Thursday,13November2014

MScOffshore&DredgingEngineering
FacultyCEG,DepartmentHydraulicEngineering
Faculty3mE,DepartmentMaritime&TransportTechnology

BasisforStructuralDesign

Lectureoverview
1. Overviewlecturesonstructuraldesignandanalysis
2. SubstructureDesign:GeometryandConfiguration

JacketversusTower
Spaceframes
ElevationsandFraming
SubstructureConfiguration
PreliminaryMemberSizing

3. Introductiontotheexercise

AimoftheExercise
ProjectScope
WorkshoponSubstructureConfiguration
Phase1:PreliminaryDesign&EnvironmentalLoads
Phase2:StructuralAnalysis
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

OverviewLectures:StructuralDesignandAnalysis
Substructure:
Today:
SubstructureDesign:GeometryandConfiguration
Lecture5: EnvironmentalLoads
Tue18/11,10:4512:30,3mED
Lecture6: QuasiStaticbehaviourofTowers Thu20/11,10:4512:30,3mED
Lecture7: QuasiStaticbehaviourofJackets Tue25/11,10:4512:30,3mED
Lecture10: TubularJoints1
Mon01/12, 13:4515:30,3mED
Lecture11: TubularJoints2
Tue02/12, 10:4512:30,3mED
FoundationandTopsides:
Lecture13: FoundationDesigninPractice
Lecture14: TheoryofFoundationDesign,and
TopsidesDesign

Mon08/12, 13:4515:30,3mED
Tue09/12,10:4512:30,3mED

Inbetween:LecturesonDynamicsandFatigue

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

SubstructureversusFoundation:TowerorJacket?
DefinitionofaJackettypesubstructure:
Asubstructure,madeofatubularspaceframe,providingsupportfora
superstructurewithallorsomeofthefoundationpilesinsertedthrough
thelegs andconnectedtothelegsatthetop
DefinitionofaTowertype substructure:
Asubstructure,madeofatubularspaceframe,providingsupportfora
superstructurewithalloranumberofthefoundationpilesinsertedthrough
andconnectedtosleeves aroundthelegsatthebaseofthestructure
Additionalforboth:
Socalledskirtpilesmaybe
insertedthroughandconnected
tosleevesatthebaseofthe
structurebetweenthelegs

HandbookBFSp.540

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

JacketSubstructure

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

LegPileConnectionforaJacketSubstructure
Main Leg-Pile
Connection
above WaterLevel

Pile
ShimPlates

Slot
SealRod

Leg
Brace

HandbookBFSp.644

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

TowerSubstructure

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BasisforStructuralDesign

TowerSubstructure PileSleeve

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BasisforStructuralDesign

LegPileConnectionforaTowerSubstructure
GroutedSleeve
Connections
Pile

Sleeve

MainLegPile
connection
atseafloor

Grout
Annulus

Packer

Mudline

MudWiper

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

10

Designrequirementsforthesubstructure
Thesubstructuredimensionsaredeterminedby:
Dimensionstopside
Waterdepth
Dimensionsbaseofstructure(foundationrequirements)
Elevationoftophorizontalbracing/airgap
Substructure

Additionalaspectsare:
Number&positionofthelegs
Number&positionofpiles
Number&positionofwellconductors,and
Number&positionofworkinthewater(risers,caissons,sumps)
Basedontheabovewecandesignafixedsteelstructure:

3DSteelSpaceFrame

HandbookBFSp.516

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

11

SquareversusTriangularFraming

Ahingedsquareframeisstaticallyindeterminate
Aportalframeneedstobedesignedformoments
Ahingedtriangularframeisstaticallydeterminate
a3Dspaceframeisusuallyasetoftriangularframes!

