, the current source value of CT A will
be close to zero and nearly the same as the one of CT B.
Any current difference is forced through the high- impedance relay. Thus, the voltage across R s and the
MOV is very low:

I 'T = I1 + I 2 + I3

(1)

I 'T + I 4 = 0

(2)

VR 0

(3)

2.2. External Fault Conditions with CT

Saturation
In case a fault in circuit 4, the resulting current from the
parallel combination of the CTs in the circuits 1, 2 and 3
flows through TC4 and may lead to saturation of its core.
The voltage across the relay is the same as the one across
the series association of R L with R TC . Thus, the setting Vpick up must be such that the relay will not operate
for this situation. In this case, the current through the
MOV is very low.
As shown in Figure 3, the voltage magnitude, VR ,
across the relay under through-fault conditions with fully
saturated CT can be obtained as [6]:
I
f
=
VR ( RTC + kRl )
(4)
RTC
where, R TC is the CT secondary winding resistance; k
= 1 for three-phase faults and k = 2 for single-phaseto-ground faults; R l is the one-way resistance of leads;
RTC is the CTs ratio; I f is the minimum fault current.
CT A

RTC
n 1

RL
n 1

R TC

CT B

RL

87Z
86

MOV

IT

Circuit 1

Circuit 2

Circuit 3

Circuit 4

50/51

+
VR

RS

87Z

XM

I4

87B

Figure 1. Example of high-impedance bus differential relay

schematic.

Copyright 2013 SciRes.

XM
n 1

MOV

RS

Figure 1. Equivalent circuit of CTs for normal conditions

and external faults without CT saturation.
ENG

M. T. S. ALVARENGA ET

2.3. Internal Bus Faults

In case of bus faults, the resulting current from the parallel of the CTs will be applied to the relay, as shown in
Figure 4, and the MOV will limit the voltage across the
relay at its rated voltage in order to prevent any damage
to the relay or wiring.
For numerical relays, the performance evaluation is
based on the magnitude of the estimated voltage phasor at
fundamental frequency across the stabilizing resistance.

3. High-Impedance Bus Differential Relay

Modeling
The representation of the R s and MOV elements of the
high-impedance bus differential relay were made as a
resistance and a non-linear resistance (type 92) in ATP,
and
respectively. The R s value was taken as 2000
the MOV rated voltage as was taken as 1.3 kV. The
MOV current x voltage characteristics may be seen in
Figure 5.
R TC

RL

n 1

n 1

+
V
R

XM
n 1

IT

R TC

RL

RS

M OV

CT A

87Z

AL.

39

The use of the MODELS environment aims to

represent the numeric elements of the relay and the
transmission lines breakers opening logic. In the proposed model of the relay are included the following
modules: Signal Conditioning, Data Acquisition, Phasor
Estimation and Differential Analysis. The overall block
diagram of the EMTP simulation is shown in Figure 6.

3.1. Relay Model

3.1.1. Signal Conditioning
Auxiliary CTs: The auxiliary CT is used to convert
and restrict the current values in the relay input into
suitable voltage levels for the A/D converter. Their
model is composed of an ideal transformer 1:1 and a
resistor on the secondary side, whose terminals provide the output voltage of this element. The resistance
value is dimensioned so that, for the maximum input
current, the output voltage remains within the range
of 10 to 10 V [5].
Analog Filter: The analog filter is responsible for attenuating the CTs high frequency components and
preventing the occurrence of aliasing effect in the
sampling process. In the model relay, an analog
third-order low-pass Butterworth filter is employed
[4]:

H (s) =
(1.65 109 ) ( s 5 + 2.36 103 s 3 + 2.78. 106 s + 1.65 109 )

Figure 3. Equivalent circuit of CTs during external bus

faults.

IT

RL

+
VR

XM

RS

87Z

MOV

R TC

Figure 4. Equivalent circuit of CTs during internal bus faults.

