COVE “INTERNATIONAL STANDARD & £538) 1940 - ialance quality of rotating rigid bodies First edition — 1973-05-01 , 1 Ube 62-755 Ref. No. ISO 1940-1973 (E) beers ex, vibration, rotation, balancing, testeFOREWORD. 180 (the International Organizeti ‘of rational standards Institutes mternational Standards is cerried out throu Member Body interes Lp has the right to be represent ‘Breenmental and non-governmental, fon for Standardization) is # worldwide federation {ISO Member Bodies). The work of developing ir 190 Technics! Committees. Every nice] Committe has been set Imernational organizations, in iafzn with [SO, aso take part in the work. 1} Committees are circulated a8 International pratt International Standards adopted by the Technics Prete Member Bodies for approval before their scceptancs Standards by the ISO Counc wa up by Technical Committee International Standatd ISO 1940 vas draw id circulated to the Member Bodies ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration and shock, 2 in December 1969. Iuhas been approved by the Member Badies of tne following countries South Africa, Rep. of Australia Greece Belgium Israel Spain Canada Italy ‘Sweden Ceechotlovakia Japan Switzerland Denmark Netherlands Thailand Egypt Arab Rep. of New Zealand United Kingdom Germany Pelend USA. “The Member Body of the following country expressed deapproval ofthe document fon technical grounds France «© tnwinatonsl Orparization for Stancarsiaton, 1873 +ee INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 180 1940-1973 (E} Balance quality of rotating rigid bodies 0 INTRODUCTION Balancing is the process of attempting to improve the mass aereon of # body 0 that it rotates in its bearings den ennbslanced eantritugal forces. Of course, tis im Meares Grisined only to @ certain degree : even after alancings the rotor will possess residual unbalance. These Pueiamendations. are concerned with the permissible Fesidual unbalance, By means of the measuring equipment ailable today, Btounmce may now be reduced to rather low limits However, if would ba uneconomical to exaggerate the ually requirements, To what extent the unbalanes must be reduced, and where the optimal economic and technical Compromise on balance quality has to be sruck, ean. in fhdlidual cases, be correctly determined only by extensive measurement in the laboratory oF ine tals. It is not readily possible to draw conclusions a6 to the permissible residual unbelances from any existing PRommendations on the aswzssment of the vibratory sate of machinery, singe there is often no easily recognizable ftlstion between the rotor unbslance and the machine Vibrations under operating conditions. The amplitude of the Mierations. is influenced: by many factors, such as the Vibrating mats of the machine casing and its foundation, the bearing 2nd the foundation stifness, the proximity of the ‘operating speed to the varlous resonence frequencies, ete. Moreover, the effect of the unbslances varies with thelr mutual angular postion (see 3.2, and finally the machi ibrations may be due only in part to the presence of rotor “unbalance. 1 score This International Standard makes recommendations Titening the balance quality of rotating rigid bodies ferticularly as it relates tothe permissible residual Tbatance a2 funetion of the maximum service speed. It includes @ tentative classification of various types of Tipresentative rotors in which the rotor groupe are Groclated with ranges of recommended balance quality wades. i Forae 2 LIMITS OF APPLICABILITY ‘According to the table, page 6, various balance quality (fades are signed to diferent groups of rotors. Hence ts aeatsie by means of Figure 4 to determine the specific Petmaib feaidusl unbalance of each rotor group at 3 Rinction pf the maximum service speed. These fanetrendel bolence culty grades ore bated on ‘perience Yhich wes gained with rotors of various types, Sie nd svice sponds. They are valid for rai rotors, ‘iad from te point of view of balancing!) This “riiity” {Required mt aniy at the rotational speed inthe Balancing 1 tchine butjso throughout the whole operating range of Ge iotor der operational conditions, Later, similor {eomnmendatpns wil be proposed for “exible” rotor, in (Mhich bend deflections occur asa function of rotations! see. ‘The recommedations are not Intended to sve os ‘Rexptanee spelfcations for any rotor group, but rather to Jie incleatonsyt how to avoid gross dticlences as well os Sreggerated or ynatainable requirements; on the other fonds they m{ serve a8 a basis for. more~twoived Investigations, ff example, when in special cases @ more tract determingon of the required balance quality is Srectsery. If due par Is paid tothe recommended os, SHiafectory. tuning conditions can most probably, be ‘Sxpected, Howey, there may be cases when deviations {fom these recomendations became neeesary. Hord a ‘The balance quéty grades G are intended to clasification of bance quality in ordar to foclit Understanding bateen the interested parties. 