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UNIVERSITY
OF

W O LV E RH AMP T O N
i,

A"Jo^t

FeIon

Lryah^m
Oalet
/<evrn Gt'"et

& the Built

Schoolof Engineering
Environment

ET1003
1
ComputerAidedDesignand Development
ModuleGuide

Note:
Th6 termlnologyin thls template(e.9.Key Skills,Intellectual
Skills) is relevantfor Levels 0, I and 4 modules,Levels2 & 3
modules use different learning outcome descriptors but ihe
moduleguideswill followa similarformatto this template.

of Wolverhampton
OTheUniversily
andthe BuiltErvnonment
Schoolof Engineeri.g
SchoolAssessmertHandbook

ModuleGuide
1
ModuleTitle:ComputerAidedDesignand Development
ModuleCod:

ET1003

Pre-rquisites: None
Co-requisites:

None

Semester/AcadmicYear

Semestor1

2005/06

CreditValue:

30

Levelof study:

ModulsLeader:

Dr AnthonyFelton
Room: lJl*'tE- AAI \ots
Phone:
Fax:
E.mail:[email protected]

lnternalModrator:

GrahamOakes

. J.; ;,r,
The principal
aimof thismoduleis to
. Introduce
of design.
thetaxonomy
. Establish
of designmethodology.
the basicprinciples
. Applysystematic
for productdesign.
approaches
principles
. Establish
of computer
aideddesigntools.
the basic
. Provideexperience
of productdesignat the conceptstage.
1

Rationale

Learningoutcomes

willbe:
learning
outcomes
Theassessed
Knowl.dg..nd UndoGtandhg

of designsolutionsthroughthe use of rigorous

1. The development
and methodologies.
designtechniques

@ThelJniversity
ol Wolverhamplon
andlhe BuillEnvironment
SchoolofEngineering
Handbook
SchoolAssessme^l

ITCunderpins
the designprocessand how
2. Howthe useof appropriate
analysisand data
such tools can be used in the communication,
product
definition
data.
of
exchange
SubjoctspecificSkills

knowledge
and understanding
of essential
facts,
3. Abilityto demonstrate
principles
and
theories
relating
to
design
and
technology
concepts,
in the productionand representation
of
a proficiency
4. Demonstrate
designmodelsthroughthe useof ITC
Weeklytopic guide:-

Taxonomyof Design
. l\4odels
of Deslgn
productthfoughto recycling
. Productlife cycle- from raw materialto manufactured
anddisposal
DesignMethodology
. Designin the contextof productdeveopment- integfated,
concurrent
approaches
. DesignProcessmode - from problemidentifcationand needs analysisthrough
formanufacture
to detaildesign
conceptualdesign
. Divergent
thinking
/ Convergent
for ConceptDesign
approaches
Systematic
. Needs identification
specification
leadingto the ProductDesign
and requirements
Specification
. Primary
andsemantc
functions
- technical
. l\,,lethods
ideas
for genefating
. Synthesis
. Modelling
andq!antitatve
- qualtative
. Evaluation
andselection
. Communication
user centreddesign
. Man-machineinteraction
funcUonality
. Aesthetics
- productidentity,modernity,
. Ergonomics
andAnthropomekics
. SemanUc
functions
a^n^'

.
.
.
.
.
.

rar-'i.la.l

nA.idn

andconfiguration
Productstructudng
representation
3D solidmodellingof pa{s - designby features,parametric
anddesignverification
3D solidmodellingof assemblies
- synthesis
imagefiles
methods
andgraphic
Visualisation
- 2D drawings
Linkingto DetailedDesignand N4anufacture
Geomehicpropertes - area,volume mass,cenheof gravity,radiusof gyrationetc.

SpecialistResources(Schoolprovided)
equipment.
withdigitalpresentation
CADlaboratories
presentation
software.
andGraphical
CADsoftware
3D solidmodelling
laboratories
is
supported
by CDin
the
CAD
standard
software
The industry
(Learning
on line
Centre)
tutorials.BritishStandards
ROMsandweb-site
availableeitheron-lineat supplierswebPartsand componentcatalogues
sitesor on CD-RO|\,4.
4

oThe UnivecilvolwoLverhampton
SchoolofEnq.ee.ingandihe BuillEnvnonment
SchoolAssessme.lHandbook

3 af7

SpecialistResources(Studentprovidedwith cost indicated)

IndicativeReadingand LearningSupportList
/ KarlT Ulrich,StevenD
Ulrich,KarlT. - Productdesignand development
2000 lrwin/Mccraw-Hill,
Mass.;
London:
Boston,
Eppinger.- 2nd ed. 0 0 7 1 '169938
design:a materialsand processing
Dietef,GeorgeEllwood.- Engineering
approach/ GeorgeE. Dieter.- 3rd ed. - Boston,[Mass.];London:l\ilccrawHill,2000.- 0071162046
and productdesign
- Designmethodsin engineering
Wright,l. C., lan Clifford.
1998.- 0077093763
/ l. C. Wright.- London:l\4ccraw-Hill,
and Design Mccrawin Engineering
Factors
Sanders,Mark et al -Human
Hilr,1992.0-07-112826-3
1995,0-07-007741-X
l\4cGraw-Hill,
to Ergonomics.
R,S.Introduction
Bridger,
professional
(Wiley
computing). Chichester: John lMley, 1993. 0471578134
design.- London:
of engineering
Charles.
- The aesthetics
Ashford,Frederick
Books,1969.- 0220798559
Business
productsusingtotal design:the living
Pugh,Stuart.- Creatinginnovative
1996.
Addison-Wesley'
Massi Wokingham:
leg;cyof StuartPugh.- Reading,
- 0201634856
designprocess/ Barry Hawkes,Ray
e Hawkes,Barry.- The engineering
-/'Abinett.
1984 - 0582994713 6 1,.
& Technical,
Scientific
- Harlow:Longman
Teachinsand LearningMethods
philosophy
is to
andlearning
teaching
andihe BuiltEnvironment's
TheSchoolof Engineering
provide
yo!
assignments
that
lenging
activities
and
with
cha
to
student
i.e.
develoothe whole
of
and
understanding
increase
knowledge
you
lLs
as
well
as
improve
sk
and
to
develop
fequire
context
wthin a construction
andtinancialprocedures
contractual
This value-addedapproachmeansthat you need to be providedwith the opportunityto
developskillsthroughthe natureand designof the case study The lectureprogrammeis
and levelof skills
understanding
design;dto bridgethe gap befteen yourcuffentknowledge,
envLronment
in
construction
a
by
a
manager
andthoserequired
Tutorials,practicalsand semnar activitywill involveyou in investgations,presentations,
seltandpeerassessment
on settopicsandmayinvolve
and/orexercises
discussions
This approachsees the learningneeds as the focus of the learningactivitywith the
for yourown learning
thatyouwill needto takeon someresponsibillty
understanding

Assessment

8.'l Methods and Weightings:

of WolverhamPlon
@TheUniversily
Schoolof Ergineeng andlhe Bull Envnonment
SchooAssessmeniHandbook

Bief description oF assessmerf nethads/weightingsand ninimum gtude rcquired for individual

elenentsand conponentsforthismoclule.
'l component,which consists of 2 elements;each elementmust be passedwith a minimum
E4.To passthe modulea minimumgradeof D5overallmustbe obtained.