3.1.2. Data Acquisition

Sampler/Holder: It is the first stage of the data acquisition module. It is responsible for initializing the
conversion of the analog signal into a digital signal.
This stage guarantees the signal is sampled at a rate of
16 samples per cycle (960 Hz) for the quantization
process. The building blocks of this module are executed every sampling period, what process is done
by setting the parameter TIMESTEP MIN: 1.0416667
103.
ATP

2800

MOV

2600
2400

Voltage [V]

(5)

RS

MODELS
Current
Signals

RELAY 87Z

Signal
Conditioning

Data
Aquisiction

2200

Phasor
Estimation
Phasors

V PICK-UP

2000

Differential
Analysis

1800

TRIP

1600

Br 1

Breaker 1

Trip signal - Br 1

TRIP

Breaker n

1400
i

1200
0

6
Current [A]

10

12
x 10

Figure 5. Characteristic of the MOV voltage [V] x current

[A].
Copyright 2013 SciRes.

Br n

Trip signal - Br n
i

Figure 6. High-impedance bus differential relay model.

ENG

M. T. S. ALVARENGA ET

where x is the model input, Y is the converter maximum

symmetrical excursion, Res is the converter resolution,
INT is the truncation operation and RON is the rounding
operation. From de values of b + 1 = 16 and Y = 10, one
can get the converter resolution equal to 3.0518 104.
The model output is the floating point (FP) equivalent of
the binary value Z10 , which is given by the following
expressions:

=
FP Z10 ,Res for x0

FP = Z10 2b +1 Re s for x < 0

(9)

(10)

3.1.3. Phasor Estimation

Buffer: Array used for storing the data required for
the phasor estimation algorithm. For the Modified
Cosine Filter algorithm [7] and a sampling rate of 16
samples/cycle, a 17 samples buffer is required.
Cosine Filter: In order to eliminate the decaying DC
component from the current and voltage fault signals,
the Modified Cosine filter [7] was used. The authors
of the algorithm showed that, with two consecutive
outputs of the traditional cosine filter and a correction
factor, it was possible to obtain a satisfactory result in
the elimination of the decaying DC component.
3.1.4. Differencial Analysis
Finally, the high-impedance bus differential relay evaluates the voltage on its terminals based on the estimated
voltage phasors from previous staged. When the voltage
magnitude is higher than a pre-established value, Vpick up ,
the relay sends a trip signal to the breakers in order to
isolate the fault.

CT

Bus 1

CT

Bus 2

CT

(8)

For the model validation, an electrical system consisting

of a sectionalized 230 kV bus arrangement with four
transmission lines and two autotransformers was used.
The transmission lines are 100 km each and are modeled as fully transposed, with distributed and constant
with frequency parameters. Two of them are connected
to Bus 1 and two of them to Bus 2. The autotransformer
1 has rated voltage of 230/69/13.8 kV, is modeled as a
saturable transformer and is connected to Bus1. The autotransformer 2 has rated voltage of 500/230/13.8 kV, is
modeled as a saturable transformer and is connected to
Bus 2. The CTs used are C800 1200-5 A, whose models
were reported in [8]. The resistances of CTs secondary
circuit and its cables are R TC = 0.75 and R TC = 2 ,
respectively.
For maximum selectivity, two protection zonesone
for each of the bus sectionsare used. The first one
encompasses the CTs of TLs 1 and 2, the autotransformer 1 and the CT of the tie breaker, whereas the second
one encompasses the CTs of TLs 3 and 4, the autotransformer 2 and the CT of the tie breaker. The substation
single line diagram with the corresponding protection
zones may be seen in Figure 7. The diagram of the parallel interconnection of the first zone CTs is shown in
Figure 8. The CTs of the second zone are connected similarly.
The systems parameters are presented in Tables 1 and
2. The first one contains the TLs parameters and the
second one presents the zero and positive sequence
Thvenin equivalents and the amplitude and phase of the
cosine voltage sources.

CT

2Y x b
Z10 = INTouRON
2
Y

4. The Simulated Power System

CT

(7)

ing the contacts and extinguishing the electric arcis

referenced in ATP as an intentional delay. This delay is
taken as 2 cycles of the fundamental frequency, what, for
60 Hz, is equivalent to 33.333 ms. The breaker model
also guarantees that the ATP switch only opens when the
current is equal or very close to zero.

