Interpreting Data

Interpreting Data

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Interpreting
DataDATA
INTERPRETING
Different lists of data have different properties. This unit is focused on the results and conclusions that
can be found from these different properties.
Answer these questions, before working through the chapter.

I used to think:
The median of a data set is the middle score. Does this mean that the number of scores greater than the
median is the same as the number of scores less than the median?

If the median splits the data in two halves, what do you think "quartiles" do?

The "range" of data is the difference between the highest and lowest score. What is "interquartile range"?

Answer these questions, after working through the chapter.

But now I think:

The median of a data set is the middle score. Does this mean that the number of scores greater
than the median is the same as the number of scores less than the median?

If the median splits the data in two halves, what do you think "quartiles" do?

The "range" of data is the difference between the highest and lowest score. What is "interquartile range"?

What do I know now that I didnt know before?

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Basics

Basic Statistics
Data is just a list of numbers called 'scores' or 'results'. The basic statistics that can be found from these scores are the
mean, median or mode. (These are also called "measures of central tendency")
fx
The mean is the average score. The symbol for the mean is xr . It is found using the formula xr =
.
f
The mode is the score with the highest frequency. This is the score that occurs the most often.

/
/

The median is the middle score when the scores are arranged in ascending order.
The cumulative frequency (cf) is the sum of the frequencies for all scores less than or equal to that score.
Also remember that the symbol / (called "sigma") means 'sum of' and so when
of the scores'.

/ x is written, it means the 'sum

Here is an example.
A group of people's height was measured (in cm) and the results were written in this table
Score (x)

Frequency (f)

Cumulative
frequency (cf)

fx

110

3#110=330

112

3+5=8

5#112=560

113

10

8+10=18

10#113=1130

115

18+9=27

9#115=1035

116

27+8=35

8#116=928

/ f means 'sum of frequencies'

a

/ f = 35

f #x

/ fx = 3983

How many people had a height of 112cm?

The frequency of 112 is 5. This means there were 5 people who are 112cm tall.

What is the cumulative frequency of 113cm?

The cumulative frequency of 113 is the sum of the frequencies for scores of 113 or less.
The cf of 113 is 3+5+10=18

Find the mean height, xr .

xr =

/ fx
/f

= 3983 = 113.8 cm
35
d

Find the mode.

The mode is 113 since it has the highest frequency (10).

Find the median.

The median is the score in the middle. Since there are 35 scores the middle position is the 18 th score.
` the median is 113 since it would be in the 18 th position (from the cf).

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Interpreting Data

Basics

Frequency Histograms and Polygons

A histogram is a column graph based on data. A polygon is made up of straight lines joining the centres of
these columns.
Answer the questions about this diagram
Frequency Histogram and Polygon
10
Centres of columns
are joined

9
8
Frequency (f)

7
6
5

Polygon

4
3
2

Histogram

1
0
Leave half a column
on either side

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Score (x)

What is the frequency of the score 6?

9 (from the histogram)

What is the cumulative frequency of scoring a 6?

cf of 6 = frequency of 2 + frequency of 4 + frequency of 6
= 2+6+9
= 17

How many scores are there?

/ f = 2+6+9+7+8+3
= 35

Find the mean (to 1 decimal place).

xr =

/ fx
/f

= 2 # 2 + 6 # 4 + 9 # 6 + 7 # 7 + 8 # 9 + 3 # 10
35
= 6.7 (1 d.p.)

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Cumulative Frequency Histograms and Polygons

A cumulative frequency histogram can also be joined. The polygon joins the right corners of the histogram.
A cumulative frequency polygon is also called an "ogive".
Answer these questions about the diagram below
10

Cumulative Frequency Histogram and Polygon

Right corners of
columns are joined

9
Cumulative frequency (cf)

8
7

Cumulative
frequency polygon

6
5
4

Cumulative
frequency histogram

3
2
1
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Score (x)

What is the cumulative frequency of the score 6?

5 (from the histogram)

What is the frequency of scoring a 6?

frequency of 6 = cumulative frequency of 6 - cumulative frequency of 5
= 5-3
=2

How many scores are there?

Take the cumulative frequency of the last score. This means that there are 10 scores in total.

Find the median.

Since there were 10 scores, the median is the average of the two middle scores (in position 5 and 6)
score in 5 th position + score in 6 th position
2
6
7
+
=
2
= 6.5

` median =

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Basics

1. A group of people were asked how many languages they speak and this table was partly completed.
a

Complete the table.