HandbookBFSp.517

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

12

Planeandspaceframes
Planeframe:

Spaceframe:

Minimum#ofmembersneeded:

Minimum#ofmembersneeded:

M min 2 N 3
HandbookBFSp.519

M min 3 N 6
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BasisforStructuralDesign

13

Typesofsubstructurebracepatterns

Allthesestructuresare
madeupoftriangles

HandbookBFSp.516

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

14

3DSteelTubularSpaceFrames
3DSteelTubularSpaceFramesare
veryeffectiveastheyprovide:
3Dstrengthand3Dstiffness,
Transparency,
Adaptability/Flexibility
Wedohoweverhavetoconsider:
Maintenance
Corrosion:
CoatingorSacrificialanodes?
Inhandbookandduringlectures:
Simplified 2Danalysis
Allloadsareconsideredtobeinplaneofframeandappliedatframenodes
Alljointsareassumedtobehinged
Consequently,onlyaxialforces inthemembers
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

15

Deckelevation

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BasisforStructuralDesign

16

Deckelevation

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BasisforStructuralDesign

17

WaterDepthsandDeckelevation
Waterdepthsmaybegivenas:
MSL:MeanSeaLevel
LAT:LowestAstronomicalTide
HAT:HighestAstronomicalTide
Relation:

LAT MSL

tide
HAT tide
2

Maximumwaterdepth:
tide
Dmax MSL
surge subs. settl.
2

airgap

Dmax
HAT
MSL
LAT

wavecrest
settlement
subsidence
stormsurge
1
2

tide

1
2

tide

Subsidenceisoftenmixedupwithsettlement:
Subsidence: Loweringoftheseafloordueto
theextractionofhydrocarbonsfromareservoir
Settlement: Loweringoftheseafloordueto
soilcompressionunderweightofthestructure
HandbookBFSp.57

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

18

WaterDepthsandDeckelevation
Waterdepthsmaybegivenas:
MSL:MeanSeaLevel
LAT:LowestAstronomicalTide
HAT:HighestAstronomicalTide
Relation:

LAT MSL

tide
HAT tide
2

Maximumwaterdepth:
tide
Dmax MSL
surge subs. settl.
2

airgap

Dmax
HAT
MSL
LAT

wavecrest
settlement
subsidence
stormsurge
1
2

tide

1
2

tide

Subsidenceisduetoreservoircompaction.
Settlementisduetosoilcompaction
Generally,wefindthewavecrestas55to
60%ofthe100yr waveheight(Hmax).
Anairgapisaddedasasafetymarginand
iscommonlychosenas1,5m.

HandbookBFSp.57

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

19

Terminology:BroadsideandEndon
Endon
loading

Diagonal
loading

Broadside
loading

Broadside
frame

Endon
frame

Diagonal

Endon
Broadside

Diagonal
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BasisforStructuralDesign

20

TrueBatterAngle
Supposea:
1:10batterangleinbroadsidedirection,and
1:10batterangleinendondirection
The3D ortruebattermustthenhavearatio: 2 : 10
Thus,the truebatterangleisthenfoundas: 1 :

10
= 1 : 7,1
2

Max:
1:6

1:10

Mp

1
1

Broadside

Endon

Notethat,thebatterangleshouldnotexceed1:6soasnottoexceedthe
maximumallowablemomentinthefoundationpilesduringinstallation
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BasisforStructuralDesign

21

Framing
Whensubmergedthetophorizontalframingdevelops
buoyancyforcesworkingagainstitsownweight.The
resultingfluctuatingverticalbendingmomentduringthe
passageofawavecrestcausesfatigueloads.
Tominimizefatigueissues,theelevationofthetop
horizontalframeischosenabovethetopofthewavesin
normaloperationalweatherconditions.Consequently,
theminimumelevationofthetophorizontalframing
shouldatleastbeequaltothewavecrest;
NorthernNorthSea: 8maboveMSL
MSL
SouthernNorthSea: 6maboveMSL
Themaximumelevationoftheuppermostsubmerged
horizontalframeischosensuchthatitisalwaysflooded.
Thus,forexampleat:LAT wavetrough surge.
Generallyofnoconcern,asinmostcasestheoptimal
framingleadstoalargerelevationdistancefromMSL.
Thebottomhorizontalframeshouldbesufficiently
elevatedabovemudlinetoallowforsettlements.
HandbookBFSp.520

Southern
NorthSea
6.0m

???