CT

x
Z10 = INTouRON

Res

AL.

CT

A/D Converter: This submodule is responsible for

quantization process of the output signal from earlier
stage. The sampled signal is converted to a 16-bit binary word with a twos complement number system
encoding. The conversion is done by the method of
Successive Approximations. The resolution of the
converter and the digital words in the base 10 for positive and negative numbers is given, respectively, by:
Y
(6)
Res = b
2 1

CT

40

3.2. Breakers
The breaker model provides the status of the breakers in
the simulated system. The real breakers opening delay
related to the time for energizing the opening coil, openCopyright 2013 SciRes.

TL 1

AT 1

TL 2

TL 3

AT 2

TL 4

Figure 7. Diagram of the simulated power system.

ENG

M. T. S. ALVARENGA ET
Z O NE 1
R TC

RL

R TC

RL

TL 1

V p i ck-u p

AT 1
R TC

RL

R TC

RL

Rs
M OV

TL 2

87Z

CT - B us 2

AL.

41

of voltage phasor at the terminals of the relay exceeded

the value of 600.4 V, leading to a correct trip in zone 1,
as shown in Figures 9(a), (c) and (e). As expected, zone
2 did not trip, as shown in Figures 9(b), (d) and (f). The
voltage at the terminals of the relay was safely clamped
to the MOV rated voltage of 1.3 kV. As seen in Figure 9,
due to the MOV operation, the voltage developed across
the relay was nonsinusoidal. The operating time of the
relay was 15.625 ms (or 0.96 cycles).

5.2. Three-Phase Fault in Transmission Line 3

Table 1. Transmission lines parameters.

Z 0 [ / km]

Z1[ / km]

Y0 [S / km]

Y1[S / km]

TL1,TL2 0.532 + j1.541 0.098 + j0.510

2.293

3.252

TL3,TL4 0.469 + j1.289 0.098 + j0.506

2.164

3.272

From the analysis of Figures 10, the relay did not operate for an external fault on TL 3, as expected. It can be
seen that the voltage phasor magnitude was approximately
zero throughout all the simulation period, guaranteeing
the safety of the protection system. In this case, the protection scheme of transmission line 3, not included in this
paper, should operate to extinguish the defect.

Source

V [pu]

0 []

1 []

TL1

S1

1,01-30

18.401 + j28.691

13.379 + j20.866

TL2

S2

1-30

14.242 + j22.194

10.955 + j17.072

AT1

S3

0,29-30

14.242 + j22.194

10.955 + j17.072

Voltage [V]

Table 2. Voltage sourcess parameters.

1500

600

1000

500
400

500

Voltage [V]

Figure 8. CTs scheme of the high-impedance bus bar differential protection.

100
Voltage [V]
Magnitude of V [V]
Vpick-up [V]

-1000

16.068 + j25.039

12.050 + j18.779

TL4

S5

0,99-30

18.412 + j28.691

13.389 + j20.866

AT2

S6

2,06-30

16.836 + j26.236

14.177 + j22.093

By obtaining the single-phase and three-phase faults

current contributions to the zones 1 and 2 of the considered bus of zones 1 and 2, the value of Vpick up can be
calculated for each zone considering the worst voltage
scenario at the terminals of the relay:

V pick upzone1 = 600.4 V

(11)

V pick upzone 2 == 539.1 V

(12)

5.1. Three-Phase Fault in Bus 1

For three-phase faults in Bus 1, the maximum magnitude
Copyright 2013 SciRes.

80

60
40
Time [ms]

100

20

(a)
1500

600

1000

500
400

500
0

200

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of V [V]
Vpick-up [V]
20

60
40
Time [ms]

80

100

0
-100
0

20

(c)

Voltage [V]

100

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

300

40
60
Time [ms]

80

100

(d)

1500

600

1000

500
400

500
0
-500

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

300
200
100

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of V [V]
Vpick-up [V]

-1000
-1500
0

80

100

-1000
-1500
0

60
40
Time [ms]

(b)

-500

5. Simulations and Results

For a performance analysis of the implemented model,
bolted three-phase simulations were performed at Bus 1
and at transmission line 3.
The zone 1 relay should trip when the voltage phasors
magnitude in its terminals exceeds the Vpick up value
adjusted: 600.4 V; and, similarly, the zone 2 relay should
trip when this value exceeds 539.1 V.

