1. What is Grid Computing?

(Apr 11)(Nov 10)

Grid Computing enables virtual organizations to share geographically distributed resources as they
pursue common goals, assuming the absence of central location, central control, omniscience, and an
existing trust relationship.
2. What is High Performance computing?
High-performance computing generally refers to what has traditionally been called supercomputing.
There are hundreds of supercomputers deployed throughout the world. Key parallel processing
algorithms have already been developed to support execution of programs on different, but co-located
processors. High-performance computing system deployment, contrary to popular belief, is not limited to
academic or research institutions. In fact, more than half of supercomputers deployed in the world today
are in use at various corporations.
3.

Explain about cluster computing.

( Nov 10)
Cluster computing came about as a response to the high prices of supercomputers, which made those
systems out of reach for many research projects. Clusters are high-performance, massively parallel
computers built primarily out of commodity hardware components, running a free-software operating
system such as Linux or FreeBSD, and interconnected by a private high-speed network. It consists of a
cluster of PCs, or workstations, dedicated to running high-performance computing tasks. The nodes in the
cluster do not sit on users desks, but are dedicated to running cluster jobs. A cluster is usually connected
to the outside world through only a single node.
4. Explain Peer-to-Peer Computing.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks and file sharing into the public eye, methods for transferring files and
information between computers have been, in fact, around almost as long as computing itself. Until
recently, however, systems for sharing files and information between computers were exceedingly
limited. They were largely confined to Local Area Networks (LANs) and the exchange of files with known
individuals over the Internet. LAN transfers were executed mostly via a built-in system or network
software while Internet file exchanges were mostly executed over an FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
connection. The reach of this Peer-to-Peer sharing was limited to the circle of computer users an
individual knew and agreed to share files with. Users who wanted to communicate with new or unknown
users could transfer files using IRC (Internet Relay Chat) or other similar bulletin boards dedicated to
specific subjects, but these methods never gained mainstream popularity because they were somewhat
difficult to use.
5. What is Internet Computing?
The explosion of the Internet and the increasing power of the home computer prompted computer
scientists and engineers to apply techniques learned in high-performance and cluster-based distributed
computing to utilize the vast processing cycles available at users desktops. This has come to be known as
Internet computing.

6. Explain Grid Applications Service Providers.

The Grid Applications Service Provider (GASP) provides end-to-end Grid Computing services to the user of
a particular application or applications. The customer in this case will purchase application time from
the provider, and will provide the data or parameters to the GASP through an application portal and in
the future through published Web service specifications. The GASP may choose to purchase services from
the GReP or may choose to build the infrastructure organically

7. Compare Peer-to-Peer Networks and Grid Computing

Peer-to-peer networks (e.g., Kazaa) fall within our definition of Grid Computing. The resource in peer-topeer networks is the storage capacity of each (mostly desktops) node. Desktops are globally distributed
and there is no central controlling authority. The exchange of files between users also does not predicate
any pre-existing trust relationship. It is not surprising, given how snugly P2P fits in our definition of Grid
Computing, that the Peer to Peer Working Group has become part of the grid standards body, the Global
Grid Forum (GGF).
8. Compare Cluster Computing and Grid Computing
From a Grid Computing perspective, a cluster is a resource that is to be shared. A grid can be considered a
cluster of clusters.
9. Internet Computing and Grid Computing
Internet computing examples presented earlier in our opinion fit this broad definition of Grid Computing.
A virtual organization is assembled for a particular project and disbanded once the project is complete.
The shared resource, in this case, is the Internet connected desktop.
10. What are the types of Grids
v Departmental Grids
v Enterprise Grids
v Extraprise Grids
v Global Grids
v Compute Grids
v Data Grids
v Utility Grids
11. What are Departmental Grids?
Departmental grids are deployed to solve problems for a particular group of people within an enterprise.
The resources are not shared by other groups within the enterprise. Following is a list of vendor
definitions that we believe refer to departmental grids.
v Cluster Grids
v Infra Grids
12. What are Cluster Grids?
Cluster grid is a term used by Sun Microsystems and consists of one or more systems working together to
provide a single point of access to users. It is typically used by a team for a single project and can be used
to support both high throughput and high performance jobs.
13. What is Infra Grid?
Infra grid is a term used by IBM to define a grid that optimizes resources within an enterprise and does
not involve any other internal partner. It can be within a campus or across campuses.
14. What are Enterprise Grids?
Enterprise grids consist of resources spread across an enterprise and provide service to all users within
that enterprise. An enterprise grid, according to Platform Computing, is deployed within large
corporations that have a global presence or a need to access resources outside a single corporate
location. Enterprise grids run behind the corporate firewall. The following vendor definitions fall into this
category.
v Enterprise Grids
v Intra Grids
v Campus Grids