Assessm entc o l n p o nents:

Learning
Outcome

Tasks
Assessment

%
weighting

1,Eienent1.
Component
Design project -matket
needslo concepldesgn

5A%

1,Elenenl2
Componen!
Design projecl -markel
needsto conceptdesign

500/"

(unlversily

lask

8.2 MarkingCriteria
Full detailsof the markingcriteriawill be issuedto you as part of the
briefat thestartof the module.
assignment
8.3 Submissionof Coursework
shouldbe handedin at the CityStudentRegistry
Theassignments
(MTBlock)and a receiptobtained.
8.4 Extensions
circumstances
and you must
Extensions
will only be allowedin exceptional
for example,by a medicalcertificate).
covered,
havea validcause(normally
need
to
be
madeusingtheAU33formobtainable
for
Applications extensions
from the City StudentRegistry(MT Block).Assignmentssubmittedlate
withouta sanctionedextensionwill be markedF0.
lf you are unableto submityourworkby the deadlineor withinanyextension
granted;or if you consideryour performance
has been affectedby some
exceptional circumstances you should consider applying for
In suchcasesyou shouldconsultyour
Circumstances.
Extenuating/Mitigating
for advice.
Counsellor
Tutoror a University
Personal
8.5 Returnof Coursework
form will normallybe returnedto
The pink copyof the StudentAssessment
you withinthreeworkingweeks.Studentwork is not normallyreturnedand
youareadvisedto keepyourownhardandsoftcopyof anyworksubmitted.
8.6 Retrievalof Failure
governingretrievalof failurevary depending
on your award,in
Regulations
particular
uponwhetheryou are studyingfor a degreeor a highernational
of WolverhamPlon
OTheUniversity
andthe Buit Environment
Schooof Engineerinq
Handbook
SchoolAssessmenl

qualification.
Please refer to your 'Award Handbook'or the University's
'Undergraduate
2005.
ModularSchemeGuide'forStudents
9

and C ol l us i o n
Pl agi ari s m

areveryseriousoffencesthatcan resultin expulsion

Plagiarism
andcollusion
This is becausethose found guiltyof plagiarismor
from the University.
to represent
someoneelse'swork as
collusionwill not only haveattempted
theirown but havealsosoughtto gainan unfairadvantage
overtheirfellow
students.
and Co llu s io n
9 .1 Av oi di ngP l agi ari s m
to workin a team.
1. In the caseof groupworkyou are activelyencouraged
you
of
the
assignment
that
Howeverthe sections
answermust be your
work.
ownindividual
2. You shouldmake it very clearwhat sourcesof information
have been
fromthesesourcesis quotedit mustbe
used;wherematerial/information
usingthe HarvardReferencing
System.(Detailscan be
clearlyreferenced
obtainedfrom LearningCentresor on-linevia the LearningCentreHome
Page).
anotherstudent's
work.
3. Neverattemptto copyor paraphrase
for Students2005/06
10 AwardHandbookand AcademicRegulations
This module guide should be read in conjunctionwith the terms and
conditionscontainedin your Award 'PathwayGuide'and the University's
ModularSchemeGuide'forStudents
2004.
'Undergraduate

11 Moduleparticipants
ModuleLeader:

DrAnthonyFelton
Room:l\4A109c
Phone:
Fax:
E-mail:[email protected]
GrahamOakes
Room:lVlA109g
P ho n e :
Fax:
E-mail:[email protected]

12 Registration
You are remindedthat only studentswho have formallyregisteredas
participants
on a modulewillbe ableto gaincredits.

OTheUr veBiiyof Wo verhamPton

SchoolofEngneeringandihe BuiltEnvnonment
Handbook
SchoolAssessment

13 MobilePhones

In the interestof courtesyto otherstudentsand staff pleaseensurethat

mobilephonesare switchedoff duringlecturesand tutorialclasses. In
phonesto
exceptional
circumstances
the moduleleadermeyallowindividual
be kepton if a validreasonis given.Anystudenlwhoconsiders
theyhavea
validreasonmustdiscussthiswiththelecturerpriorto thelecturestarting.

@ThaUnlv.lliiyof Wolv.dsmplon
SchoololEngin66ng rnd lh BuillEnvironmnt
SchoolArso$montHindbook

T]NIVERSITYOF WOLVERHAMPTON
SCHOOLOF ENGINEERINGAND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
AND PRODUCTDESIGN
DEPARTMENTOF ARCHITECTURE
MODULE

COMPUTERAIDED DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 1

CM1OO4

Component1, Element1,DESIGNPROJECT- Marketneedsto conceptdesign

Weighting:50%
Handin date: Fri 9s Dec2005
DESIGN BRIEF
Designa desklopvideophone
Fortheprojectthe followingmustbe includedrSectionA 50%marks
the followingpoints:
illustratedreport which addresses
l. A comprehensive
o Information obtainedfrom your research

(5 marks)

ideasexploringyourthinkingon
Preliminarydesign'freehand'sketches
designincludingAnthropometcs andErgonomics
the videophone
(5 marks)

to BS7373.
Full ProductDesignSpecification

ofyour designproducedin 3D,plusa fully

Finalchosenassembly
Wildfire2,showing
usingProEngineer
drawingto B.S.8888,
dimensioned
details.
individualcomponent
(25 malks)

for marketing,costeffectiveness,
andPackaging
Materialsselection
(5 marks)
productprotectionandrecycling.

(10 marks)

SectionB 50Yomarks
2. trull sizecard basedor foammodelof the videophone'

(50 marks)

solutionat themodel
is thekey to an interesting
NOTE:Ingenuityandexploration
stage.
Yourreportshouldbe handedintoCity CampusRegistry.Yourprototypeshouldbe
handedinto the prototypingTechnicianstafl
RefrDr A J Felton,Mr G L Oakes.

TNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON
SCHOOLOF ENGINEERINGAND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENTOF ARCHITECTURE
AND PRODUCTDESIGN
MODULE

CM1OO4
COMPUTERAIDED DESIGN AND DEWLOPMENT 1

Componentl, Element2, DESIGNPROJECT- Marketneedsto conceptdesign.