20

Voltage [V]

1-30

0
-100
0

Voltage [V]

S4

Voltage [V]

TL3

200

-500

-1500
0

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

300

20

40
60
Time [ms]

(e)

80

100

0
-100
0

20

40
60
Time [ms]

80

100

(f)

Figure 9. Voltage in relay terminals in occurrence of the

three-phase fault in bus1: (a) Phase A of zone 1; (b) Phase A
of zone 2; (c) Phase B of zone 1; (d) Phase B of zone 2; (e)
Phase C of the zone 1; (f) Phase C of zone 2.

ENG

M. T. S. ALVARENGA ET

42
700

600

600

500
Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

Voltage [V]

400
300
200

400
Voltage [V]

500

200
100

100

0
-100
0

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

300

20

40
60
Time [ms]

80

-100
0

100

20

(a)
700

500

600

Voltage [V]

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

300
200

Voltage [V]

500

400

100

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

400
300
200

References

20

40
60
Time [ms]

80

-100
0

100

20

(c)

40
60
Time [ms]

80

100

(d)

700

[1]

P. M. Anderson, Power System Protection, John Wiley

& Sons, Inc., Piscataway, New Jersey, EUA, 1999.

[2]

W. G. C. of the Systems Protection Subcommittee of the

IEEE PSRC, Software Models for Relays, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 16, No. 2, Apr 2001.

[3]

K. M. Silva, W. L. A. Neves and B. A. Souza, EMTP

Applied to Evaluate Three-Terminal Line Distance Protection Schemes, IPST: International Conference on
Power Systems Transients, Lyon, France, June 2007.

[4]

D. N. Gonalves, Distance Performance Evaluation on

Transmission Lines Compensated with TCSC, Masters
thesis, Federal University Rio de Janeiro, 2007. (in Portuguese)

[5]

S. G. A. Perez. Modeling Relays for Power System Protection Studies, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, July 2006.

[6]

K. Behrendt, D. Costello and S. E. Zocholl, Considerations for Using High-Impedance or Low-Impedance Relays for Bus Differential Protection, Proceedings of the
35th Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, 2008.

[7]

D. G. Hart, D. Novosel and R. A. Smith, Modified Cosine Filters, US Patent 6,154,687, Nov. 2000.

[8]

EMTP Reference Models for Transmission Line Relay

Testing, IEEE Power System Relaying Committee,
2004.

600

600

500

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

400
300
200

400
Voltage [V]

500
Voltage [V]

100

sults validated the model and presented some of the advantages of using this type of bus protection.
This paper also addressed the role of protection in the
event of outbreaks in the electrical system, but the research, still under development, aimed the inclusion of
more thorough analysis of the model and the protection
scheme. Some ideas for future researches include:
Analysis of high-impedance bus differential protection applied to other bus arrangements.
Inclusion of more elements to the considered bus,
such as other transmission lines, transformers, reactors, shunt capacitors, among others.
Implementation of other protection schemes at the
same bus in order to compare their advantages and
disadvantages.

100

Voltage [V]
Magnitude of [V]
Vpick-up [V]

300
200
100

100

0
-100
0

80

(b)

600

-100
0

40
60
Time [ms]

20

40
60
Time [ms]

80

(e)

100

-100
0

20

40
60
Time [ms]

80

100

(f)

Figure 10. Voltage in relay terminals in occurrence of the

three-phase fault in TL 3: (a) Phase A of the zone 1; (b)
Phase A of the zone 2; (c) Phase B of the zone 1; (d) Phase B
of the zone 2; (e) Phase C of the zone 1; (f) Phase C of the
zone 2.

6. Conclusions
This paper presented the fundamental concepts of highimpedance bus differential protection and an innovative
approach for its modeling and simulation using the
MODELS language in ATP software. The obtained re-

Copyright 2013 SciRes.

AL.

ENG