15. What are Intra Grids?

According to IBM, resource sharing among different groups within an enterprise constitutes an intra
grid. An intra grid can be local or traverse the wide area network. Intra grids are located within the
corporate firewall.
16. What are Campus Grids?
Campus grids, according to Sun Microsystems, enable multiple projects or departments to share
computing resources in a cooperative way. Campus grids may consist of dispersed workstations and
servers as well as centralized resources located in multiple administrative domains, in departments, or
across the enterprise.
17. What are Extraprise Grids?
Extraprise grids are established between companies, their partners, and their customers. The grid
resources are generally made available through a virtual private network. Following are some of the
terms used by various vendors to describe such grids.
18. What are Extra Grids?
Extra grids, according to IBM, enable sharing of resources with external partners. This assumes that
connectivity between the two enterprises is through some trusted service, such as a private network or a
virtual private network.
19. What are Partner Grids?
Platform Computing defines these as grids between organizations within similar industries, which have a
need to collaborate on projects and use each others resources as a means to reach a common goal.
20. What are Global Grids?
Grids established over the public Internet constitute global grids. They can be established by organizations to
facilitate their business or purchased in part, or in whole, from service providers. Following are some vendor
definitions that fall in this category.Global Grids and Inter Grids
Global grids, as defined by Sun, allow users to tap into external resources. Global grids provide the power
of distributed resources to users anywhere in the world for computing and collaboration. They can be
used by individuals or organizations to send overflow work over the public network to a grid services
provider.
21. What are Inter Grids?
Inter grids, according to IBM, provide the ability to share compute and data/storage resources across the
public Web. This can involve sharing resources with other enterprises or buying or selling of excess capacity.
22. What are Compute Grids?
Compute grids are created solely for the purpose of providing access to computational resources. Compute
grids can be further classified by the type of computational hardware deployed.
23. What are Desktop Grids?
(Apr 11)
These are grids that leverage the compute resources of desktop computers. Because of the true (but
unfortunate) ubiquity of Microsoft Windows operating system in corporations, desktop grids are assumed
to apply to the Windows environment. The Mac OS environment is supported by a limited number of
vendors.
24. What are Server Grids?
Some corporations, while adopting Grid Computing , keep it limited to server resources that are within the
purview of the IT department. Special servers, in some cases, are bought solely for the purpose of creating an
internal utility grid with resources made available to various departments. No desktops are included in
server grids. These usually run some flavor of the Unix/Linux operating system.
25. What are Data Grids?

Grid deployments that require access to, and processing of, data are called data grids. They are optimized for
data-oriented operations. Although they may consume a lot of storage capacity, these grids are not to be
confused with storage service providers.
26. What are Utility Grids?
utility grids as being commercial compute resources that are maintained and managed by a service provider.
Customers that have the need to augment their existing, internal computational resources may purchase
cycles from a utility grid. In addition to overflow applications, customers may choose to use utility grids for
business continuity and disaster recovery purposes. Utility grid providers are also called Grid Resource
Providers (GReP). Along with computing resources, some utility grids also offer key business applications that
can be purchased by the minute.

Unit II

27.Explain about Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) (Nov 10)

The Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) provides a strategy for service providers to create serviceoriented infrastructures which support more flexible resource management. Web Services supplies a
paradigm that supports dynamic resource modeling, a fundamental requirement in pursuit of
comprehensive management for evolutionary infrastructures. Peer-to-peer technology creates a
mechanism for ad hoc relationships to be formed on demand, without a centralized controlling
mechanism.

28. Explain about Grid Service Providers (GSP)

Grid Service Providers (GSP) thus supplies an enabling infrastructure which supports the user-driven
services innovation of their customers, free from the delays associated with current infrastructural
paradigms. When each user has the ability to innovate network services based on their own needs, the
promise of the past decade will have arrived.
29.Explain about Montague River Grid (MRG)
Montague River Grid (MRG) supplies the necessary functionality to support the inter-domain and interprovider management of network-based services.MRG is a self-organizing grid adapter/gateway for networkattached resources and is deployed in conjunction with technology specific domain managers. MRG acts as the
community authority/virtual organization for locally advertised and controlled network based services.
Discovery, membership, registry, mapper, factory, notification, topology, and threading services are all
supported.Each MRG supports an aggregate capabilities dictionary from which domain-level capabilities are
inherited and re-advertised. Furthermore, complex inter-domain services can be constructed and advertised
as single service entities.Once deployed, MRG enables user controlled, end-to-end, inter-domain and interprovider services.
30.What are the Components of the MRG? (Apr 11)
Inter Domain Servicesused to represent the persistent service datastore, service configuration, etc.
Inter Domain Factoryprimary entrance factory for users
Factoryoperational interface; used to implement the process of managing network services
Registryused to identify existing persistent service instances; inherited operational functionality of
network devices
Mapperused to extract detailed information about existing service instances
Notificationsused to relay asynchronous alarms and notifications from the network to the pertinent
registered users of the affected resources
Membershipused to enhance path selection within a business relationship or service paradigm
Discoveryused to identify and propagate existing services within a business relationship or service
paradigm