Number of languages (x)

Frequency (f)

fx

20

20#1=20

38
12#3=36

3
4

Show that the mean is xr = 2.25 .

What is the median?

What is the mode?

Are

50
57

/ f = 60
b

Cumulative frequency (cf)

/ fx =

/ f and the cumulative frequency of x = 5 equal? Why?

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2. A group of people were asked how many movies they had seen in the last year. The diagram below shows the
frequency polygon for the results.
Number of movies seen
9

Frequency (f)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
a

20 21 22 23 24 25
Movies (x)

Use the diagram to complete the table below.

Movies (x)

Frequency (f)

/ f=

fx

/ fx =

What is the mean (to 2 decimal places if necessary)?

What is the median?

What is the mode?

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Cumulative frequency (cf)

Interpreting Data

Questions

Basics

3. A group of people were asked their age and this frequency histogram was produced.
Different Ages

Frequency (f)

5
4
3
2
1
0
a

Complete the table below.

Ages (x)

30 31 32 33 34 35
Ages (x)

Frequency (f)

/ f=
b

Complete the polygon on the diagram.

Find the mean age (to 2 d.p. if necessary).

What is the mode?

What is the median?

fx

Cumulative frequency (cf)

/ fx =

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The median is the middle score of the data (or the average of the two middle scores). This means that 50% of the
scores are less than or equal to the median. Quartiles work the same way.

Quartiles
There are 3 quartiles.
The first quartile written as Q1 is the score that 25% of the scores are less than or equal to. Q1 is
the median of the lower half of the scores.
The second quartile written as Q2 is the median.
The third quartile written as Q3 is the score that 75% of the scores are less than or equal to. Q3 is
the median of the upper half of the scores.
In other words the quartiles divide the data into quarters.
Range of scores
Lowest value

Median

Q1
Lower quartile

Highest value

Q3
Upper quartile

Answer the following questions about this table of data

Score (x)

Frequency (f)

Cumulative frequency (cf)

13

15

16

20

/
a

f = 20

How many scores are there in total?

There are 20 scores since / f = 20

What is the median (Q2 )?

The median will be the average of the two middle scores. That is the average of the scores in 10th and 11th
position. Since the cf of x = 2 is 7 and the cf of x = 3 is 13, so the scores in 10th and 11th position are both 3.
` Q2 = 3 + 3 = 3
2

Find the lower quartile Q1

Since there are 20 scores, the Q1 will be the average of the scores in the 5 th and 6 th positions. From the
table, the score in 5 th position is 2, and the score in the 6 th position is 2.

Find the upper quartile Q3 ?

` Q1 = 2 + 2 = 2
2

Since there are 20 scores, the Q3 will be the average of the scores in the 15 th and 16 th positions. From the
table, the score in the 15 th position is 4, and the score in the 16 th position is 5.
` Q3 = 4 + 5 = 4.5
2

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Range and Interquartile Range

The range of a data set is the difference between the highest score and the lowest score.
The interquartile range is the difference between the upper and lower quartiles. It is written as IQR.
` IQR = Q3 - Q1
A 5-point summary of a data set is a list of : The lowest value; Q1 ; Q2 ; Q3 and the highest value. Here is an example:
Answer the questions about the table below
Score (x)

Frequency (f)

Cumulative frequency (cf)

10

12

13

14

17

16

10

27

18

33

20

36

/ f = 36
a

Find Q1

There are 36 scores in total, so Q1 is the average of the 9th and 10th scores (median of the lower half). The
cf of x=10 is 5 and the cf of x=12 is 13.
` Q1 = 12 + 12 = 12
2
Find Q2
There are 36 scores in total, so the median is the average of the scores in 18th and 19th position:
` Q2 = 16 + 16 = 16
2

Find Q3
There are 36 scores in total, so Q3 is the average of the in 27th and the 28th scores. The cf of x=16 is 27
and cf of x = 18 is 33:
` Q3 = 16 + 18 = 17
2

Find the range and interquartile range?

Range = Highest Score - Lowest Score
= 20 - 10 = 10

IQR = Q3 - Q1
= 17 - 12 = 5

Write down a 5-point summary for this set of data

Lowest score =10

Q1 =12 (lower quartile)
Q2 =16 (the median)
Q3 =17 (upper quartile)
Highest score =20

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1. Here is a list of data: 5 , 7 , 2 , 3 , 8 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 4 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 0 , 1.

a

Arrange this data into ascending order.