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BasisforStructuralDesign

23

Selectionofbaydimensions
Forfabricationpurposes,thebays(orpanels)are
oftenchosengeometricallyequal:
Eachbayi hasdimensions: dimi 1 m dimi

b
Consequently,wecanfindm as: m N
b0

Thebayheightsarefoundas:

1
N

h hi h1 mh1 ... m N 1h1

i 1
h
h

1
N
N
mN 1
m

1
i 1

h h1 m h1

m 1
i 1
N

tan odd

hi
bi hi tan 1

tan even

hi
bi hi tan 2

Braceangles:

HandbookBFSp.541

1 2 even odd
,thusif
1 2 even odd
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BasisforStructuralDesign

24

Baydimensions:Example

Q1: Whatistheratiom?
Q2: Whatistheheight
oftheupperbay?

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BasisforStructuralDesign

25

BracingPatterns
Non
optimal

Diagonal
Bracing

XBracing

Better

Best
4050
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BasisforStructuralDesign

26

Horizontalframing
Nexttoconfiguringthebroadsideandendon
frames,wealsoneedtoproperlyconfigurethe
Horizontalframing.
Horizontalframesgenerallyhave2functions:
Providesupportfortheinfrastructure
betweentopsidesandseafloor
Providestructuralstabilityandintegrity
Infrastructurebetweentopsidesandseafloor:
Providespaceforaconductorframe
Includeframingforrisers,sumps&caissons
Structuralstabilityandintegrity:
Horizontalframeshouldalwaysbestaticallydeterminate:sousetriangles asa
basicshapeforthememberbracings
IfBroadside,EndonandHorizontalframesareinturnstatically
determinate,thewholestructureisstaticallydeterminate
HandbookBFSp.57

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

27

RulesofThumbforPreliminaryMemberSizing
Oncetheconfigurationofthesubstructurespaceframeisknown,wecan
determinethecentretocentrelengthsofallmembersinthespaceframe.
UsingRulesofThumb,wecanusethislengthL todetermine:
InitialmemberdiametersD,Do,Di
Initialwallthicknessest
Generally,duetostabilityrequirements:Stiffness>Strength.
Consequently,diameterselectionisgenerallybasedonslenderness.

Slenderness:

KL

rg

Slendernessisanempiricalvalue:
Horizontalbracingmembers:
Diagonal,X andKbraces:
HandbookBFSp.523

L : Memberlength

,with K : EffectiveBucklingLengthCoefficient
r : RadiusofGyration
g

100
80
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BasisforStructuralDesign

28

EffectiveBucklingLength
TheeffectivebucklinglengthisgenerallydescribedthroughthecoefficientK.
ThecoefficientK describestheratiobetweentheeffectivebucklinglengthofa
structuralelementandtheactuallengthofthatstructuralelement.

Leff
b

Leff
b

1 eff
2 b

Leff
K b 1,0
L

Leff
K b 0,5
L

Leff
K b 2,0
L

Valuesfortheeffectivebucklinglengthcoefficient:
Horizontal,diagonalandKbraces:
K 0,8 (slightlyconservative:0,70,75)
K 0,5
Xbraces:
K 1,0
Jacket/TowerLegs:

HandbookBFSp.522

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

29

RadiusofGyration
TheRadiusofGyration,orGyradius,isusedtodescribethedistributionofcross
sectionalareainacolumnarounditscentreofgravity.
I : 2nd momentofarea
,with
A : crosssectionalarea

I
rg
A

RadiusofGyration:

Fortubularmembers,wefind:

Crosssectionalarea:

2nd

momentofinertia:

D
4

64

Di2 A Dt

2
o

4
o

4
i

Consequentlywefindtheradiusofgyrationas:

Do
HandbookBFSp.522

Di

t2 3
I D t 1 2 D t
8
D 8
3

I
D 3t
D
rg

A
8 Dt 2 2

D Do t Di t
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

31

RulesofThumbforInitialMemberdiameters
Combiningtheobtainedvaluesandequationsforslenderness,bucklingcoefficient
andradiusofgyration,wefindthefollowingrulesofthumbforthedifferenttype
oftubularspaceframemembers
Horizontal

Diagonal,K

100

80

80

0,8

0,8

0,5

L
rg

125

100

160

D 0,023L

D 0,029L

D 0,018L

rg

KL
rg

D
2 2

NotethatalthoughD istheaverageofDo andDi,thefactorsintheserules

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

32

RulesofThumbforInitialWallThicknesses
Todeterminetheinitialwallthicknessest ofthemembersinthespaceframe,we
userulesofthumbthatcomparethewallthicknesseswithmemberdiametersD.