31. Draw the Montague River Grid architecture

32. Explain about Montague River Domain

Montague River Domain (MRD) supplies the necessary functionality to support device-specific, domain-level
management for network-based services.MRD is a service fulfillment/configuration management platform for
network-attached devices such as transport equipment, storage platforms, and computational servers. Its
dynamically coupled network model allows network and service evolution without the re-engineering of the
platform. Each MRD implements a capabilities dictionary from which component and comprehensive services
are composed for the specific devices within its domain.Furthermore, MRD implements standard functionality
such as journaled transaction management, inventory upload and reconciliation, service configuration and
rollback, service and topology reporting, and alarm correlation.
33. What are the Components of the MRD?
Domain Servicesservice configuration operations, e.g., provisioning, service discovery, service grooming,
etc.
Domain Factorynetwork configuration operations, e.g., upload, transaction management, etc.
Securityservice and network security, including resource tagging, user enablement, etc.
Configurationspecific service configuration operations, e.g, partitionLightPath, findASPath, addXC,
deleteXC, etc.
Inventorynetwork device and component management, virtualized persistence of physical network, etc.
Reportingdomain level network and service reporting.
34. Draw the Montague River Domain architecture

35. What is Data Catalog?

The data catalog is meta-data that identifies the data sets being managed. Typical meta-data includes the
name of the data set, its location, the date-time it was last modified, its size, its type, and the correct access
method. The catalog should be flexible enough to track everything from a subset of a file in a native operating
system file format to a single record in a database manager to an entire database. Key issues in meta-data
management include the completeness of the meta-data and the timeliness of updates to it. Catalog
management should be subject to strict access controls and most catalog maintenance activity should be
assiduously logged.

36. What are Portals?

Web-based applications that encapsulate grid operations and present a uniform user interface to the grid user
base can be a useful integration point for all this management capability. For the average grid user, the portal
provides a uniform user interface that masks the difference between the hardware and software resources
available on the grid. For the administrative user, the portal provides a coherent application environment that
uniformly enforces access controls and ensures consistent logging.
37. What are the requirements for Grid-Enabling Software?
Two requirements must be met in order to modify software for grid deployment: Access to the
application source code and the ability to modify it; in other words, both the legal right and the
development expertise necessary to change an uncompiled application. There are three groups that meet
these requirements.
The first group consists of independent software vendors (ISVs) who develop and commercially
distribute software applications. ISVs own their software code and have software developers in their
employ.
The second group is made up of academic institutions and enterprises in research-intensive industries
such as life sciences that use open source software applications. Open source software licenses permit
modifications of code, and in many cases allow redistribution of the modified version, subject to certain
conditions.
The third group consists of enterprises that have developed their own proprietary software applications
for internal deployment, often with a view to securing competitive advantage through superior
implementation of information technology. As these applications are proprietary, enterprises typically
own or in some fashion retain intellectual property rights to the source code.
Both open source and proprietary software applications can be modified for grid deployment either by
internal software developers or third-party solution integrators (SIs).

38. What are the process of Grid-enabling Software Applications?

The process of grid-enabling a software application is fairly straightforward. Using the GridIron XLR8
application development tool, an experienced developer familiar with the software application to be gridenabled should complete the code modifications in a reasonably short period of time.
A distributable algorithm or job can be equivalently expressed as one or more steps. The most timeconsuming, processing intensive steps that will be distributed for grid processing must have the following
three characteristics:
They can be split into smaller tasks.
Each task can be processed on a separate computer.
The results from each task can be returned re-assembled into one final result.
39. Explain the Overview of GridIron XLR8
GridIron XLR8 is a product that allows software developers to add the speed of distributed computing to
commercial software applications. XLR8 enables computationally intensive software applications to run faster
on multiple computers.
GridIron XLR8 consists of two parts: An application developers toolkit, or SDK, comprised of APIs that are
added to the source code of a computationally intensive application, plus documentation, sample applications,
and other tools and materials to assist software developers in modifying their code for processing by multiple
computers; and runtime software that is installed on each computer in a network, providing additional
processing power.
GridIron XLR8 reduces the complexity of embedding distributed computing within an application by
providing all the necessary programmatic elements at a high level of abstraction. All of the job control logic
can be defined and controlled through the use of just six XLR8 job control functions and four job execution
methods provided by application plug-ins. Additional XLR8 functions are available for administration,

management, and data marshalling. By comparison, protocols such as MPI are significantly more complex,
with some 380 primary calls.
Finally, GridIron XLR8 is embedded directly into the software applications. Once compiled and installed, users
can benefit from the speed of distributed computing without having to change the way they use the
application and without learning special skills.
40. What is Hyperthreading?
There are a number of currently available technologies that provide the facility for performance improvement
through coprocessor and software optimizations, such as vectorization (e.g., AltiVec), Single Instruction
Multiple Data (SIMD), Pthreads, SSE2, etc. One such technology is hyperthreading.
Hyperthreading is an evolving Intel processor technology (first available on Intels XEON server processors
and now being delivered on all desktop 3.06 GHz+ processors) that provides dual simultaneous execution of
two threads on the same physical processor. Performance improvements for most multi-threaded
applications range from a typical 5 percent to a current theoretical maximum of approximately 30 percent.
Hyperthreading was utilized in this implementation to demonstrate that such technologies are
complimentary to distributed computing and will achieve cumulative performance improvements.
41. What are the advantages a grid?