Find the median of this data set.

Find Q1 .

Find the upper quartile.

Write down a 5-point summary of this data set.

What is the range of this data set?

What is in the interquartile range of this data set?

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Interpreting Data

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2. A group of students' exam results are displayed in the table below.

Results in % (x)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Number of students (f)

5
3
1
8
3
9
6
3
8

100

Cumulative frequency (cf)

/ f = 52
a

Complete the cumulative frequency column.

How many students were used to create the table?

In which position is the median? What is the median?

Find Q1 and Q3 .

Find the interquartile range.

Write a 5-point summary on this data.

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Box-and-Whisker Plots
A 5-point summary is used to plot a "Box-and-Whisker" plot for a set of Data.
These are used to compare different data sets. They are drawn like this:
Median

Q1

Lowest value

Whisker

Q3

Highest value

Box

Whisker

They are always drawn against a number line.

Answer these questions about this set of data
29 , 26 , 30 , 22 , 30 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 25 , 24 , 21 , 26
a

Arrange this data into ascending order:

21 , 21 , 22 , 22 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 30

Q1

Find a 5-point summary.

Q2

Q3

There are 12 numbers in the data set.

The lowest number is 21.
Q1 will be the average of the 3rd and the 4th position so:
` Q1 = 22 + 22 = 22
2
The median is the average of the numbers in 6th and 7th position.
` Q2 = 24 + 25
2
24
.
5
=
Q3 will be the average of the 9rd and the 10th position so:
` Q3 = 26 + 29 = 27.5
2
The greatest number in the set is 30.
c

Draw a box-and-whisker plot for this set of data.

Median/Q2

Q1

20

12

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21

22

23

24

25

Q3

26

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27

28

29

30

Interpreting Data

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In any Box-and-Whisker plot the diagram represents:

25% of data

25% of data

25% of data

25% of data

Middle 50% of data

(Interquartile range)

Box-and-Whisker plots are used to compare different sets of data.

The table below shows average temperatures for a city over two years

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

2009

28

22

24

22

16

26

20

25

29

20

23

24

2010

21

24

26

25

24

25

24

25

30

27

28

36

Find a 5-point summary for the temperatures in 2009 and 2010.

2009

2010

Ascending Order

16, 20, 20, 22, 22, 23, 24, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29

21, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 36

Lowest Temperature

16

21

Q1

21

24

Q2

23.5

25

Q3

25.5

27.5

Highest Temperature

29

36

Draw box and whisker plots for the average temperatures in 2009 and 2010.
2009
2010

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
c

Which year had the greater range of temperature?

It can be seen that the box-and-whisker plot for 2010 is longer than that of 2009. This means that 2010
had the greater range in temperature.

Which year had the greater interquartile range?

It can be seen that the box-and-whisker plot for 2009 has a longer interquartile range (the 'box' part)
than 2010. This means 2009 had a greater interquartile range in temperature.

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Standard Deviation
Standard deviation measures the average distance each score is away from the mean. It has this symbol using
lower case sigma v n , pronounced 'sigma-n'. This is the formula for v n :

/ ^ x - xrh2

vn =

Where xr is the mean and / still means 'sum of'. Here is an example:
Find the standard deviation (correct to 1 decimal place) of this set of data: 11, 8, 13, 3, 9, 15, 17, 17, 6, 11
Find the mean, xr :
xr = sum of scores
n
= 110
10
= 11
Draw a table with these 3 columns.
This is called "mean difference"
Score (x)

x - xr

^ x - xr h2

11

11-11=0

8-11=-3

13

13-11=2

3-11=-8

64

9-11=-2

15

15-11=4

16

17

17-11=6

36

17

17-11=6

36

6-11=-5

25

11

11-11=0

/ ^ x - xrh = 0

/ ^ x - xrh2 = 194

This total will ALWAYS be zero.

If not, a mistake has been made.

Use the formula for standard deviation.

vn =
=

/ ^ x - xrh2
n

194
10

= 4.4 ^1 d.p.h

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"mean difference" is squared

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1. An athlete runs the same race 16 times. This is how long it takes him (in seconds) to run each time:
14 , 12 , 18 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 15 , 13 , 20 , 16 , 14 , 19
a

Write these times in ascending order.

Find a 5-point summary of this data.

Draw a box-and-whisker plot for this data.

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

What is the range of the data?

What is the interquartile range of the data?