3 PERTINENT ASPECTS OF THE PROBLEM BALANCING 3.1 Repeasentatico! a state of unbs Coe and the wine of unbalnon can be rorseced or aye aiown In Fagres 1 8) to 1m ee ad analog vues corresponds ra eee molone Huneeed. in Fae 2 WM ite uml corteion protest ao 160 Tam, wee 150 1925, Balancing trminlony (At pane atthe rng of nt) ee a eee enepace in this way, except that in special case ¢ cemection procedure corresponding to Figure 1 c) may be Sentied, 1 an Investigation of the unbalance effect on the Uimtatory behaviour of a whole machine is Intended, then Yh anbulanee resolution according to Figure 1d) may be teful, where S denotes the mass centre of the roter oof the whole ‘machine eccording to the purpose of the Tnvesigation. The representations in Figures 1 e) aod 1 f) may be practical whan waster of ihe unbanes 9 cont relerance planet s to be carried out. The shortest inmost general designation of quasitatle unbalance and Couple unbalance is shown in Figure 1 1). The possibilty of Expressing the unbalance moment as couple unbalance in two arbitrary planes | and Ila is shown in Figure 1 gh. 32 Unbslance offects ‘An unbalanced rotating body will caus! net only forces on fis bearings and foundation, but als vibrations of the Hecnine, "At any given speed, bth effects depend Teentlaly on the geometric preportions | and mass Gazibution of rotor ané machine, as vol as on the stiffness Of the bearings and foundation. tn many cases, the stale unbiance is of primary TMosrusie compared with thaouple unbalance, Le, ‘Re Gnvalances fim efferent plan} in the same drectlon Slay eauje va. pester diturtince than two equal Unbalances fe ppposiediretions, Similarly there’ sre casos in wich couple unbalance is fxpecially disturbing. For exemnp), consider 2 rotor where he distance. between the beans le smaller than the Gistance between the corredon planes, a, situation Gncountared in a rotor with oyhung disks at both ends. ‘Then the earing load due to jcouple unbalance is larger than that eaused by a static unblance, provided the sum of the opposite unbalances I the correction planes fepresenting the couple urlance exceeds a certain Fraction of the static unbslarp assumed to be located in the middle between the bejings. Denoting the bearing ‘stance by / and that of the urrection planes by a, then, if the permissible residual stic unbalance Up, the permisible residual unbalarp# Uc, forming the couple Unbalance, are reduced to Uc= Up //2s, 3.3 Rotors with ane correcen plane For disk-shaped rotors, the of only one correction plane Feet iticent, ‘provbd. the bearing stance iy weiiclently large and the ol rotates with suficlantly all ‘eink rurrout, ‘conditions are fulfilled must ce restgated In each inpidual caze, After singleplane Pe eSing has been eartieput on a sufficiont number of Fotos of the paticulal type, the greatest residual vee tance moment is dgrmined and divided by the Teed distances If the ujalances found In this way are meee ole even in the woh cae, Lif they are not larger SREPRRIt the recommend! value multiplied by the rotor wean hen Tecan be expo that single-lane belancing is sufficient, 9.4 Rotors with two correction planes . it the rotor doesnot satisfy the conditions stated above In” Go'tor the diskshaped rotor, then two correction planes) Se needed, ‘This type of balancing is called two-lane i) TGyoaml balanciog fn contrat to the slogle-plane (stale) (yee dear ted in 3.3, For single-lane balancing only ¥ fale aquilinum in any angular position of the roior Ie Miulrell For tworplane balancing itis necessary that the ‘Dior rolate,sinee otherwise the residual couple unbalance (coe 8.2) would remain undetected. In the case of rotors for which the centre of gravity is Jocated within the misthird of the distance betwean the bearings, one-half the recommended value of the emisible residual unbalance In Figure 4 should be taken for each correction plane If these are equidistant from the Contre of gravity, For other rotors, It may be nacessary to spportion the recommended vaiue in accordance with the rotor's mesedlistibution, 0 long asthe principal part of the Inats lh situated between the correction planes, [n unust ‘aves, the