Weighting:50%
Handin date:Fri 9u Dec2005
DESIGN BRIEF: - ComputrAided Designof a Re-Chargeable
screwdriyer.
For the DIY user,re-chargeable
screwdriverkits canbe purchasedftom manyretail
outletsfor lessthan!25. Thekit normallycomprises
of a numberof components.
Fo! this assignmentyou arerequiredto produceyour own designfor a re-chargeable
screwdriver.
Your designmustconsistofthe followingcomponentsr
Onebit holder.handrelease
chuck.
Onedrive handlewith swivel attachment,
One carryingaasewith rechargepower pack.
Work to be produced
Producea report of approximately1000words,which addresses
the following
DOrnwl

Product
DesignSpecification
to BS7373standards

(10marks)

ConceptDesignsinaludingAntbropometlics
artdErgonomics
data (20marks)
3D modelling
of components,
usingProEngineer
Wildfire2,
to produce
the
assembly
of you!final chosenre-chargeable
screwdriver
andcarryingcase.
(30marks)
2D drawings
ofthescrewdriver
fully dimensioned
to 858888using
ProEngineer
Wildfire2.
Yourdrawings
shouldspecify
thevolume,sutface
areaandnassofoneofthe
mainpartsof thescrewdriver.
.

(30 marks)

Packagingfor marketing,costeffectiveness,prcduct protectionatld recycling

(10 marks)

Ref- Dr A J Felton,I4r G L Oakes

'1ll

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LATER{L THINKING

ITRTICAL THINKING

(CREATr!'E)

(ANALYTTCAL)

IMAGINATION

LOGICAL

Generate
manyideasor possible

Fewideasgenerated
or turique

DI\'ERGENT

COI\TVERGENT

TwoTypcsof Thinking

StagelFirst iruight

Strge2 Preparation

Theformulatioaofthe oroblem

A conscious
attemDtata solution

I
Stage3 Incubation

No conscious
effort

Stage4 Illunination

A suddenemersence
of anidea

Stage5 Verilication

Conscious
develooment

Fig 5.2ModelOf TheCreativeThinkingProcess.

BR{INSTOR,TtrNG
Thefimdamental
principlesor rulesfor brainstormrng
areasfollows:o Criticismis not allowed
r Free-wheeling
. Quartitynot quality
r Recordeveryidea
o Incubatebeforeevaluating
L Criticismis not allowed.Theideais to createa supportiveenvironment
for freeflowing ideas.Any ideais valid, participantsmustnot criticise
judgementuntil the ideasevaluationphase.
or passjudgement,suspend
2. Free-wheeling.
The padicipantsshoulddiwlge all ideasenteringtheir
mindswithout constraint.The otherpeoplepresentshouldpick up all
ideasbroughtforth.
3. Quantitynot quality.A key objectiveis to provideas manyideasas
possible
withina relativelyshorttime. 30 to 100ideasin onehalf-hour
session
arepossible
for a group.
4. Recordeveryidea.Writedowneveryideahowevercrazy.
5. Incubatebefore evaluating.The participantsshouldstop and take a
breakaftertheideasgeneration
phase.In somecasesovemight.

A r.varm-upexercise for approximatelyten minutes prior to the main

session.The problemfor the lvarm up sessionshouldbe fairly srmple,
examplesgenerateas many uses as possiblefor a paperclipor improled
designofa toothbrush.
ChecKistsare a simple methodof generatingideasrelatedto the problem
or can be used as generalised questions put to the goup during
brainstomingto help stimulatethe flow of ideas.

. Combinations.lvhat new ideascanarisefrom combiningpurposesor

firnctions?
. Substitution,
Whatelse? Whoelse? Whatotherplace?What other
time?
o Modification.What to add?What to subtract? Changethe colour?
Changthematerial? Changetheshapeor alterthemotion?
o Elimination.Is it necessary?
o Reverse.Whatwould happenif we t;m it backward?
Upsidedown?
hsideout?Opposite?
. Adapt.Whatcouldwe copy?Whatelseis similarto this?Is therea
parallelwecouldusefromthepast.
o Otheruse. Is therea newwayto useit?

Synectics
Slnectics refers to the joining togetherof different and apparently
irrelevantelements.William Gordon during the 1950sformalisedthe
techniquehe calledsynetrcsfollowing researchinto someof the notable
historicdiscoveries
andfoundan analogywith a similarproblemrn nanue
or elsewhere
in life.Examples:
-

t\-,:,.\--:
. Sycamore
leaf thatspiralsto

the groundproducingrhehelicopterblade

effect.
potatocrispsinto a smallplacetheanalogywas foundin
Compressing
leavesalthoughfragiletheyarefoundcompressed
andundamaged.
Batsin flight emit sound,whichbounceoff obstacles
i.e. theyusesonar
for detectionpurposes,
this analogyas beenusedsuccessfullyin radar
andsonardevelopments.
Theflapson aircraftfor lift or divearesimilarto birdsusingtheir wng
andtail feathers
to obtainthesamedesiredeffect.
Snowshoes
developedfrorn the wide feet / pawsof aniraalswho can
walk on the snow without sinking and diversflippersbasedon the
webbedfeetofbirds for swinning
Many packagingdevicesfor protectionarederivedfom nature'sway of
Drotectins
seeds.

la3?3?3

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a.A.ij.

P roduct
analyse the function

aLlj

ji!.-rt:.JiASSlctiU!i" i

De s i9 n

Studi es

t.

Crittcally
knlfe.

and uses of a rrracrabl

2.

Draft a deslgn brif for a mod111n9knif ro be Siven ro an indus irial

deslgner responsible for developlng a new lDproved producr. The brief nusr
and should not exceed 200 ',ords.
lnclude the specifica!ion

blade EodelIlnS

Make a critical
appraisal of the techolcal ltteratule
shosn in
explaln, !'lCh lhe aid of sketches! hol{ lt could be lmproved.

fig

lr

and

2 - 1 0 -0 9 9

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Technology

Technique

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( MAqEI '
TFEFEtr____________

SFCFrlIION
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PLANNED

Fig 1.1Pugh's'Total designactivity model'

ETC.

SystematicApproachesTo Product Desisn

I.

Identil) a needandanalysethetruenatue of thatneed

2.

Deduceall thecdtedathata designmustsatisfy,including

detailed
andsubtle
matters

3.

Writea specification
thatwill fully defineandsatisrytheneed

4.

Generate
sveralsolutions

5.

(whereappropriate)
Calculate
sizes,costs,speeds,
strengths
or anyother
relevartfactors

6,

Makeinformed
decisiolseboutproposed
solutions
andpresent
logical
arguments
abouttheirrejectionor acceptance

7.

Selectanddevelop
themostacceptable
solution

8.