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2. During 8 days, a cat and a dog eat an amount of food (in grams) according to the table below.
Mon

Tues

Wed

Thur

Fri

Sat

Sun

Mon

Cat

70

100

40

90

50

70

55

100

Dog

65

100

90

80

75

85

50

85

Arrange each set of data into ascending order

Find a 5-point summary for each data set.

Draw box-and-whisker plots for the different data sets on the number line below.

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
105
110
115

16

From the box-and-whisker plot, which had the greater interquartile range? Find the interquartile range.

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3. 150 men and 150 women were in a survey and these are the resulting box-and-whisker plots from their ages:
Women
Men
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58
a

How old was the youngest woman in the survey?

How old was the oldest man in the survey?

What is the median age for the women?

Find Q1 for the men.

Find Q3 for the women.

What is the age that half the men were older than?

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4. Ava counted the number of books she read each month for a year. She wrote them in the table below:
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

10

10

Find xr , the mean.

Complete the table below for the above set of data.

x

x - xr

-1

^ x - xr h2

4
1

-5

6
1

-5

9
9

10

10
5
6

/ ^ x - xrh =

/ ^ x - xrh2 =

What is the formula to calculate v n ?

Show that the standard deviation of the above set of data to 2 decimal places is 2.97.

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Skewness of Data
A set of data can be one of three things: a normal distribution, skewed to the right or skewed to the left.
normal distribution

skewed to the right

left side=right side

median=mean
bell shaped

right side is longer

median1 mean
not bell shaped

skewed to the left

left side is longer

median2 mean
not bell shaped

This is only a general rule of thumb which holds most of the time and exceptions to this rule do occur. This can be
used to compare different data sets.
Two data sets are shown on the column graph below, data set 1 (white) and data set 2 (black).
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Write both data sets in ascending order

Data Set 1 (white): 5 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 35 , 35 , 40 , 45 , 50
Data Set 2 (black): 5 , 10 , 10 , 15 , 15 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 40 , 45 , 50

Find the median of both data sets

Data Set 1:

Data Set 2:

median = 25 + 30
2
= 27.5

median = 15 + 20
2
= 17.5

Find the mean of both data sets and comment on the skewness of each data set.
Data set 1:

Data set 2:

Mean = 27.5

Mean = 23 1
3

This is a normal distribution since mean = median

This is skewed to the right since median 1 mean

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Spread of Data
The spread of a data set measures how consistent (close to the mean) a data set is. This depends on:
Range the wider the range of the data set the less likely scores will be close to the mean
Interquartile range the wider the range of the data set the less likely scores will be close to the mean
Standard deviation v n measures how far the scores are from the mean.
A gameplayer tries two strategies for playing a game. He tries each strategy eight times and these are the
points received
Strategy 1: 34 , 35 , 28 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 27
a

Strategy 2: 1 , 13 , 5 , 10 , 16 , 14 , 1 , 5

Find a 5-point summary for each strategy.

Strategy 1

Strategy 2

Lowest

27

Q1

28

1+5 = 3
2

Q2

30.5

7.5

Q3

33

13 + 14 = 13.5
2

Highest

35

16

Find the range and interquartile range for each strategy.

Strategy 1

Strategy 2

Range

35-27=8

16-1=15

IQR

33-28=5

13.5-3=10.5

Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each strategy.

Strategy 1
Strategy 2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Which strategy do you expect to have a larger standard deviation?

Strategy 2 has a larger range and interquartile range, so it is expected to have a larger standard deviation.

Find the standard deviation of both strategies to 2 decimal places.

vn =

20

/ ^ x - xrh2
n

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v n for Strategy 1: 2.74 (2 d.p.)

v n for Strategy 2: 5.53 (2 d.p.)

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As expected, the standard deviation

for Strategy 2 is greater.

Interpreting Data

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1. Two movies received reviews from eight critics who gave the movie a score between 1 and 10.
Here are their results:
Movie 2: 8 , 7 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 6 , 3

Movie 1: 3 , 8 , 8 , 6 , 3 , 5 , 2 , 5
a

Use this table to find the standard deviation of the Movies' scores:
Movie 1
Score (x)

x - xr

^ x - xr h2

Score (x)

10

5
/ ^ x - xrh =

Movie 2

/ ^ x - xrh =

/ ^ x - xrh =

^ x - xr h2

x - xr

/ ^ x - xrh2 =

Complete these tables for the movies:

Movie 1

Movie 2

Lowest
Q1
Q2
Q3
Highest
vn
c

How are the scores for each movie skewed?