cistributlon of the recommended value must be Specially Investigated taking Into eccount, say, tho permissible bearing loads. & y 35 Assemblies Rotors mey be supalied for balancing as integl single components or as. assemblies For each assembly, the nbslaness of the component parts must be added \ectorlally and any unbalances resulting from inaccuracies fof assembly must be taken Into account, giving particular sttention t0 the fact that the parts may be ossembled later» ina different position from that in the balancing machice ‘The maximum unbalance due to fit ond sarees Pec ras Oe te Berean ts ce th cheat Scirrce heh ae eet nr wma fore mre sa Sc wermclon aval tenet astse mene 4 ‘Therefore, the permissible residual unbolances of the[d Indhidual components and the Iimits offi, 2 well as the A Titles for radial and axial rutrout, are determined by they concition that the sum of the unbalances due to these ‘uses must not be larger than the recommended value f the rotor-type to which the assembly belongs. @, ours, Trupritudes of the residual unbslances of the lndWidud gy | Components end of the unbalance: due to fit-inaccuracies w Sa, tolerance for an enamel can tot bel tchloved by tingle-part balancing, then the assembled parts must be balanced as # unit. if the individual components are balanced seperately, thet! the connecting elements, such as bolts and keys, may be Mttached all "to one part of istiouted among th Components. However, pror agreement should be reach, Sty the attachment of such elements. .dg ROTOR MASS AND PERMISSIBLE RESIDUAL UNBALANCE in general, the larger the rotor east, the atte he 1 erect unbalance ti therfore appropriate 1 at? permis Sig residual unbalance U tothe rotor mas” te pee unblance e= U/rr is equvalent to. 08 see erent ofthe cane of granty where thi oineges Sin tne plane of the static unibalanes, 5 SERVICE SPEED AND PERMISSIBLE RESIDUAL UNBALANCE Practical experience shows that fr rotors ofthe ime V8, TeSeeral the permissible specific unbalance @ = Um veces In geet Wie spond not the rotor inthe limited range of iver considered in Figure 4 for the respective blanca eytyade, Im tis connection ato, stitial empl sean ion ators of the same type, Point to the following Sattignanip fer elreular velocity cor equivalently xo constant where @ may be taken asthe eccentricity of the centre of Writ for the care of a static unbalance. This relationship JGlows slo from practical considerations of mechanical Gurity on the basis that, for geometrically similar rotors paring gt equal perioheral speeds, the stresses in rotors and Tigid bearings are the sare, The balance quality graées (of Tia table nd igure 4) are based on tis relationship. 6 BALANCE QUALITY 6.1. Balance quality grades On the basis of sections 4 and 5, balance quality sales pave been established which permit a clasiication of ihe Cuity requirements, Each balanea quality gab G Sitpeleer a range of permissible residual unbalancss for) Seer imit which f given by a certain magnitude ofthe Product ts to 2er0, Plotted against the maximum operiCd Peeed', the upper limits of are shown in Figure 4. The Thain balance quality grades G are separated from 820% ater by 2 factor of 2,5. A finer grading may be necssary intra cans, pec wen Wherein balansg “Tha balance quality grades are designated secordingto th Upper lie of the produet eco where = 2an/60" 1/1. To measured in revolutions per minute and co inradiane Te acd, and the product «cis given In milimeres P=" second, Eximple : For a rotor of the balance quality rade 6.2 ecormmended value e 20 um is found if its maximus ‘Grvice speed i 3 000 rev/min. Hence, for arotorat 40 43 wimeeticsl in Use sence of 3.4, the permisibl: resi Unbatanee in each of the two correction pines © 400 ger Iso 1940-1973 (e1 2 eaance quality gades G 1 and G 0.4 “These entreme balance quality grades sre most sensitive to Tee Sirearve development of balancing technology, he Prog er the final balance quality selected is & areas res between technical requirements and the reality co ieey anny be achieved. The selected {imi is usally {hat ined with the minima state of unbalance which can fessonably be repeated. “The recommended. value in these balance quality grades Tre ety ber achieved In practice If the accuracy of shaft ‘Kova ereularity, ate) In the roter bearings andlor the ira sCouracy are sufficiently resrieted. For balancing ot lanes quality grade G 1, 1 may be necasary to bslance Paani iavown service bearings, wihile In order to ioe fy balance quality grade 0,4, balencing should be aaa ae th the rotor mounted in Its own