AccessSeamless, transparent, remote, secure, wireless access to computing, data, experiments,

instruments, sensors, etc.
VirtualizationAccess to compute and data services, not the servers themselves, without caring about
the infrastructure.
On DemandGet resources you need, when you need them, at the quality you need.
SharingEnable collaboration of (virtual) teams, over the Internet, to jointly work on one complex task.
FailoverIn case of system failure, migrate and restart applications automatically on another system.
HeterogeneityIn large and complex grids, resources are heterogeneous (platforms, operating systems,
devices, software, etc.). Users can choose the system that is best suited for their specific application.
UtilizationGrids are known to increase average utilization from some 20 percent to 80 percent and more.
For example, our internal Sun Enterprise Grid (with currently more than 7,000 processors in three different
locations) to design Suns next-generation processors is utilized at more than 95 percent, on average.
42. Explain about the Globus Toolkit 2.0
The Globus Toolkit is an open architecture, open source software toolkit developed by the Globus Project. A
brief explanation of GT2.0 is given here for completeness. Full description of the Globus Toolkit can be found
at the Globus Web site. GT3.0 re-implements much of the functionality of GT2.x but is based upon the Open
Grid Services Architecture, OGSA. In the following, the three core components of GT2.0 (and GT2.2).
1. Globus Security Infrastructure (GSI)
2.
Globus Resource Allocation Manager (GRAM)
3. Monitoring and Discovery Services (MDS)
43. What are the services provided by the Grid?

Single sign-onGlobus creation using Grid Security Infrastructure and X509 certificates. This allows the user
to seamlessly establish his or her identity across all campus grid resources.
Resource informationViewable status information on grid resources, both static and dynamic attributes such
as operating systems,
Job specification and submissiona GUI that enables the user to enter job specifications such as the compute
resource, I/O, and queue requirements. Automated translation of these requirements into Resource
specification language (RSL) and subsequent job submission to Globus Resource Allocation Managers (GRAM)

are supported by the portal. Scripts have been implemented to enable job handoff to SGE via Globus services.
Further, automated translation of some job requirements into SGE parameters is supported.
Precise usage controlPolicy-based authorization and accounting services to examine and evaluate usage
policies of the resource providers. Such a model is critical when sharing resources in a heterogeneous
environment such as the campus grid.
Job managementStorage and retrieval of relevant application profile information, history of job executions,
and related information. Application profiles are meta-data that can be composed to characterize the
applications.
Data handlingUsers can transparently authenticate with and browse remote file systems of the grid
resources. Data can be securely transferred between grid resources using the GSI-enabled data transport
services.
44. Explain about Grid Engine Enterprise Edition
Grid Engine Enterprise Edition (GEEE) is installed at each of the four nodesMaxima, Snowdon, Titania, and
Pascali. The command line and GUI of GEEE is the main access point to each node for local users. The
Enterprise Edition version of Grid Engine provides policy driven resource management at the node level.
There are four policy types which may be implemented:
Share Tree PolicyGEEE keeps track of how much usage users/projects have already received. At each
scheduling interval, the Scheduler adjusts all jobs share of resources to ensure that users/groups and projects
get very close to their allocated share of the system over the accumulation period.
Functional PolicyFunctional scheduling, sometimes called priority scheduling, is a non-feedback scheme
for determining a jobs importance by its association with the submitting user/project/department.
Deadline PolicyDeadline scheduling ensures that a job is completed by a certain time by starting it soon
enough and giving it enough resources to finish on time.
Override PolicyOverride scheduling allows the GEEE operator to dynamically adjust the relative
importance of an individual job or of all the jobs associated with a user/department/project.