Which movie has the more consistent scores?

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2. At the olympics, divers receive a score between 1 and 10 each time they dive. These are the scores after
12 dives for the divers who came in first and second place.
Diver A

Diver B

7 ,8 ,5 ,7 ,8 ,6 ,6 ,5 ,8 ,5 ,8 ,5

7 , 6 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 5 , 10 , 9 , 8 , 6 , 9 , 9

Find a 5-point summary for each diver's scores

Find the range and interquartile range of each diver's scores

Draw a box-and-whisker plot for each of the divers' scores. Are the scores skewed?

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
12

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Draw up a table with the headings, score (x), x - xr and ^ x - xr h2 and use it to find v n for both divers.

If the winner is based on the total scores, which diver won?

Which diver had more consistent scores?

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3. Answer these questions about skewness of data:

a

If the median is less than the mean which way would the data be skewed (according to the rule of thumb)?

When is data skewed to the left (according to the rule of thumb)?

Sketch a box-and-whisker plot representing data that is skewed to the left.

Standard deviation is a measure of how far each score is from the mean. What does this mean?

How is the standard deviation affected by the consistency of the scores?

Does data with a higher or lower standard deviation have more consistency?

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/ f = 20

35

/ fx = 651

35 5 = 175
15 + 5 = 20

mode = 20

13 + 2 = 15

34 2 = 68

median = 22

10 + 3 = 13

7 + 3 = 10

4+3=7

25

24

23

22

21

20

/ f = 29

Movies Frequency
(x)
(f)

/ fx = 636

25 4 = 100

24 2 = 48

23 3 = 69

22 7 = 154

21 5 = 105

20 8 = 160

fx

25 + 4 = 29

23 + 2 = 25

20 + 3 = 23

13 + 7 = 20

8 + 5 = 13

Cumulative
frequency (cf)

/ fx = 20 + 36 + 36 + 28 + 15 = 135

57 +3 = 60

5 # 3 = 15

/ f = 60

50 + 7 = 57

4 # 7 = 28

xr = 21.93 (2 d.p.)

33 3 = 99

32 3 = 96

31 3 = 93

Cumulative
frequency (cf)

38 + 12 = 50

12 # 3 = 36

50 - 38 = 12

34

33

x = 5 are equal as x = 5 is the highest

score in the data. This means all the scores
are less than or equal to 5.

30 4 = 120

fx

/ f and the cumulative frequency of

Yes,

32

mode = 1

31

median = 2

/ fx = 135 = 2.25
/ f 60

30

3. a

Frequency
(f)

xr =
3

20 + 18 = 38

18 # 2 = 36

38 - 20 = 18

Basics:

Ages
(x)

0 + 20 = 20

Cumulative
frequency (cf)

20 # 1 = 20

fx

20

Frequency (f)

1. a

Number of
languages (x)

Interpreting Data
Answers

Basics:

2. a

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Answers

Basics:
3. b

Knowing More:
2. a

Different Ages

Results
in % (x)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

Frequency (f)

5
4
3
2
1
0

30 31 32 33 34 35
Ages (x)

xr = 32.55

mode = 35

median = 32.5

Number of
students (f)
5
3
1
8
3
9
6
3
8
6

Cumulative
frequency (cf)
5
5+3=8
8+1=9
9 + 8 = 17
17 + 3 = 20
20 + 9 = 29
29 + 6 = 35
35 + 3 = 38
38 + 8 = 46
46 + 6 = 52

/ f = 52

Knowing More:

The total number of students used is 52

median = 60

Q1 = 40

1. a 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 7
,8,8,8

Q3 = 90
b

median = 3.5

Q1 = 1.5

IQR = 50

Lowest score = 10

Q3 = 7

Q1 = 40 (lower quartile)

Lowest score = 0

Q2 = 60 (the median)

Q1 = 1.5 (lower quartile)

Q3 = 90 (upper quartile)

Q2 = 3.5 (the median)

Highest score = 100

Q3 = 7 (upper quartile)

Highest score = 8

Range = 8

IQR = 5.5

Using Our Knowledge:

1. a 12 , 13 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 16 ,
16 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 19 , 20
b

Lowest score = 12

Q1 = 14 (lower quartile)
Q2 = 16 + 16 = 16 (the median)
2
Q3 = 18 (upper quartile)
Highest score = 20
26

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Answers

2.

Cat

Range = 8
d

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

1.