Toallowforcoldrollingsteelplatesintotubulars:

D
24
t

Thepracticalupperlimitisapprox.foundas:

D
60
t

Membersinthetopofthestructurearegenerallyrequiredtoberelatively
thickduetosignificantwaveloading(fatigue),collisionsandcorrosion.
D
2530
Therefore,membersnearsealevel:
t

Membersthatarealwaysbelowsealevel,aregenerallysubjecttolowerloads
andthereforerequirelessthickwalls.
D
40
Therefore,membersbelowsealevel:
t

ForJacketandTowerlegs:

HandbookBFSp.523

D
60
t
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

33

NeutrallyBuoyantMembers
Assubstructurespaceframesaregenerallyfabricatedinanonshorefabrication
yard,theirbracingmembersareinternallydryandwatertight(closedwelds).
Consequently,submergedbracingmembersaresubjectto:
Gravityloadsfromtheirownweight,and
Buoyancyloadsduetothedisplacedwater
Abracingmemberisneutrallybuoyantwhen:

Weight:
Buoyancy:

Fg sg

D
4

2
o

Weight=Buoyancy

Di2 sg Dt

Fb w g Do2 w g D t
4
4

Theexactsolutionyields:

D t
4 s

Dt

D
t
2
t
D

s 7850 D
D 2 s w 2 s s w

28,60

w 1025 t
t
w

Byapproximation,wecanderive:

7850
4 s 2 4
2 28,63
w
t
1025

Intermsofouterdiameter,wefind:

Do D t D

1 29,6
t
t
t

HandbookBFSp.524

Thursday,13November2014

Thursday,13November2014
MScOffshore&DredgingEngineering
FacultyCEG,DepartmentHydraulicEngineering
Faculty3mE,DepartmentMaritime&TransportTechnology

J.S.Hoving

BasisforStructuralDesign

Introductiontotheexercise Overview
IntroductiontotheExercise:
AimoftheExercise
ProjectScope
Phase0:WorkshoponSubstructureConfiguration
Phase1:StructuralDesign&EnvironmentalLoads
Phase2:StructuralAnalysis
Deadlines&Deliverables

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

36

Introductiontotheexercise
PartofthecourseOE4651BottomFoundedStructures
consistsofanexerciseregardingthedesignandanalysis
ofaBottomFoundedOffshoreStructure.

Theexercisecountsfor25%ofyourfinalgrade;
Howevernotethat,topassthecourse,youneedto
atleastpasstheexercise.
Inotherwords:youwillonlygetafinalgradefor
thiscourse,ifyouareawardeda6orhigherfor
theexercise.

Theexerciseisperformedinteamsof3 students;
Naturally,weexpectmorefromagroupof3students
thanweexpectfromgroupsof2students.

Betweengroupmemberstheexercisegradewillnot
bedifferentiated.Itisthereforeextremelyimportant
toworkwelltogetherasateam!
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

37

Aimoftheexercise
Ofcourse,thereissoftwareavailabletodesignandanalysebottom
foundedoffshorestructures.But...
Whatdatawillweuseasinputforthesoftware?
Howdoweknowwhethertheresultingdesignisoptimal?
Softwareisgenerallysuitabletooptimizeyourdesign,forexample
usingstructuralanalysissoftwaresuchasSACS/USFOS.
However,thepreliminarydesignisperformed(mostly)byhand.
Additionally,performingthisexercisewill:
Provideunderstandingofthestructuralmechanicsofbottomfoundedstructures
Giveinsightintheinfluenceofenvironmentloadingtothedesignofbottom
foundedoffshorestructures
Allowyoutoquicklychecknumericalresultsbysimplifiedhandcalculations
Allowyoutopointoutpossibleissuesinthedesignandasktherightquestions.
Makeitmucheasiertopasstheexam(!)