Unit III
45. Listout the characteristics of Data Grid.
They are numerous.
They are owned and managed by different, potentially mutually distrustful organizations and individuals.
They are potentially faulty.
They have different security requirements and policies.
They are heterogeneous, i.e., they have different CPU architectures, are running different operating systems,
and have different amounts of memory and disk.
They are connected by heterogeneous, multilevel networks.
They have different resource management policies.
They are likely to be separated geographically (on a campus, in an enterprise, on a continent).
46. Write short notes on Network File System (NFS)
NFS is the standard Unix solution for accessing files on remote machines within a LAN. With NFS, a disk on a
remote machine can be made part of the local machines file system. Accessing data from the remote system
now becomes a matter of accessing a particular part of the file system in the usual manner.
47. Write short notes on File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
FTP has been the tool of choice for transferring files between computers since the 1970s. FTP is a commandline tool that provides its own command prompt and has its own set of commands. Several of the commands
resemble Unix commands, although several new commands, particularly for file transfer as well manipulating
the local file system, are different. FTP may be used within a script; however, in that case, the password for
the remote machine must be stored in a clear-text file on the local machine.
48. Write short notes on GridFTP
GridFTP is a tool for transferring files. It is built on top of the Globus Toolkit. GridFTP is an example of a
service that characterizes the Globus sum of services approach for a grid architecture.

49. Write short notes on Andrew File System (AFS)

The Andrew File System is a distributed network file system that enables access to files and directories
distributed across multiple sites. Access to files involves becoming part of a single virtual file system. AFS
comprises several cells, with each cell representing an independently administered file system.

50. Explain about Avaki Data Grid

The objective of Avaki Data Grid is to provide high-performance; easy, transparent, secure collaboration; and
coherent sharing between different locations, administrative domains, and organizations.
High-performanceNobody wants a low-performance system. Yet remote access is inherently slower than
local access due to the combination of higher latency and often lower bandwidth.
CoherentCaching data is great for performance. Unfortunately, it can lead to inconsistent copies of the data,
which can lead in turn to incorrect application results or bad decisions based on out-of-date data
TransparentThe data grid must be transparent to end users and applications.
SecureSecure is a word that covers a wide range of issues. Many users believe that a data grid must
support strong authentication with identities that span administrative domains and organizations, support
the establishment of virtual organizations (groups that span organizations), enforce access control policies,
and protect data.
51. Write short notes Grid Servers
A grid server is the primary component of a data grid. A grid server performs grid-related tasks such as
domain creation, authentication, access control, meta-data management, monitoring, searching, etc. When
deploying a data grid, the first grid server deployed typically bears the responsibility of starting a grid. This
grid server is also called a grid domain controller (GDC). The GDC creates and defines a domain. A domain
represents a single grid. Every domain has exactly one GDC. Multiple domains may be interconnected by
invoking the appropriate functions on their respective GDCs.

52. Write short notes Share Servers

A share server is an ADG component that is responsible for bulk data transfer to and from a local disk on a
machine. A share server is always associated with a grid server. The grid server is responsible for verifying
whether a given read/write request is permissible or not. If the request is permitted, the grid server passes a
handle to the user as well as the share server. The users request is then forwarded to the share server along
with this handle. Subsequent requests are satisfied by the share server without the intervention of the grid
server. Naturally, if the user issues a new request, for instance, to a new file, the grid server verifies the
request anew before delegating the transfer to the share server.
53. Explain about Data Grid Access Servers (DGAS)
A DGAS provides a standards-based mechanism to access a data grid. A DGAS is a server that responds to NFS
2.0/3.0 protocols and interacts with other data grid components. When an NFS client on a machine mounts a
DGAS, it effectively mounts the entire data grid in a single step, mapping the ADG global name space into the
local file system and providing completely transparent access to data throughout the grid without even
installing Avaki software. This NFS-based access to an ADG complements the command-line and Web-based
access that Avaki provides as part of every data grid deployment. An upcoming version of the DGAS will
support the Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol for Windows clients as well.
54. Write short notes on Proxy Servers
A proxy server enables accesses across a firewall. A proxy server requires a single port in the firewall to be
opened for TCPspecifically HTTP/HTTPStraffic. All Avaki traffic passes through this port. Opening a
firewall port essentially involves permitting traffic in and out of that port on the firewall machine and
forwarding incoming traffic to another machine inside the firewall on which the Avaki proxy server is started.
The proxy server accepts all Avaki traffic forwarded from the firewall and redirects the traffic to the
appropriate components running on machines within the firewall. The responses of these machines are sent
back to the proxy server, which forwards this traffic to the appropriate destination through the open port on
the firewall.

55. Explain about Failover Servers

A failover server is a grid server that serves as a backup for the GDC. A failover server is configured to
synchronize its internal database periodically with a GDC. As a result, if a GDC becomes unavailable either
because the machine on which it is running is down or because the network is partitioned or for any other
reason, users can continue to access grid data without significant interruption in service.
56. Draw the Flynns classification diagram

57. What are the Key Elements of Desktop Grid Technology?

Security
Unobtrusiveness
Openness/Ease of Application Integration
Robustness
Scalability
Central Manageability
58. Expalin MIMD computer classification

59. What are the components of Desktop Grids?

GridThis term will be used interchangeably with Desktop Grid for simplicity.
Grid ServerThis is a central machine that controls and administers the Desktop Grid.
Grid ClientAn individual node that is a member of the Desktop Grid from which spare computational
resources will be harvested. A Grid Client is typically an existing desktop or laptop PC; however, any
Windows-based PC connected to the corporate network can become a Grid Client.
Grid Client ExecutiveThe software component of the grid infrastructure that resides on a PC, enables that
PC to serve as a Grid Client, and manages all interaction between the Grid Client and the Grid Server.
Work UnitThe packet of computation assigned to a Grid Client by the Grid Server. This packet includes a
grid-enabled version of an application, instructions for establishing an environment for the application
on the Grid Client, the input data (or a pointer to the location of the input data), and instructions on how
to execute the application and produce the output data.

