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Assignment 03

This document contains 39 problems related to linear algebra and optimization. The problems cover topics such as inner products, metrics, orthogonality, orthogonal transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of linear maps. Many problems involve showing certain mappings or quantities define inner products or metrics, finding bases of subspaces, and properties of orthogonal and symmetric linear transformations.

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Mahalakshmi Aravindh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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64 views

Assignment 03

This document contains 39 problems related to linear algebra and optimization. The problems cover topics such as inner products, metrics, orthogonality, orthogonal transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors of linear maps. Many problems involve showing certain mappings or quantities define inner products or metrics, finding bases of subspaces, and properties of orthogonal and symmetric linear transformations.

Uploaded by

Mahalakshmi Aravindh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 501

Linear Algebra and Optimization


Assignment # 3

1. Let V = C. Show that hz, wi := Re(z w)


defines an inner product on C.
2. Let V = R2 and define hx, yi := y1 (2x1 + x2 ) + y2 (x1 + x2 ). Does this define an inner product on
R2 ?
R1
3. Let f : [0, 1] R be continuous with f (t) 0 for t [0, 1]. Show that 0 f (t)dt = 0 if and only if
f (t) = 0 for all t [0, 1].
4. Let C[0, 1] be the set of all continuous functions on [0, 1]. If f, g C[0, 1], define hf, gi =
R1
f (t)g(t)dt. Show that hf, gi defines an inner product on C[0, 1].
0
5. Let V = Rnn . Define hA, Bi := Tr(AB T ). Show that this defines an inner product on Rnn .
6. Fix a V . Show that the maps from V to R given by x 7 hx, ai and y 7 ha, yi are linear.
7. Let (v1 , ..., vn ) be a basis (not necessarily orthonormal) of Rn . Let i R be given for 1 i n.
Show that there exists a unique vector x Rn such that hx, vi i = i for all i.
8. Let ai , 1 i n be positive and real. Let R. Show that
!2
! n
!
n
n
X
X
X

ai

ai
ai
,
i=1

i=1

with equality if and only if either =

1
2

or 6=

1
2

i=1

but all the ai s are equal.

9. A metric on a set X is a function d : X X R with the following properties:


(a) d (x, y) 0 for x, y X and d (x, y) = 0 if and only if x = y.
(b) d (x, y) = d (y, x) for all x, y X.
(c) d (x, z) d (x, y) + d (y, z) for all x, y, z X.
Let V be an inner product space. If we define
d (x, y) := kx yk for x, y V,
show that d is a metric on V .
10. Let x, y, z V . Let x y and x z. Show that x (y + z) for all , R.
11. If a vector z V is orthogonal to all the vectors in V , then show that z = 0.
12. Let S be a nonempty subset (not necessarily a subspace) of V . Let
S := {v V | hv, si = 0, for all s S}
Show that S is a subspace of V .
13. Let v = (, ) R2 be nonzero. Describe v as span(w) for a suitable w.
14. Let v and w be two nonzero vectors in R3 . Assume that the set of vectors orthogonal to both of
them is a plane through the origin. Show that each is a scalar multiple of the other.
15. Let v = (, , ) be a nonzero vector in R3 . Find a basis of W := v .
16. Show that kx + yk = kxk + kyk if and only if one is a nonnegative scalar multiple of the other.
17. Prove that kxk = kyk if and only if (x y) (x + y).
18. Show that a parallelogram is a rectangle if and only if the diagonals are of equal length.

19. Show that, if a triangle is isosceles, then the medians to the two sides of equal length are of equal
length.
20. Show that the medians of triangle are concurrent.
21. Show that the angle inscribed by semicircle is a right angle.
22. Is the standard basis for Rnn an orthonormal basis?
23. Apply Gram-Schmidt process to obtain orthonormal sets:


(a) [1, 0, 1]T , [1, 1, 0]T , []0, 0, 1]T in R3 .


(b) 1, p1 (t) = t, p2 (t) = t2 of P2 (R) with the inner product
Z

hp, qi :=

p(t)q(t)dt.
0


[1, 1, 1, 1]T , [0, 2, 0, 2]T , [1, 1, 3, 1]T in R4 .


(d) [1, 1, 1, 1]T , [5, 1, 1, 1]T , [2, 3, 4, 1]T in R4
(c)

24. If V is an inner product space, a linear map T : V V is said to be symmetric (with respect to the
given inner product) if hT (x), yi = hx, T (y)i for all x, y V . Show that the matrix representing a
symmetric map with respect to an orthonormal basis is symmetric.
25. Let V be an inner product space. A linear transformation T : V V is said to be orthogonal if
hT (x), T (y)i = hx, yi for all x, y V . Prove that the following are equivalent in the case of a linear
transformation T : V V
(a) T is orthogonal.
(b) kT xk = kxk for all x V .
n

(c) T takes an orthonormal basis to an orthonormal basis. That is, if {ei }i=1 is an orthonormal
n
basis, then {T (ei )}i=1 is an orthonormal basis.
26. If f : V V is any map such that
(a) f (0) = 0
(b) kf (x) f (y)k = kx yk,
then show that f is an orthogonal linear transformation.
27. Let g : V V be such that kg(x) g(y)k = kx yk for all x, y V . Show that there exists a
unique v V and an orthogonal linear transformation A : V V such that g(x) = Ax + v.
28. Let V be an arbitrary vector space. Let Tv denote the translation by v. Prove the following:
(a) Tv is a bijection for all v V such that Tv1 = Tv = Tv .
(b) Tv+w = Tv + Tw for all v, w V
29. Let A be an orthogonal linear map of V , Tv a translation. What is the inverse of ATv ? What are
ATv , Tv A, ATv A1 and Tv1 ATv ?
30. A matrix A is orthogonal if and only if AT A = AAT = I. Show that

2
1 = det I = det AAT = det A det AT = (detA) .
31. With a fixed orthonormal basis, prove that there exists a one-one correspondence between orthogonal transformations and orthogonal matrices.
32. Show that the choice of an orthonormal basis (v1 , ..., vn ) for V gives rise to an orthogonal linear
map T from V to Rn : T (vi ) := ei for 1 i n and extended linearly.

33. Let


A=

0
1

1
0

Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A.


34. Find by inspection the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of

1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
35. Find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of

0
0
2

0
2
0

2
0
3

36. Let T : V V be a symmetric linear map. Show that the eigenvectors vi with eigenvalues
i , i = 1, 2 with 1 6= 2 are orthogonal to each other.
37. Show that, if the characteristic equation of T has n distinct real roots, then T is diagonalizable.
38. Let T : V V be a symmetric linear map. Assume that W is a vector subspace of V invariant
under T . Prove that W is also invariant under T .
39. Read a proof of the Spectral Theorem for Symmetric Linear Maps:
Let T : V V be a symmetric linear map on a (finite dimensional real) inner product space. Then
there exists an orthonormal basis of V consisting of eigenvectors of T .

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