housiag and eet under servieg conditions, and at the service aeeetng temperature. For the bslance quality grade G 1. SPleaet for higher service speeds, 2 power wansmission STchout universal foints Is necessry, Im general, for the Eotonce quality grade G 0.4, selt-rive is required 6:3. Experimental determination of the required balance cauality In order to determine the permissible values of resus! Unbalance experimentally, rotors of the type under aaeatamration we frst balanced to the minimum achievable Peiidaol unbalance. Subsequently artificial unbalances (test ReGen of increasing magnitude are attached 10 the rotors Tener serve conditions until the effect ofthe unbalances ser he detected above the level of other existing Sterurbences, Le. until these unbalances noticeably affect he wibeatign, the running smoothness, or the funetioning oe the miehine, In tworplane balancing, the differing Gtretts of equtphased unbalances and of unbslance couples Trust be considered (192 3.2 and 3.3). If possible, this Rihtaten should. be performed. in situ. In addition. Sllowance should be mode for changes which occur In 7 SOURCES OF ERROR IN BALANCING 74 Instrument “read-out” errors In the baloneing process performed by the manufacturer nd during the balance check performed on delivery (that Arby the dient, seaount must be taken of posible errors Sinks trom inaccuracies inherent In the measuring methods see ramnent: Inthe first instance, 1& Is necessary 10 wore that the residual unbalance is tess than the SRocopriat maximum permissible unbalance, wile it t wen instance, a higher value may be allowed. The eomtude af the permissible deviations fcom the selected Fearn parmisible unbalance values will depend on the Telly of the. test equipment. The following deviation Tris for etch of the two cases may be used at examples 3Iso 1940-1973 (E) alance quality grades ——_-Permissibe deviation 626-618 25% Gt 230% Go 50% If the check on the residual unbalance of a balanced rotor is waited out with minimum posible deviation, tie procedure ‘ullined below may be followed (sot Figué 2) ‘A test unbalance mast equivalent to 6 to 10 times the Asonitude of the suspected residual unbalance is attached We'the rotor in different angular positions. In order to Emooth out the scatter of Individual neasurenents, itis Tovantageous 10 choose 8 equally spaced angulat positions (that if positions spaced 45" apart), The anbslence feodout values are then plotted at thelr respecthe angular portions (see Figure 2) and a curve pated through them It SReuld be spproximate to a sinusoid, The arthmeie mean SP ihe scale raadings yields the horizontal line In Figure 2 hich may. be uied a4 8 measure ol the tert unbalanes Wihile the amplitude of the slusoidel‘curve isthe measure Of the setual residgal unbalance, If.00 sinusoidal surve Shuained, ft mey. be assumed that she existing wesidual catatance is alreudy below the limit! reproducibility. 11 tne tinearity of dhe seale reading is questioned, then the test soquenca may be repeated with test unbalance which fot been reduced (or augmented): by the amount #f the Pipected Fesidual unbalance, The ieation between tht two ShUrolaal curves (that is, the diference in the yelue FRommended at each angular porarsal then yields amore Teiable criterion, The check suid be carried out Separately for the two correction | 72. Errors due to the drive In the balancing process In gen x and in the ches. on fesidval unbalance in particular, {ust be borne i wind that serious errors can occur div 1 the fact that deliing Gements (for example, cardan -¢ vs) are coupled to the seer ue to devices used 2 support rotors without thyir own bearings, In Figure 3, examples of the {6 19 sources of errorare ven a) unbolance effects attrib use tothe driving or Supporting elements: by errors in concantricity «= isarances of the érivig fr supporting elements; ce} clearance between driving oF supporting element |) rotor 4) errors in coneentricity of the rotor at the point of attachment relative to the Journ ‘The eects of the eors undera) and) may bo The itt Ot allo messurenents at eifferentarguar deren OY eng, for examoe, eming the erdan Shaft through 180° after the first run. ‘The error under e) can be determined by two balancing / une in which the cleacance Ir ellminated in two opposi directions. | “The error under), however, cannot be found by means of ulancing. Here the only recourse isto extreme accuracy in pamfacuure or to # text under operating concitiont TMianout coupling elements as described above (Figure 2). 