60. What are the Uses of Desktop Grids?

Data MiningDemographic analysis and legal discovery
Engineering DesignCAD/CAM and two-dimensional rendering
Financial ModelingPortfolio management and risk management
Geophysical ModelingClimate prediction and seismic computations
Graphic DesignAnimation and three-dimensional rendering
Life SciencesDisease simulation and target identification
Material SciencesPhysical property prediction and product optimization
Supply Chain ManagementProcess optimization and total cost minimization
61. Write the Challenges about Desktop Grid
Intermittent AvailabilityUnlike a dedicated compute infrastructure, a user may choose to turn
off or reboot his PC at any time. In addition, the increasing trend of using a laptop (portable) computer as
a desktop replacement means that some PCs may disappear and reappear and may connect from multiple
locations over network connections of varying speeds and quality.

User ExpectationsThe user of the PC on the corporate desktop views it as a truly personal part
of his work experience, much like a telephone or a stapler. It is often running many concurrent
applications and needs to appear as if it is always and completely available to serve that employees needs.
After a distributed computing component is deployed on an employees PC, that component will tend to be
blamed for every future fault that occursat least until the next new component or application is
installed

Unit IV

62. Write short notes on Enterprise High Throughput Grids (EHTG)

Enterprise High Throughput Grids (EHTG), which allow an easy and robust integration of the whole
corporate network in a computing platform. Companies implanting an EHTG can transform their sparse
and heterogeneous computershigh-end servers, workstations, desktop PCsin a single virtual utility.
EHTG also allows establishing collaborations among departments by the definition of execution policies
to share their resources. In critical periods one department could require more computational power
than it owns. The department could ask the EHTG to find and use underused computational resources of
other departments.
63. Write note on Call Data Records (CDRs)
Data related to calls are stored in CDRs (Call Data Records) files. A 6-million-user operator may process
about 200 million CDRs a day. The processing time of these files almost reaches the capacity of a current
supercomputer. In the next few years, registered data will include information about many other
activities carried out by users, in addition to voice services.
64. What is the function of EDR?
It is a two-step process. The first step consists of a validation of the data contained in the EDRs and arriving
from the network stations. The system loads the validation rules from a database, and sends them to the grid

platform. The central grid server distributes the EDRs among the nodes for their process in a distributed
mode.
Once the validation step has been completed, an evaluation of the EDRs takes place. In this evaluation, the
EDRs data are transformed for its inclusion in the DataWareHouse. The system loads the evaluation rules
from a database, and sends them to the platform. The evaluation of the validated EDRs is distributed
among the computers in the platform. Finally the results are committed to the DataWareHouse.
65. Write short notes on Smart System Software (SSS)
Smart System Software (SSS) to virtualize independent operating-system instances to provide an HPC
service. Next to the attractive price/performance of COTS components, SSS plays a key role here. SSS
allows a number of distinct systems to appear as oneeven though each runs its own instance of the
operating system. There are two possibilities for SSS. At one extreme the Single System Image (SSI) is SSS
that involves kernel modification. At the other extreme, the Single System Environment (SSE) is SSS that
runs in user space as a layered service. The arrows in emphasize interconnections and corresponding
communications.
66. Explain about Single System Environment(SSE)
Clustering solutions can also be delivered via an SSE. In contrast to SSI, clustering via SSE does not require
modifications to the kernel. Instead, SSE runs in user space and provides a distributed process abstraction
that includes primitives for process creation and process control.
The user-space approach releases the single-operating-system restriction, and allows third parties to
craft cross-platform clusters based on Linux, Mac OS, UNIX, and/or Windows. SSE directly addresses the
tension between supply and demand by matching an applications resource requirements with the
resources capable of filling the need. By effectively arbitrating the supply-demand budget over an
enterprise-scale IT infrastructure, subject to policy-driven objectives, SSE solutions allow organizations
to derive maximal utilization from all available computer resources.
67. Write short notes on Electronic Design Automation (EDA)
The high-tech field of electronic design automation (EDA) offers rich possibilities for illustrating SSE in
capacity-driven simulation. In EDA, the fundamental challenge stems from incremental progress into
deeper sub-micron design technologies; this advance implies staggering challenges for design synthesis,
verification, timing closure, and power consumption. Through direct association with Moores Law,
design synthesis has gained a profile. However, it is design verification that has an even greater potential
to become the ultimate design bottleneck: As design complexity increases, verification requirements
escalate rapidly.
68. Explain about Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)
The Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) is a set of technical specifications which define a common
framework that will allow businesses to build grids both across the enterprise and with their business
partners. It is expected that OGSA will define the standards required for both open source and
commercial software for a broadly applicable and widely adopted global grid infrastructure.
The Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) has been proposed as an enabling infrastructure for systems
and applications that require the integration and management of service within distributed,
heterogeneous, dynamic virtual organizations.
69. Write short notes on Submission-execution topologies for Platform MultiCluster