Selectanddescribe
suitable
materials
ard methods
ofconstruction

9,

Drawandexplainflow-charts,
or otherdiagrams,
whichindicate
a production
pathor decision
process
making

10,

Communicate
design
decisions
unambiguously,
usingdrawingald./orother
graphic
meanssuchas3Dand2D CAD,

II.

Demonstrate
anawareness
of theimportance
of aesthetic
considerations
to the
designprocess
product
asevident
in therealised

12.

padslistsor otherinformationtables
Makeappropriate

13.

Demonstrate
anawareness
ofpossible
socialconsequences
ofa design

14.

Applytheaboveskillsto produce
a solution
to a practical
designproblem

15.

Evaluate
a solutionin relation
to theorisinalsDecification.

Stategoalsofthe designand
draft a specification

Altemative
developmentif
conflicts caruot be
resolved

Attempta design

Make and test

asgivenor
ofa wantor needlProblem
Identification
problem
and
analysis
implications)
implied)(Commercial
definition(informationsearch)
Inventionandareativity
Searchfor solution
Amlysis decisionmaking

Engineeringand concept Detail designscheme

Al{uAilIl|R0PoittrBtcs

fl|I ilUifAllIACI0R

WHAT IS ERGONOMICS?
Ergonomics
is rhesNdy of how the humanbodyrelatcslo rhc
envlronmcnt,
l e, at home.placeofuork or leisure,
Ergonomjcs
is alsolno\In ar.humar engineenng.r.e
designs h
regaroto thc humanbodY.
The influencErgonomicihason designls baiedon rhe
drmcnsrons
otlhc body.Thrsnudy and recordrnE
ofdime.1s,ons
or rnc Dodyts knownas Anthropomerrics.
WHAT IS ANTHROPOMETRICS?
Anthropomerrics
is lhc recording
of measuremenl
of Lhehuman
bodyIn termsof heighr.widrh,weighr.reach,grip.angleol
This includeslhe rangeofrnovmcntachievdby the body.
The lwo wordsderivefrom the Grecklanguage
ano lranstare
ds:.
E.rgon- a rask.Nomos - a law or rule
Anthropos - a ma|r, Metron - a measuremen!.

\:z

'tRE0il0iltGs'
0t IltI pA$I
Throughouthistory Man has bcenconcerned
with gainingknowledgeabou! the analomyof the
humanbody.
Vitruvius,a Roman who lived in the ls! cenlury
A.D., was one of the first to recordin detailihe
siz,shapeand proportionof the humanbodi
da vinci wdsto us(
Centudes
laler,Leonardo
this information in his drawirgs suchas
'VitruvianMan shownon the right.The dru\^ing
showstbat proportionallythe heigh!of lhe figure
is approximatelycqualto the spanof the
outstrerchedarms to the fingertips.The extended
on a circlewhosecenlrei5
limbscan be inscribed
$e navel.
Exlmine endlist othrconparatiYeproportionsof
th My.
to the
Desc b holr tbe'GoldnSectioo'applies
body.

ln the StoneAge primitiveman had litlle rLl

helphim in the s!rugglefor survival.
Man had to inventthingstha! wouldhelp
improvethe qualiryof life.
List 6 examplsof th kind of toolshe
ilvnted,what the] weremadefrom and ho$
they werefashioned.

Early man madecrudetools which he used

to help with varioushand skills. He also
showediDventiveness
in the designof
dwellingsfor securityand for comfort.
Study,sketchand nothow primitiveman
'designd'early dwellings.
What coDsideretio!
did he makefor
'ergonomics'or designfor body size.

ItstflttITO$||IT

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on. \!r\
in f.ir r n r n ...\i:. cr \ nnr..r(rn.'!.t rn rl r. \.'(h!L \r r.
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h r ifr ! r n J ir r \:.,f i!.1'l l .rLfr

,,rl l r.

?ii

Study each figure.

Dcscrib the nvironment in ehich lch suir ,!s or
is nsd.
Study tfie rry each suit has b.rn dcsiend for rrc
body rnd list the reisons for the dcsiq; decisn,b
trkenInvestigale qnd oore the m.rerjals ostd for rh.
suits. Give reasonsfor thc choice of e,ch mrrrnar.
Hory easy Fould i. be to mor artiund in e.ch suar:,

\thrr i s thc nr{i r di fferLnrebct$ccnrhe di rer s

' ui r N ndthc !\rronaur' s\ui t? E xptai n sh.t thrr
di ft(rcncci \. con{ i dcri ns$hcre i i $i bc $od,.
$'hat simili.irics s.e th.c trtrcen the suit of
!.mour and moderr da] prctcrtilr sx)rrshcrr'j
\part fFrm the sui r and h.l tnrt. Fhat etsci s rl ,c

Illl AllIHR0P0lrllIBlE
IIEURI
This drawing showsthe sizeof
an 'average'adult human and
the sizein millimetresbetween
eachpivot point
of the body.

Thc main rDthrcpomefiicdimensionsof lh

human body, btweeneachpivot point, are!
l) Top of ihe headto comer ofjaw bone.
2) Jaw boneto lower neck.
3) Lower nck to waist.
4) Waist to hip.
5) Shoulderto elbow.
6) Elbow to wrist.
7) wrist to fingertips.
8) Hip to knee.
9) Knce to ankle.
l0) Ankle to soleof foot.
The main anthropometricdimenionsfor the
width of the human body arer
l) Width ofhcad.
2) width ofshould.rs.
3) Width of chest.
4) width of waist.
5) Width ofhips.

UsiDgthesanthropometricm.asuremcnlsa designr
can build 2D or lD models which can help in dccidine
sizs ot objects or articlcs to b used by the human
This fisur or modl is bascd oD thc size ofan a!racc
human body.
A desig cr must allow for the wid rangcofpeoplej
som. a.c lall aDd thin. somea.e shon and lhin, !om.
are tall and stout, somar short and stour.

Iilt 5th- gSthPtRGillIllt

fiere is no such creatute rs
rn .Yer.gehumln being.
Evcrt pcrsonis an individual.
Evrypersonis differentin
termsof body size.

95"h

Hor does. designerrllow

for liis whendesigningfor
FoPle?
Th. graph on thc riSht showsa
disaributioncurvc for a gjven
nunbr ofpcoplc in relation to
hcight.
Thc graph showsthal some
paopleare vcry t6ll, someare
vcry smallbut thc tn{odg
fall into the catcgorycithr
sidcof lhe middlc linc or

o%

Thc dsignertrics to designfor

as many peoplcas possiblebut
thcrcare a few at cither end of th.
scalwho may not bc catredfoa.
Thc aim is !o dcsignfor at leasl
90% of the total numberof
pople.This mcansthat 5%
at eithernd of thc scaleare
nol hken into considcration.
Thcselimits are known as the
sth rnd 95th prcentil..