8 DATA ON DRAWINGS OR SCHEDULES im addition to the value of the maximum permissible ° | ve deal Gnbatanee in eich correction plane, gam ‘einutres (or ratemant of Totor mass srviee Speed, ap are quality grade), ign drawings or scbew the balance aly esas ar to tne pe of ben @ PE fooiton’ inthe. belancing._ machine, drive Bre csements rotational speed of balancing. corecton ararae eatin whare the cretion meses maybe | Bln tn ta how much mae ME wre rad ately, tang Into ‘account the required sent Tren Socaritons In some cae, an ineruction may © oe Caaaring tho rate of manufacture ahd ees of On a a Gwe rotor, when ready for balancing (lor Satope, with or without Hywel, key or he ik 4 » BALANCE QUALITY canes ano TvPes oF D)}O noToRs In the table, « tentative classification of various types ol: royar'is given, Cartan ranges of Balance quality grades (esociated with Uhe various clases. “Tha types of prime movers, machines and rotors found ity The able are examples based on present exer gery a o\e[ eatanee peatny 4000 1600 o 630 a ot ‘nit T4000 1 600 ox 250 ; 63 25 oa igo 1940-1973 (E) group of rpg ld 86) rotor pet ~ Gener examlet Spunajponest oly wou om mci cena nan OT ot Snr “Sameanavara ot gay mong gn swore eee | —Soanaivwes aia mound re Fourveln ening crensnrcenwes ot atesy found marine el end ania aver oFeigsty wound te fosrelinge it ree _| “Saona cave of et Beng ine mar evn ca pvr cr en orca, wen anderen Tar whens ww, wal ws ve sal Seen ay ours ft oueyen anos (sing of nl wh soe trove cyinaes a encore lor angnes fea, eks ane oecmotit pars of ereing machinery pars of asl machinery eee rene of anges (gi ote fr cr Cu te erat angen wath of mar vies nt RL SUT on or process pant machine anne en turn gg chart serie centage ome Fans [paemtde arts ga rb 0107 chine oot aed general machinery PA eran component of engines under speci equlremens “Garena eum wrbine,nclacing arte voain wren (rarchant serie Machine toot ve. aaepomnd lege lecwia! wmatares with spwcial requirements “pe recorder and phono gash (emohone) Svs, CGinding machine eve Sia ai wa owe Sronie | aces Saar nl ila wn as twa Fee apd aun wih eo action an, ol ot a oe to be tan for each ane; thee Bae rely for any two artlumiy chosen pis coe ato arc may ba imeroved upon a the being: Soe 2 a0d 346) Te rea taconeende ain hen ron plane (ne ween 3 Fe ee on conor wiih inca 4 cna «fra eh pay A damper, cosaing porton of Remecing roa, eee 351. 5) Incomeiene 3 seme! Saar, sow el mos ae tam mi aon ai ot eran 8 IS inal eon cy ot grt than 9 8. rer of cee new of mae btn th rain ei ote 2abow,1g0 1940-1973 (F) yore — nies teri er ox aot 060 nee a gx einen NOTE Ue anu ae an et sot ct gu ete cmece NY Wet 3 5 SER pana enn atin corecuin ra " 1) Two unelanes ome pronase er nee ene? anes tard amet act OT, ara ec manent sve comet lanes anh 18 0 ca ed ane tA cae esr ceceen py soci cum ot ch Te eh Se rape quate nines Pmt wan ene of iT aretor 2 SE Sodas ce mene anon sonal a oA IT ste a gar of hurr nen “tna couse uma cme ana ua a eS pesrnon of he wate cau nea 2 ies mini oie manson oF ST vratennie unpmnce wn 8 ee ne sane ium oust unent come coer enim mes quran urbane Retr wo pines an snc -winancenc ntti vse rote ms ee1s0 1940-1973 (E) Local sequence ff testunbalance 10gmm © Scale indication aitference and Seakective magnitude of residual unbalance 14 : fe) 2 -----a= € 60 310 eo) 3 1 Sol = \ ¢ ° 5 ® ‘Sequence of test-unbal gel ae Zi ba | 3 oj ot edo untalaee Bo Bo el : Zo! 6 6 0 160 20 360 ‘Angle of testunbalance (in degrees) picune 2 ~ Test procedure or rsdua nbalanee Driving or supporting element \ Rotor FIGURE 3 ~ Error waren eto coupie diving samants ¢sc nit of tor mast in esigusl unbalance Pe Acceptable ie in ete of ravity displacement Figuae4~ Maximum service speed of ration sexi eel specie unalance "7 es pataen aley aden 16 000 90 00 195 000so 1940-1973 (E} ft out 0.08 thin 2 z 0.01 0,005 ice per unit of Ft ity displacement € } 33 oo ae Booms a g 0001 0,000 080 000010 2,000 008 50 100, ‘500 1.000 5000 10000 50000 100000 rev/in Te pt os 510 50 100 500 1 000 2.000 rey Maximum service speed of rotation FAGURE 4a) ~ Maximum redua pacific unbalance evreneonting Se batancing aalty areasLE o FORMULA FOR CALCULATION OF ALLOWABLE UNBALANCE MASS " gmm/Kg = UNBALANCE PER UNIT OF ROTOR MASS ALLOWED AS PER ISO 1940 CHART AT ACTUAL RUNNING RPM WEIGHT OF THE ROTOR IN Kgs.= W CORRECTION RADIUS OF THE ROTOR TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION = R THE ABOVE DETAILS REQUIRED FOR CALCULATING ALLOWABLE UNBALANCE. FORMULA AS FOLLOWS: Allowable total = gmm/Ka XW unbalance mass R at actual RPM Allowable unbalance = gmmika XW Mass per plane 2k