70. Write note on OGSA Platform

The OGSA Platform is made up of three components: the Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI), the OGSA
Platform Interfaces, and the OGSA Platform Models.
OGSI represents the convergence of Web Services and grid technologies. It defines the underlying
mechanisms for managing Grid Service instances (e.g., messaging, lifecycle management, etc.).
OGSA Platform Interfaces are OGSI-compliant Grid Services (i.e., interfaces and associated behaviors) that are
not defined within OGSI. The focus here is on defining the higher levelbut basicservices common in many
grid deployments. Examples include registries, data access and integration, resource manager interfaces, etc.
OGSA Platform Models are the combination of OGSA services and information schemas for representing
real entities on the grid. For example, a standard definition of terms describing a computer system and
the associated behavior is an example of a model for a computer system.
71. List out the Properties Core Grid Service
Service Description and Service Instance
Modeling Time in OGSI
XML Element Lifetime Declaration Properties
Interface Naming and Change Management
Naming Grid Service Instances
Grid Service Lifecycle
Common Handling of Operation Faults
Extensible Operations

72. Write short notes on Data Access and Integration Services (DAIS)
The Data Access and Integration Services working group is focused on defining grid data services that provide
consistent access to existing, autonomously managed databases. Although there had already been a lot of
work around Grid Services for file management (e.g., GridFTP), database integration was not really covered by
this work, even though databases play a central role in both the research and commercial computing domains.
73. Explain the PortTypes for Basic Services
OGSI defines a set of portTypes and describes the behavior of a collection of common distributed computing
patterns that are fundamental to OGSI.
GridServiceencapsulates the root behavior of the service model.
HandleResolvermapping from a GSH to a GSR.
NotificationSourceallows clients to subscribe to notification messages.
NotificationSubscriptiondefines
the
relationship
between
a
singleNotificationSource and NotificationSink pair.
NotificationSinkdefines a single operation for delivering a notification message to the service instance that
implements the operation.
Factorystandard operation for creation of Grid Service instances.
ServiceGroupallows clients to maintain groups of services.
ServiceGroupRegistrationallows Grid Services to be added and removed from a ServiceGroup.
ServiceGroupEntrydefines the relationship between a Grid Service and its membership within
a ServiceGroup.
74.List out the serviceData elements in the GridService
interface a list of the QNames of all portTypes implemented by the service.
serviceDataNamea list of QNames of all SDEs supported by this service instance. This includes SDEs defined
at the interface level, as well as SDEs added dynamically during the lifetime of the service instance.
factoryLocator a service locator that points to the Grid Service instance that created this Grid Service
instance.
gridServiceHandlezero or more GSHs of this Grid Service instance.
gridServiceReferencezero or more GSRs of this Grid Service instance.
FindServiceDataExtensibilitya set of operation extensibility declarations for the findServiceData operation.
The client can use a query expression that conforms to any of the listed inputElement types.

setServiceDataExtensibilityoperation extensibility declarations for thesetServiceData operation. Similar

to findServiceDataExtensibility.
terminationTimethe termination time for the service.
75. Write the functions of OGSA Platform Interfaces
Service Groups and Discovery Interfaces
Service Domain Interfaces
Security
Policy
Data Management Services
Messaging and Queuing
Events
Distributed Logging
Metering and Accounting
76. Define WS-Agreement
WS-Agreement defines the Agreement-based Grid Service Management model, which defines a set of OGSIcompliant portTypes allowing clients to negotiate with management services in order to manage Grid Services
or other legacy applications (e.g., a local resource manager).
WS-Agreement defines fundamental mechanisms based on OGSI-compliant Agreement services, which
represent an ongoing relationship between an agreement provider and an agreement initiator. The
agreements define the behavior of a delivered service with respect to a service consumer. The Agreement will
most likely be defined in sets of domain-specific agreement terms (defined in other specifications), as the WSAgreement specification is focused on defining the abstraction of the agreement and the protocol for coming
to agreement, rather than on defining sets of agreement terms.