Exanplc A.
FiI.d sh.lvingon a wall must b. positionedso thal a
5th prccntilcpcrsoncan rachthc top shelf.Ifthal
p.6ofl can rcachir dcn rhe 95rh p.rccnrilcp6on is

{rtr

List riticls itr yerydry usahrt hrie ber

dsiFd rccording to th 5th - 9th perct ile rule.
For rch exrmple, stlte wbich linit the designr
hrs usd.

ExamplcB
Thc secondc\ample,hows tb. dcsisnconsiderdrion
for a chak or scal.If thc scarh dcsigncdfor a
sth p.rcentilepenon then any larg.r prsonmay no
fit inro that $a1.
It is thereforcscrsibleto designthat chair for a
95lh p?rc.nrilepcrson.This m.ansthat an) srhaller
pcrsonwill autoftaticallyni into that s.at.

AIIIHRl|POIIIJIRIC$
- BAIIGIO] IIIOUIilIlII

ADthropomet.icsdata is a record
of human dimension.
It is also a recordof the wide
rangeof movementwhich the hur
body is capableof.

The skcletalframc is madc up ot a seriesof bones

which are pivoteda! eachend.This pivoting
action can b dividedinto two categoris:a) ball and sockctjoints
b) hingedjoints

This widerangeof bodymovcment

allo\!smanv
posturesand positions.
dilTerentstances,
List diffrnrsporrsand for eachsta!ewhich
dimcnsions
or rangeof movcment
i( imlorrJnttn
practicingthesespor!s.

ldeotify whichjoinrs in the bodysre balt rnd

soclet, rtrd ?hich rre hingcd.Dep.ndingon xhjch
type tteJ rre, how do. this rffect their rsnsof
moveEetrr?
Wbat is the rrnee of visionif rh; head
is tepa stiu?
What is rhe increasein (h rangeol v6ion when

P opl edi ffer i n nrn) orhcruays.S omemd) hJ! . lonB

rcE s!
orhcrsmay havcl ongarms.
Conductr suny of the popleIn your cliss.
Thesuney couldifthde height,ld.ighrrnd terSthof
rcordrnd sho* the i orm.tion ofu chtn ro sho* rm
ruge of difie.enl slz6

Il|t HlltllillIlll|lR0llillllI

I
1

In ou. daily lilcs we all comcinlo conlacrwirh things

thai have b..n desiSnedand madc to suil us.
Thci. shap., fo.m and functionhavebcenspecifically
organis.dlo suil our nceds.
Th clothcawc wcar is a sood eramplc.Whcn we so
into a shop 10buy clothcswe look for thc rack which
displaysour sizc.Wc try the clotheson and sceifrhey
fiti iflhy don't then we changethm for a largeror
smallcr{ize-Ifw. waht thcm to fil perfectlywc gt
thcm 'mrd. 1omeasure'.
Shopswhich s.ll clorhes oii rhe pes mulr srockI
largeselrctionofsize .aneesto suit rhe choiceol

'A day in thc lifc ot...

Supposcyou had to w.ite an cssaydes.ribin8what you
do in thc counc ofon. day. lh writing the cssayyou
would have1opay panicula. altention to thingsthat
aredesiSned
to suil the sizeof lhc human body.
'Got up al ?.30a.m. Weni 10 barh.oomto washand
In this exlratthe followins havebe.n dcsignd:
the shapeofthc tapson the washhand basin,
the sizeofthc wash hand basin,
thc sizeand positionofthe bathroommtror,
th sizeand shapeof lhc toolhbrushhandleand

Hor rrc dotbe. fo. neo rld lrone. gndcd in si!e?

Wbrt b diflerert .bout the gr.di!8 ol cbildteE
do.[irS?
Ooth.s u &.cribd rs 'otr th peg' or '|Dide to

As you can see,lhe designcbccklistfo. one dal could

Whrt dosthe drrse 'cllston built' rerd

Ctoosejusl oneprn ofyour d.t end srile down.

sihilrr d6ign checklist.

Iltt sI[1{0lltE]tGURt

Therearchany dcsignsnuarions
whichmusrrake
accountof th. humanbodysrandin8
up.ighr.

At
asconsi denng
rhesrandrnS
fi eure.rb oughl
" elbc
l g'vcn lo lh sprcerakenup
musl
by rhe figur. rnd
thc rmrndiatcspaccaroundrhar fisure.

Studyth. drawingabovcandidcntifyhowrhesra'ding
or walkinsfigurcshavinnucncldrhcdcs'snofa:
a) dooM.y b) orridorc) psssag.way
lrilh ovcrhcad
liShtingd) stajrcas
with handrail.

A klphore bo\ rs designcdlor onc ncrsonusins rhe

tcl ephonc.
W harrf' l rsi arnhgand rw o pcop leuser hc
box for rhcher?How docsrhi! aflecl the sp;cc insroc

Whrt rlthro!.metdc dll!.nsio6 f,ill Innuence

th*
daijSr siturdoB?

Del.rlb. fios rh. 5rh-95rhprrcendllpptlcs ro rh

d6ign of o tclcphonbo\.

if ,
Lool at thc siluarionon rhc lcfi whcfea fisure is
standingin a showercubictc.

-t'
L

L-,

Whrt lnthmpoDerric diEeistoE of rh. bodv *il

iDflRrc! tbe slz. lld desiF of rbe sho*er cubict.?
Des.ribe brletly rhrr coBtdrriio! musr b. siv.tr ro ri.
+justtbiUty of ttc sboier brd; rbe ,|ostrioni;! of rne
cnotro|si lhe po6itiori!8 ol eme lDeris for holdiis s.p
|[d otn r toil.t i6
Givc tro othr.rrhpl6 rber. thc n.ndiDc fisu.e .N
{ltdior sprc.'Dr6t b. coGid.redio r d6igD;turootr.

t--l
* \:

Fr

tn
10

f'

- RIACII
Il|I $IAIIIIIIIG
]IE||RI
Whilestandinguprighta personlakespa( in
many differentaciivitieswhich involve the range
ofmovemenloflhe armsand hands.and thc nnc
ofvision.

The illustrationon the right shows

positionsofactivity in a kilchen
involving reacband angleof vision.
Horv do6 the 5th-95thprcentile
influercethe planningrnd useof
. kitchen?
How will this rfTcct the size of
*orktop6 rnd stongc cuptrosrds?
How will it affectthc positionof
power points, switchcs.nd
conftols?
In th sameway examineand note
otherarasin thc homcwith rcglrd
to th questiods
strted rbove.

belowsho\asa scenein a
The illusrration
Des.ribbriefll whrt considration
must be given
to 'inlerior sprcerin a supermarket.Study and
commenton the nry in whichgoodsar disphyed
for shopprs.
Whel rnthropomeiricdimensions
influenc.the lay-outof goodson the shelves?