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

38

ProjectScope
Shellhasnewlydiscoveredabiggasfieldin
thesouthernpartoftheNorthSea!
Inordertoanalysewhetherthedevelop
ment ofthisgasfieldisfeasible,youare
askedtodevelopthepreliminarydesign
ofanoffshorestructureforthislocation.
Atthegasfieldlocation,themeansealevel
is31.6m,whichmakesthislocationvery
suitableforasteelspaceframestructure,
withapiledfoundation;inthiscaseajacket.

Yourtasksinthisprojectcomprise:

Globalconfigurationofthejacketstructure;
Leadinguptothepreliminarydesign,
includinghorizontalframing;
Calculationoftheenvironmentalloading;
Structuralanalysis:member&foundationcheck.

Workshop(Phase0)
Phase1
Phase2
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

39

MetOceandata
ShellsMetOcean departmenthasdonesomepreliminary
researchandsuppliedyouwiththefollowingMetOcean data
forthelocationofthefield:
Waterdepth=31.6m(assumeaflatseabed)
Designwaveheight=9.6m(100yearwave)
Waveperiod=14.2s
Tidalrange=3.0m
Stormsurge=1.2m(+)/0.2m()
Surfacecurrentvelocity=2.2m/s
Marinegrowth=36mm
Subsidence=0.4m(atendofproductionlife)
Subsidenceisoftenmixedupwithsettlement,however
Subsidence: Theloweringoftheseafloorduetothe
extractionofhydrocarbonsfromitsreservoir
Settlement: Theloweringofthestructureduetosoilcom
pression undertheweightofthestructure
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

40

Functionalrequirements
6Conductors:
Wewillrequire6productionwellstoproducethe
field,thereforeourjacketneedstoaccommodate
6conductorswithanouterdiameterofD=32and
awallthicknessoft=1.
Thistypeofconductorrequiresa96ctcspacing.
2Risers:
Toexportthegas,therewillbean16exportriser.
Addi onally,another14risertiesintoour
platformfromanotherfield.
2Caissons:
a24 caissontopumpupfirewaterwithitstipat
12mbelowMSL,and
a24 caissonasasump,withitstipat26mbelow
MSL.
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

41

Jackupdrilling

Allwellswillbedrilledbyajackuprig,so
therewillbenoderrickonthejacket.
Additionally,thelayoutofyourstructurewill
dependontherequiredclearanceandthe
maximumoutreachofthejackupderrick!

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

42

Topsideslayout

Forthedesignofoursubstructure,weconsiderthetopsidesasaclosedbox
withalengthof30m,awidthof15mandaheightof20m.
Accordingtothetopsidesmanufacturer,thediameterofthedecklegsare36
andtheendondeckandbroadsidelegspacingarerespectively10mand20m.
Therewillbea25x25mhelideckandaplatformcrane,butnoboatlanding.
Theoperationalmassofthecompletetopsidesisestimatedat1700mt.

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

43

ConsiderationsfortheSubstructureGeometry

Toallowsufficientspacefortheshimmedconnection
betweenthefoundationpilesandthejacketlegs,the
connectionbetweenpilesandtopsidesdecklegsis
located2,5mabovetheuppermosthorizontalframing
Thedistancethatthetopsidesdecklegsextendbelow
thetopsidesdeckbottomdependsondeckleveland
theleveloftheuppermosthorizontalframing
Toavoidfatigueproblemsintheuppermost
horizontalframingduetowavesand
buoyancy,itsminimumelevationshould
atleastbe6maboveMSL atalltimes.
Accordingly,theminimumelevationoftheuppermost
submergedhorizontalframingshouldbechosensuch
thattheframeremainsflooded atalltimes.
Thepilebattershouldneverexceed1:6toavoid
operationalproblemsduringpiledriving.Thus,
abatterof1:7isallowed,abatterof1:5isnot.