UNIT V
77. What is Hive Computing?
(Nov 10)
The development, deployment, and management of mission-critical applicationscalledHive
Computingthat is designed to complement and extend the vision of Grid Computing.Hive Computing
enables businesses to build a transactional resource, called a Hive that can be plugged into a grid and
host the transaction-oriented applications upon which businesses depend. The goal of Hive Computing is
to expand the range of problems that can be solved with a grid and bring the benefits of Grid Computing
to the mainstream of business computing.Hive Computing defines a new type of resource called
a Transactional Resource that can be integrated into an existing grid. The transactional resource handles
all the transaction-oriented application.
78. What are the services performed by the Hive ?
v Get a real-time quote based on a CUSIP (stock identifier)
v Get a delayed quote based on a CUSIP
v Generate a 30-day or other price chart based on a CUSIP
79. What are the components of Hive Computing?

80. What are the capabilities of a Hive Computing?

v A Hive Is Self-organizing, Self-healing, and Self-managing
v A Hive Creates a Mission-critical Computing Environment
v A Hive Utilizes Large Numbers of Dedicated Commodity Computers
v A Hive Is Designed to Host Transaction-oriented Applications
81. What are the benifits of Hive Computing?
v Reliability
Scalability
Availability
Predictability
v Scalability
v Availability
v Predictability
v Affordability
Usability
Adaptability
Maintainability
Commodity Components
82. What are the steps involved in implementation of a Grid Service?
Write a WSDL PortType definition, using OGSA types (or defining new ones).
Write a WSDL binding definition, identifying ways in which one could connect to the service, e.g., by using
SOAP/HTTP, TCP/IP, etc.
Write a WSDL service definition based on the PortTypes supported by the service and identified in Step 1.
Implement a factory by extending the FactorySkeleton provided, to indicate how new instances of a service
are to be created.
Configure the factory with various options available, such as schemas supported.
Implement the functionality of the service by extending the ServiceSkeleton class. If an existing code
(legacy code) is to be used in some way, then the delegationmechanism should be used. When used in this
mode, the factory returns a skeleton instance in Step 4.
Implement code for the client that must interact with the service.
83. What are the requirements when implementing a Grid Service?
Scalability and cost
Uniformity
Expressiveness

Extensibility
Diversity (Multiple information sources)
Dynamicity
Flexibility
Security
Deployability
Decentralized maintenance

84. What is MDS?

Globus Toolkit contains a grid information service called MDS. Initially an acronym for Metacomputing
Directory Service, MDS now denotes Monitoring and Directory Service to better reflect that MDS is more than
an information service for metacomputers.
85. What are the services provided by MDS?
The MDS comprises the Grid Resource Information Service (GRIS) and Grid Index Information Service (GIIS).
A GRIS is an information service that runs on a single resource and can answer queries from a user about that
particular resource by directing these queries to an information provider deployed on that resource. An
information provider is a service that generates information about a specific aspect of a resource. GIIS is an
aggregate directory service that builds a collection of information services out of multiple GIIS. It supports
queries against information spread across multiple GRIS resources.
86. Explain the classification of UDDI?
UDDI may be classified as follows:

White pagesThese contain basic contact information and identifiers about a company, including
business name, address, contact information, and unique identifiers such as its Dun-and-Bradstreet
(DUNS) numbers or tax IDs. This information allows others to discover Web Service based on business
identification. In the context of Grid Computing, white pages can provide the retrieval of an IP address or
the amount of memory available on a particular resource.

Yellow pagesThese contain information that describes a Web Service using different business
categories (taxonomies). This information allows others to discover Web Services based on its
categorization (such as flower sellers or car sellers).

Green pagesThese contain technical information about Web Services that are exposed by a
business, including references to specifications of interfaces, as well as support for pointers to various file
and URL-based discovery mechanisms.

87. How the applications are classified in Grid?

Parallelism
o Single Program, Single Data (SPSD)
o Single Program, Multiple Data (SPMD)
o Multiple Program Multiple Data (MIMD)
o Multiple Program Single Data (MPSD)
Communications
Granularity
Dependency
88. What are the functional requirements of grids?
Interfaces
Job Scheduling
Data Management

(Nov 10)

 Remote Execution Environment

Security
Gang Scheduling
Check pointing and Job Migration
Management
88. What is Information Technology? (Apr 11)
89. Write the types of GIS. (Nov 10)
90. What is Replication Mechanism? (Nov 10)
91. What is Compute Intensity (CI) Ratio? (Nov 10)
92. List the key factors to be considered for determining the appropriate method of grid
deployment in scriptable application. (Nov 10)
93. Write the methods for grid deployment of applications in processing intensive. (Apr 11)
94. What is the need of Genetic Algorithm? (Apr 11)
95. What does Granularity refer? (Apr 11)
96. Write notes on Grid services and their main pillars. (Apr 11)
97. Define : Gang Scheduling. (Apr 11)
98. Write an example code for using Property Bag. (Apr 11)
99. What is Wi Fi? (Nov 10)
100. Mention any 5 industries using Grid Computing.