Look st otherexlmplesof publicarcassuchas

shopsor s library snd noteho$ rheyarc laid out
eith .egrrd to , person's.each,
of visionand
"nglc
rangeof rnovement.
I,ool at the lay-outof a clrh disprnsingmachin
outsidea bsnk eoddescribhow it hasbcn
designcdfor useby customers.

K,

L-m

Wz

IIIIIBIOBSP[8t- AEIIUIIY101{t$
wlt.! a pe6on 1at6 p1.i in any leisurc-ba*dor work-baed
acliviryrhespae availabl.sho d not hirdcr or r.sr.icr rhc
rEMo iD @rryinCout thc acrivnr.Crr.tul anrhroponelric
@nsidoarionmusr b. sivcn lo thc mov.menrotrhc hunan
by sh.n d6i8ling a w.ll-pl.nncd.rSonomically
out
rding re. For.rahple *hcn a spnnlercros6 the
'aid
finkh
Ubcaftd a 100n.l6 oe. dn addilionallcnsthofuacl ir
Bhi.b lo 3low do*n is ne.d6d.

The picture on lhe left sho$srha

plaDofa kitchen- a room \ herc
severaldifferent acrivities!ake
place.The overall areaof the
kitchencan be dividedinto
differenrzonesof acriviry.
l nesezonesaaenot scparate.
They areinrer-relalcd;irhin
the
kitchenarea.
List the .angeof sctivities
carriedout in a kltchen.
A kitchenshould bc erconomica
planncdand organiscd;othara
personcan work wilh aseand a
minimun of movementand effoIf a personis preparingfood rhe
the preparaljonarca shouldb
Iocakd near the cooker or oven
Tbe threedlagrrms bcloRshotl
differentactivity zones,
Namethe rctivities.

Ideotify rras of actiyity zoosin r school

Rorkshopwi(h llo.kbenchs .nd machineslvhrt frctors influence the hy-out of the
workshop?
With regard to oprrtion rnd safety, rhst
cansiderrtiotrtrs bngivn to th
fo.
'vorkspece
crch Frsoo eDde:ch mrchin.

&
lc

- ITORI(
IIIIIBIOB$PAGI
AIIIIAGCIS$
The designand lay-ourof any \aork sDaceis
directl) relatedro rhe rangeof movmanrof rhe
upperbod).Brm and hand.rhetengthofreach

The diagrambelo* showsrhe rangeof moremenl

ol lhe personsedted
at lhe de.k on the lelt.Nore
the areacoveredby the sweepof the armsand
hands.

StudJ difierentwork situations.t trbtes,desks,

bnchesrnd llorktoF lnd Dotethe surfrceerei
reqoirdfor erch psrtlcuhr trsl.

A dcsktopis d.$8ncd for acuv t by onc pcrson.

wh.rcasa diring rabtcis dcsisncdro acconnodat.
s.veralp.ople who shareihe areaotrhc rabtc_
MN.e rd drrr tl|e .individu.t sp..e'.nd the
'shr@
.(-(6 sprce of r dininghbte. DimeBionyourdrrqirg.
Considera sclf-scryice
cafeteria.
Id.ntify tle tplce' for l'|. *ork strrion t6ed by etcn
Nole the hyour of rh. sadirg. pclmenr.nd didnq
rers. l3 ltere .asy rcc$ ro rh ditterent rreas:
Whrt dloirm
hs b.er D.de for .circut.don sD&e so
tDrl catooeB o|| Dore .rouhd the t.bt6?
Apply ti slDe srudt of,sptce' to . trge $p.rn&ker.

IHI UPRIEIII
$IAIII ]IEUNI
\)

.SIT

UP STRAIGHT'.

How often havc you t'eentold

to 'Sit up straight'.
Ifyou think aboutir, it is
a very good pieceofadvice.

:l

.q

Not sitting properlycao b bad for a person

Comparethe postureof the two sertcd fisures
shownbelor.
wlfch of tb tlo Dosturesis preferrblc?
State
reasonsfor deciding$hich posiurcis
rbich
is bad.
soodsnd
'our
Wlrt is the cut-er.y yilvof the sketetalf.rlr|c on
the left trying to shon?

1\
i1

ll

Cood posturealonc is not nough!

Erphin the salting probtemssho*n on rherighr
snd hoa rheyalTerttegsrnd feet.
Hoe can rhc seardesignbr chrnqdro correcr
this?

f,xphin what eflect the seat is

haYingon the lcg in the diasrams
shoRoon rhe lef!.
Hol' can the dsignfauttsbe

r(

Il|I SrCillttISIAIINIIEUII
.ARE YOU

SITTING COMFORTABLYT

Uprightsealinglendsro be designed
for acriritywhererheperson
is involvedin somerask
Reclined
sea!ingis designed
fo. a dilTerenr
posirionof thebody
What is.lhe difierencein bodyposrurefor reclincdslaringcompared
ro uprightsrting?
Wh:t rnthropometricmeasurments
rill influencethe shaprnd
designof reclined!ating?
Whrt typc of rctiriry is rclinedseatingprinaril] designd
for?
Whrt_influemedosreclindsatactiyityharcon deciaingihc
mltrirls to be llsd?

Reclincd
serlrn!rs rl"ocrated$rrh the L\rnt.roomof a hone.
I nereare mJn) otherJfeJ)$hcrerecl:ncdsesr.ncrs pr,]!rdedlof
DeoDl,
List exrmplesof thesaress.
Hos is reclincd
seatingaffecred
sith regardto.inrcriorsprce.$h.l
considring
a siruation
IiLea rraincomparrmentl
A_person
travellingin an alrc.aft nsy be sestedfor r long time.
\llat sllolarnceshavcbenmadefor th comforl of pass;ngers
in
the aircrsft?
How dosthe 5th-95rhprcentilcrule influencethissituarion?

Rcclinedscalingmay involvethe body posilionedin a more

prone or strclched-outpositionsuchas thc suntoungersnown
on thc righl.
Whrr eflect is rhis Dosturehsvinqon the bod\:
Sketcbexrmples.ofre.linedsating$hich hrie rdjusrrbiUry
built irto the dcsisn.

Reclinedseatingin the home may influenceor dicratethe

sizeof surroundingfumiture.
Whichexrnpless.e shownin tbe s.enon the left?
Idetrtify snd list other examples.

r3

$IAI
III Il|I IIBIUIIIE
wbn a car companydesigts and buiidsca6, the ranseofnodeh nay havedifferenl
ergine capacitid and additional exnal but lhe basicshapeand itlemal sizeof the

The car designermust allow for the

wide variationofbody sizeof
poplewho may buy the car. No
matter who drivesthe car, they
must be seatcdin a comfo(able
position,be iD compltecommand
ofthe ca. and reachall the cont.ols.
The designermust apply the 5-95th
prcentilerule.
Hor dofs this conpare with a
formuhom nciog car drivnby
oDeirdividual?