2.5m

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BasisforStructuralDesign

44

Phase0:WorkshoponSubstructureConfiguration
Purposeoftheworkshop:

Tohelpyouestablishtheglobalconfigurationand
layoutofyourjacketstructureassoonaspossible.
Theworkshopinvolves:
Registrationoftheteams
Firstsketchesandideasofaglobaljacketstructureconfigurationbasedonthe
functionalrequirements
DiscussionandQ&Aregardingyourjacketdesignperteam
Establishasoundglobaldesignforyourjacketstructure

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

45

GettingstartedwiththeSubstructureDesign
Whatdowehavetotakeintoaccountwhenestablishingoursubstructuredesign?
1. Determineminimumandmaximumwaterdepths.
2. Determinetheelevation ofthetopsidesdeckbottom,basedonthewater
depth,MetOcean dataandthesubsidence.
3. Determinetheelevation ofthetophorizontalframe,basedonthesubstructure
geometryconsiderations.(Donotforgettotakesubsidenceintoaccount!)
4. Determinethepileandlegbatter,bayheightsandthustheremainingframing
levels,basedonthegivenfunctionalrequirementsandsubstructuregeometry
considerations.
5. Determinethepositionandorientationofallsubstructuremembers,inboth
broadsideandendonframes,optimizingitsstructuralintegrity,i.e.focusing
onredundancyandstrength,whiletakingtheweldabilityofjointsintoaccount;
Notethat:optimalweldsareachievedatanangleofapprox.45,nevertheless
duetoequipmentsizetheanglesmayneverbesmallerthan30!
Thisisthepointwherewewantyoutobeaftertheworkshop!

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

46

Sizingofthejacketpiles,legsandmembers

Initiallyweassumethefoundationpilestohaveadiameterof42;Thepile
capacitiesaregiveninthetableinsection2.3forseveralpilediameters.
Generally,thediameterofajacketleghastobeabout46largerthanthepile
diametertoallowfor:
legwallthickness,
excessjointcanwallthickness,and
spacerplatethickness

Thememberdiametersareinitiallydeterminedusingthumbsofrule:
Diagonalmembers:
KL/rg 80
D=0,029L
Horizontalmembers:
KL/rg 100
D=0,023L
WallthicknessesofjacketlegsandmembersfollowfromD/tratios:
Forthelegs:
D/t60
Forthemembers:
D/t40
Notethatforcommerciallyavailablesteeltubulars:
Diametersgoupinstepsof2
Wallthicknessesgoupinstepsof0,125
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

47

Horizontalframing
Considerations:
Conductorbracings
Determinepositionofconductors,risers&caissons
Triangulationofbracings

Weldability:
Preferredanglesarebetween4050
Neverthelessanglesmustbe>30
Rulesofthumb:
Memberdiameters(KL/rg 80): D=0,029L
Memberwallthickness:
D/t40

Usecommonsensetocheckyourselves:
Amemberdiametershouldalwaysbesmallerthan
thediameterofthememberorlegtowhichthat
memberistobeconnected,tomakesurethata
sensibleweldingconfigurationisachieved
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

48

Loadsonasubstructure
Now: Thesubstructureconfigurationiscomplete,and
thesize(L,D,t)ofallsubstructureelementsisknown
Thus: WecannowdeterminetheloadingontheplatformfortheULScase,i.e.
forextremeenvironmentalconditionswitha100yearreturnperiod
Loadstobeconsideredare:
Wind,waves&currents
Permanenttopsidesloads(Weight)
Variabletopsidesloads(Operations)
Weightandbuoyancyofthesubstructure
Lecture5:Environmentalloads&Morisonequation Tue18/11
Thedesignwindloadsaregivenas:
Endonwindload=0,5MN
Broadsidewindload=0,8MN
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

49

Environmentalloads
MetOcean Data

PlatformConfiguration

Wavetheory(Airy)

StickModel
(Equivalentdiameters
fordrag&inertia)

Waveapproachangle
&phase+current
Waterparticle
velocities&
accelerations

Dontforget
MarineGrowth!