Using Our Knowledge:

Dog

Using Our Knowledge:

IQR (cat) = 42.5

IQR = 4
IQR (dog) = 17.5

2. a

Cat

40

50

55

70

70

90

100

100

Dog

50

65

75

80

85

85

90

100

Cat:

3. a From the box-and-whisker plot the

youngest woman was 24 years old.

Lowest score = 40

Q1 = 52.5 (lower quartile)

The oldest man was 56 years old

The median age for the women was 38

years old

Q1 for the men was 39 years old

Q3 for the women was 46 years old

The age that half the men were older than

is the median. The median is 46 years old.

Q2 = 70 (the median)
Q3 = 95 (upper quartile)
Highest score = 100
Dog:

Lowest score = 50
Q1 = 70 (lower quartile)
Q2 = 82.5 (the median)
Q3 = 87.5 (upper quartile)
Highest score = 100

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Answers
Thinking More:

Using Our Knowledge:

4. a
b

1. a

xr = 6
x

Score
(x)

^ x - xr h2

x - xr

x - xr

^ x - xr h2

-1

( 1) 2 = 1

8 - 6 = 2

7 - 6 = 1

4 - 6 = -2

3 - 6 = -3

-5

25

4 - 6 = -2

6-6=0

7 - 6 = 1

-5

25

9-6=3

10

10 - 6 = 4

16

6 - 6 = 0

10

16

3 - 6 = -3

10

16

-1

/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / ^ x - xrh2 = 44
Movie 1: v n = 2.35

/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / ^ x - xrh2 = 106

c

vn =

vn =

/ (x

xr) 2
n

/ (x

xr) 2
n

106 = 2.97
12

Thinking More:
1. a

Movie 1

Movie 2

Lowest

Q1

3.5

Q2

6.5

Q3

7.5

Highest

10

2.12

2.35

vn

Movie 1
Score
(x)

x - xr

^ x - xr h2

3 - 5 = -2

8 - 5 = 3

8 - 5 = 3

6-5=1

3 - 5 = -2

5 - 5 = 0

2 - 5 = -3

5 - 5 = 0

For Movie 2:
the mean = 6 and the median = 6.5,
median 2 mean
` the scores are skewed to the left (ie
there are more scores that are less than
the median than there are scores greater
than the median)

/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / ^ x - xrh2 = 36

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the mean = the median = 5
` the data is not skewed and the
scores are distributed normally

Movie 1: v n = 2.12
28

Movie 2

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Answers

2.

Movie 1

Movie 2

Range

8-2=6

10 - 3 = 7

Interquartile
range

7-3=4

7.5 - 3.5 = 4

2.12

2.35

vn

2. a

Diver A

Diver B

Lowest

Q1

5.5

Q2

6.5

6.5

Q3

Highest

10

Diver A

Movie 1 has the more consistent scores

than Movie 2. This is because the
standard deviation of the scores for
Movie 1 is less than for Movie 2.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. d

Thinking More:

Diver B

Thinking More:

The scores for Diver A are not skewed. The

scores for Diver B are skewed to the right
(the box-and-whisker plot is longer on the
right hand side of the median)
d

Diver A

Diver B

Range

8-5=3

10 - 4 = 6

Interquartile
range

8-5=3

9-5.5= 3.5

Diver A
xr

xr ) 2

-1.5

2.25

-1.5

2.25

-1.5

2.25

-1.5

2.25

-0.5

0.25

-0.5

0.25

0.5

0.25

0.5

0.25

1.5

2.25

1.5

2.25

1.5

2.25

1.5

2.25

(x

/ ^ x - xrh = 0 / (x - xr) 2 = 19
Diver A: v n = 1.126

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Answers

Thinking More:
2. d

Thinking More:
3.

Diver B
x

xr

xr ) 2

(x

-3

-2

-2

-1

-1

-1

10

Left side is longer

/ (x - xr) = 0 / (x - xr) 2 = 42

The standard deviation measures how

spread out the scores are. The larger a
standard deviation is, the further the
scores are from the mean.

The more consistent the scores, the

lower the standard deviation. The less
consistent the scores, the higher the
standard deviation.

Data with a lower standard deviation has

more consistency.

Driver B: v n = 1.87
e

If the winner was based on total score,

Diver B won.

Diver A had the more consistent scores.

This is shown by the lower standard
deviation of Diver As scores.

3. a
b

30

The data is skewed to the right.

When median 2 mean

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