Studl th dirgran on the right .nd list the wrys in

ehich the drivingseatand steeringcanbe adjusted
to suit th rtde vrrirtion of bodysize.
As *ell as seatadjuslmenllhe designermust
allo\r for good rangeof vision and acccssto
controls.A drivermust havegoodall round
visibility lo be awareof trallic and road
How dosthe crr designerallow for lhis?

The illuslralionon the right showsa 1yp'cal

lay-oul oflhe controh oia moderncar.
Study the dashboardof any moderncar.
IiLrtify thfumtion oflh differenlcontrols.
Hor is infomatioD rboul the running of the cd
conreJedto lhe drher?
Are the sritches and co.trols easyto oPertle by
lrlDd or fingertip?
Are llEy ergonomic.llyaell laid ort, i.e.
thin lhe rmge and reachof the driver?

E0ll$ilftR
Il|I ltAltl

.\,
-

\t--.\-

---''-

_----_-a

,/\/

ir^4

' C o n s rd .rth c h a n dl ' ,ffr Th. .voturi oflof Man ce ai rty bcghs* h (herJ\anci nqdc\t ( , Dm cnr
oi
lhe hand.and rhe sel(rion for a brarnadenra! manipularirArhc hand.
ro r rn cs .l c n trst
tfc handhasa speci al gcsture.
sc canopposcrhel hurb l o tfe f indcr ! $. et l
_
b uaDes
r rscan
o
lnc
do that.
Bu!.wc can opposrhe lhumb lo rhe fingcrsprc.rs.lyaDdrhar is a rpecrathJman
,r.rr-re {nd rr cln
D. oonc bcauscthcrrsan areain rh. brain s6 larg. rhar I can bc,r describcirs lizc ro
1ou rn rlc
rollowins-*ay....."cspcndno.c srcy mauer in rhclrain nrniputaring rhe rhurnJiil
i. il;;;;
c o n rro ro t In c c h c rta ndabdomcn.
Dr. Jacob Bronowski'Thc A!.!nr of Man'_

ih: , ' 1, / . r , , n l i l D r J d c o b B ro n o $ ,k . i \ ft" r. l hdr Man s proE resri r dLe l o rhc

tos(l
ol t hc i' , r r , J n d rh e n ." n .p rl a ri v e :l l ;i .h< ndnd.as w fl l al the l i ne of \r,i on of l hc el e
Nan u\ ed lh c .j e.k i l h ro 1 1 c 3 1 ...6 6 5 ' 9 r.ndbj td everl rhi ng Lhatsurroundsur.
( r r lr \ r r r r n F d l n ro E re r\e db e c .ru s eM d n h a.:o.l l rnual l y,oughr ro i nvenl and
crearen.$
ideass hr c h \.o u l d h e l D i n o u r d e v e l o D menr

t5

- IIII IIAIII
AIIIl|Rl|Pl|ilTIBIG$
The d.awingon the righr showsth main
anth.opomelricdimensionsof the band
considerinB
desiBnsitualionsirvolvinB

l) ovrallIensrh
2) overalllengthor finsers
3) widlh of palm
4) lengthof lhumb
Othef importantanthropometric
dinensionsof th ha'd arc:
a) sizeof finscrtip
b) extentof haDdgrip
c) variablcdistanccbctweer
lingersand thuhb
d) physicalst.cngrh

Thc hand is capablcofp.rforming many manipulativctasksb.causcof

thc wid ranginghovcmcrls of thc vrist, li'lgcn and rhumb.

/^
/

/"w

Idcotlfy dffer.Dt r.sls whl.h th h.nd crn do, G,g.push.

Lbt io6c cxrmple.of rnicles th.t h.ve ben rgommlcruydeslgned
to I
Wh.t ..ttroDoonic m.a!|lreneor k releymt lor erch r.ticte?
Do6 tlE 5b-95tb p.r..ntilc rtll rtply ln deslgniry for the h.nd?

Co6idr tn d.igo of hrdle. of commonftand tools.

Ide ify.od lisl errnds lh.t couldbe improred.
Exphin [orf tn.y .ould b improved.

0r$tEllIOBIHI l|AIIII
Look at a pe.sonals1ereomachine.
Id.trtify tte flr.tion

of e.ch buhon or

Are tb controls easill ope..red br dE

Cl[ ti..nna.ols be oprtredwithourtmkin!
rt theb?
Hoi hs it beend6igFd lo be pon by &e er?
Compa.edifle.ent stylcsof prsonalste.eo
Lin 6. go{d rd brd d6ig. ferturs of.ach

rc

Considera wris! walch rhar ako

hasa built-in calcularor.
Whrt d6ign prcblomsmay ocN. in

Considrs brakc lvcron a bicycle.

Exrmln rnd mte lor rhe pdition rd
shipc ofthe b.rke lve.rre Innuenced
by the shrpeof th h.trd.

List exmples of.rticles thrt hoveben

dsigDcdaofit the sirpe r'd grip of fte
h!nd. Hoa rr thcy rsd?
Two examplesare shownabovc- the haDdte
of a ski-stickand ajoy-slick for a computer.

2
t?

ltAil[ - tYt E0-0nililAlt0l{

Many manipulativehand-skillsrely on the co-ordina{ionbctreen b.rin,
htd and .ye. The bmin recives
a message
through the eyc and pas?s
anorhermessageto th hand and the p.so. reactsby carryingour rhe

22

0
2222

Th fisurc on the Icft is op..ating a

Exphitr ho* ihe comp|lt.r is rorld
lslDg brd4 .yc rnd hrnd.

Machincsofall typsarc worked by conlroh.

Ticacray bc buttons,swirchcs.handles.pedats
Thc positioningofsuch conrrolsshould bc within
rcachof thc opcrator.

CoEp.rc th. tro |Eichln s shoin rtor.

Hoi ls ercb drchloe cotrholled:
Which [r.chi! rqulr.s more .lTort ro opr.le?
Wbich b.chin .cqulres grrler hrld rnd y
@rdimtio.? GivGrcrsoE for yourrBrer.

Idndfy,ex.nift rnd .rphin hos dirrnl typer

ofconools.!e us4dIn rhehone, e.s.
. Ughisrlt.h.
Not. lhir shrpc,slze,po6iriorrnd ope..rion,
i... dnecdon of hovcn|err.
whici cont.ols rre c.libr.i.d (grrded for
dllTrenis.ftirgs)?
Whlch controls .re op.rrred by hrd, fitrge.s,
Hor simplerre they to unde.strd dsu.ll!,
Whicncodrols hover slfety ferlule as part
of rhei.design?