Lecture5:
Environmentalloads
MorisonEquation

Environmentalloading

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

50

TheStickmodel&Morisonequation
TheStickModel:
Considerthestructureasacylinder,withitsdiameteralternatingoverheight:
1. Wedeterminedifferentequivalentdiametersfordragandinertia
2. UsetheMorisonequationtodeterminethecorrespondingload

MorisonequationforacylinderwithdiameterD:
: waterparticlevelocity
u
: waterdensity

2
F 4 C M D u 12 C D Du u

C M : Inertiacoefficient
FI
FD
C D : Dragcoefficient
Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

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Directionalspreading
Environmentalconditionsaremultidirectionalandrandom.
Toaccountforthis,weusethedirectionalwavespreadingfactor:
Unidirectional:
ws =1
Omnidirectional:
ws =0,707(=)
2
Mostsituations:
ws =0,906
Thewavespreadingfactoristobeappliedtovelocitiesandaccelerations.

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

52

CurrentBlockage
TheMorisonequationconsidershydrodynamicloadstoasinglebody;
Often,wehavemultiplebodiestoconsidersimultaneously
Especiallycurrentisinfluencedbythepresenceofmultiplebodies
Currentblockagefactorsshouldalwaysbemultipliedbythecurrentprofile

Thursday,13November2014

BasisforStructuralDesign

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Phase1:Preliminarydesign&environmentalloads
Nextsteps:
Userulesofthumbtodeterminepile,legandmembersizing
Sizingoftheinteriorofthehorizontalframes
Determineenvironmentalloading
Determinepermanentandvariableloads
Determineoverturningmomentandbaseshear
PhaseIDeliverables:(alsoseechapter5ofthehandout)
Initialdiameterandwallthicknessofallstructurecomponents
Drawingsofthebroadside,endonandhorizontalframeplans
Determinetheweightinairandasinstalledbuoyancy
Calculateequivalentdiametersfordragandinertiaand
drawingsoftheresultingstickmodelforyourstructure
Determinethehydrodynamicloadsatreferencelevels in
broadside,endon anddiagonaldirections
Givetheresultingoverturningmomentsandbaseshear
Deadline: Mon01/12,13:00,Email&[email protected]
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Phase1summarysheet
Asapartofyour
phase1report,
pleasesummarizeyour
phase1resultsusingthe
phase1summarysheet
giveninappendixF of
theexercisedescription.

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StructuralIntegrity
Nextup:checktheplatformsstructuralintegrityunderdesignconditions.
FromPhase1,weknowtheloadsonthejacketstructure;
1. Determinewhethertheseloadsare:
PermanentLoads,
VariableLoads,or
EnvironmentalLoads
2. CombineloadsintodesignactionsusingLRFD;
wewillhereonlyconsidertheUltimateLimitState(ULS)
m

Permanentandvariableactions
only

1,18

1,3

1,5

Extremeconditions;
actioneffectsduetopermanent
andvariableactionsareadditive

1,18

1,1

1,1

1,35

Extremeconditions;
actioneffectsduetopermanent
andvariableactionsoppose

1,18

0,9

0,8

1,35

Partialloadfactors

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Supportreactions
Considerthe2dimensional
problem,i.e.onepileoneither
side:
symmetricverticalloads
antisymmetricverticalloads
horizontalloads
overturningmoments
Theforcesonthepilesare
consideredinthelocalpile
coordinatesystem:

Pa

: axial

Pt

: transverse

Pm : moments

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FoundationCheck
Weinitiallyassumedapilediameterof42,isthisenough?
Fortheaxialpilecheckusearesistancefactor:1.25
Forthelateralpilecheckuseresistancefactor:1.0
Ifso:
Ifnot:

(ISO19902)
(ISO19902)

Wehavechosenthecorrectfoundationpile
Wehavetochangethepilediameter

Pile diameter ()

30

36

42

48"

54"

60

72

Wall thickness ()

1,0

1,0

1,75

2,0"

2,25"

2,5

2,75

Ultimate compression (MN)

15,9

18,5

22,1

25,1

28,1

31,1

37,3

Ultimate tension (MN)

5,6

6,6

7,7

8,9

9,9

11,0

13,2

Ultimate lateral loading (MN)

1,5

2,5

3,5

4,5

5,3

6,9

9,4

Q:Whatistheinfluenceofchangingthepilediameter?
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MemberCheck
Determine:
Axialforcesinthemembers
Momentsinthemembers
FrameAnalysis:
MomentsandShearalongthestructure
Sectionmethod

Legpile
connection

Guides

Lecture5:QuasistaticbehaviourofTowers Thu20/11
Lecture6:QuasistaticbehaviourofJackets Tue25/11
Resistancefactorstobeused:(ISO19902)
Memberaxialtension,bendingorshearcheck:1.05
Memberaxialcompressioncheck:1.18
Memberbucklingcheck:1.25
Formoreinfoonthis:
seeAppendixDoftheexercisedescription
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Punchingshearcheckofajoint
N1

Forthepunchingshearcriterion,itisassumedthatduringtheULS,
thepunchingshearyieldsstressvp isuniformlydistributedover
thepunchingshearareaAp aroundthebraceperimeter:
vp

f y0
3

d1
q1

1 sin 1
Ap d1t0
2sin 1

vp

Thegoverningloadforpunchingshearisthevertical
componentofthetensileforceN1:
N1 sin 1 Ap v p

t1

N1 0,58 f y 0 d1t0

1 sin 1
2sin 2 1

d0
t0

Checkallbracesofajointforpunchingshearthatis:
1. Locatedbetweenleganddiagonalatmudline
2. Locatedbetweenleganddiagonalattophorizontalframe
Lecture10:TubularJoints1 Mon01/12
Lecture11:TubularJoints2 Tue02/12
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Phase2:Structuralanalysis
Nextsteps:
Determinethesupportreactionsofthejacket
Performthefoundationcheck
Performthemembercheck
Performajointcheckforasinglejoint
Phase2Deliverables:(alsoseechapter7ofthehandout)
GivetheJacketsupportreactionsduetocombinedloads
Calculationsoftheaxial,lateralandbendingloadsonthepiles
Checkthefoundationpilediameterandwallthickness
Changefoundationpileifnecessaryandrecalculate(!)
Membercheckforthebracesinbroadsideandendonfaces
Punchingshearcheckofajointofyourchoice:
Betweenleganddiagonalatmudline
Betweenleganddiagonalattophorizontalframe

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Phase2summarysheet
Asapartofyour
finalreport,
pleasesummarizeyour
finalresultsusingthe
phase2summarysheet
giveninappendixG of
theexercisedescription.

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62

Deadlinesanddeliverables
Importantdatesandtimesfortheexerciseare:
Mon17/11 13:4515:30
WorkshopJacketConfiguration
Mon01/12 13:00
DeadlinedeliverablesPhase1
Mon05/01 13:00
DeadlinedeliverablesPhase2
Alldeliverablesaretobesubmittedindigitalformataswellas hardcopy.

Submitthedigitalversionofyourexercisereportsbyemailtoboth:
[email protected],and
[email protected].

Submit1hardcopyofyourexercisereportstotheblueboxoutside
room2.91onthe2nd flooroftheFacultyofCivilEngineeringand
Geosciences,whichcanbeeasilyrecognizedbythispicture

If,atanytime,yourealisethatyouwontbeabletomakethedeadline;
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BasisforStructuralDesign

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FirststepsoftheSubstructureConfiguration
Whatdowehavetotakeintoaccountwhenestablishingoursubstructuredesign?
1. Determineminimumandmaximumwaterdepths.
2. Determinetheelevation ofthetopsidesdeckbottom,basedonthewater
depth,MetOcean dataandthesubsidence.
3. Determinetheelevation ofthetophorizontalframe,basedonthesubstructure
geometryconsiderations.(Donotforgettotakesubsidenceintoaccount!)
4. Determinethepileandlegbatter,bayheightsandthustheremainingframing
levels,basedonthegivenfunctionalrequirementsandsubstructuregeometry
considerations.
5. Determinethepositionandorientationofallsubstructuremembers,inboth
broadsideandendonframes,optimizingitsstructuralintegrity,i.e.focusing
onredundancyandstrength,whiletakingtheweldabilityofjointsintoaccount;
Notethat:optimalweldsareachievedatanangleofapprox.45,nevertheless
duetoequipmentsizetheanglesmayneverbesmallerthan30!
Thisisthepointwherewewantyoutobeaftertheworkshop!

Thursday,13November2014