Exphfu how hrnd rnd yco-ordinatioris importantwher driyins a c.r.

Hol} is inform.tion coNeycd(o a driver rbout (he road iheed rh-endrivine?
Itr ti Higbrry Code
is mantby rh phnse .thinkingdisrance?
'hrt

ls

HIADIIIIIS
The d.awing on rhe left showsrlie
main anthropometricdimensionsior

l ) overal l bei S bt .
-{-

l) dislaoccbetweenthe pupik ofthc

-.F

4) distarc. fron chin ro yc.

5) distanccfrom yc ro crown.
List some xrmples of crticles
whicb ire dcsigred for tbe had
usiog the .nthropometric
dimensionslisted rboy.

HEAR NO EVILI

SEENO EVIL!

Many a(iclesdesrgned
for rhc he3dInvolvconcinrpoflinr
fcaturc - SAFETY.
Thc head is the control centrcof rhe wholebodv.
The slull encars and protecrsthc humrncomp;tcr - rhebrrln.
As wcll as the brain the headconrainslhe other vital
organs - eyes,ars,noseand mouth.

BREATI: NO EVIL
BREATHE

List five exrmplesof srtic:esdesigned

to Protctthc hcad
th othersnson,orgsns.
Look |t |nd not hor they rre designdto fit tbe head,el
rai Doseol mou(n.
Hor rre rrticles such.5 e!ryhonesor binocul.rsdesigned
trke rccoontof th rlng of he.d sizes?

The main antbropohericdimensionsofrhc

l) Ienghtoffoot f.om heel ro rc.
2) widrh of foor.
3) lcnsth from hel (o ball offoor.
4) hcight from sole to instep.

Id.rti! four ex$nplsof oprrtioB or

caltrol doYemetrtsrhich crn be
FrforD.d by &c f@t. List
difieretrt *rys in rhich

(::l

tcl

cHtr[$ptAY
Derigningin crgo.1om:c
rerm.for adutrsi, retd,.\
srmple- adultrdo nor changelheir bod! nre to
Designingfor chitdrenfrom infancy to iheir earl\
Ieensrs moredif|cull becau,e
of rheererch,ne.i
When.dergning
tor childrena,t:din8 rclte i, Lrrc
consrdflng
bodysi/e.This shd:ng,caleis mer I
Jccordrng
lo rheageof rhechild.e g. a book t
/ yearold or ctolhesro fir a 2_3rear old.
when a childis born.iB herd ro'bod1sirer.rrror
approxrmately
l:4.
Ho$ doesthis rario changeas rhe child gro$\ u
study]tnd notehowdesignproportionin to)s chan
ror onterentageranges.
Whai consideraiion
lnusi be qiren ro arrictc,u,. I
children,in termsof safetv?
Chooseonetoy andinres;gateholr it hasbeDqcs
to teachthe child mrnipulatiyehlnd skifls &ndh"nr

Designs toy for a child of a particularagehaving

considered
the anthropometric
dimensions
of that
child.Coosidersize,shape,surfacefinishend choice
of matedalfor your design.

dd

0l$tGlt
10Ril$nBtltIY
Therc arc many rulesand guidelinesfo. good ergonodc designrhar can
be appliedto any givensitualion.
Thcserulesand guidelinesmay b ofliltle help whendesisninsfor a
p.so! with a particula.disability.

Llsr dsiSn problemsehich hrye ro borercomin the

layoul.Endphnningof, hospirrlshenpstints!r Ftng
I
I

Conslderlh rluiicsof do{rors.nd nlrsesin rh treinnr

ofprdnts.
Hor doeslhh Influn.eth d$ign of hospirrtequipdeir?

Wtat do w meanbv d$abilir!?

Disabilirycan b d.;nbcd as; condirionwhercany pan ot rhe body is
rcnrict.d or imp8ircdin ils funcrioninc.
For cx.mpl., as poples.r otdcr rhcy;or bc as fir and agilcas rhcy onc.
w.rc;.rherrcyesrghrmay noi b. as sharpas ir wasor rhc poucr in lhcir
muscld nol as strons ls bcforc.
Any p.rson who breaksa limb tcamsv.ry quickly ho* restricriv.this

Th.r. are many 'disabilitis'a pcrso' may suft r from.

ldddfy rrd list
mroy rs you crt| thitrk of.
Cloo6. tro r.d '3
gir. errdples of rnicks or equipment*hich hetp r
F'sd aperith .hra disrbility,
Thc illuslrarionon rh. righr showsiwo conraine^ which may b
dimcuk to open for a p.6on who has poor handBrip or sk;ngrhi rh<
other is a tnife desisnedsp<cificattyfo; one-hands use.
Idmtity lod deribe r.y. itr shicb every-dry tite fo! p.opte *irh
D.nicdrr disbiutig crn be inorcved.

2l

TIII l|t|ilAllIAGI0B

As timc passed,machrnes
becamemorc
sophisticarcd
in theirfunctionand opcration,
but
in manycasesthe hum!n factoror'crgonomrcs
in theirdcsign.
wasnot considered
efforl is now spcnton
Much morethought,rnd
rhedesi8nofcquipmcntand machincry.
uscd(odayis'userfriendly'
Onc expression
what docs'usrfriendlJ'me!n.

nnil
D u.i ng rhe fi rsr Indusrri al R e!ol ul i on man!
peopl en1ovedi nl o i he l arge. ci rl esl ooki ng for
w ork i n the ne$ facrori esi nd * ofkshops Ther c
,(en, . i
nc$ i Jcrol c, qer< di ,.fl bcd , l tl . .
w h.rt docs rhi s phrasen]eanl )

what abou! the fulurel

Wo.k and machines
arc increasingly
becoming
What dosthis mean?
whar ctfectis moderncompu(rrrelhni,lostsoing
to har on automationl
Holl rill lhis affecimanipulatirc
h!nd-skills
in rhc
future?
What comparisons
can bc mrdc with the still5 of
the hrnds lnd the increasingui. ot'r.)botics'?

z?

IRE 0ll0ill
l: 10
head

fJ

li/

/i

h ip s

I ol

Cu! out and pastethc shapesshown aboveon to

stiffcard or thin plasticro makean'Ergo.nome'.
The figureis drawn to a scall:10.
Th figure shouldbejoined at lhe pivot points
shownlo makea moveablefigure to be usedin
designsitualionsfo. the human body.
NOTE. Thcreare two pivot poin(s at the top of
the chesr.The upperof (he two is the pivot point
for lhe neck,and the lower point is the pivot
poin! for the upper arm.

lFl
l; /
t!l

t:t
E/

(\

t
rl.
2l

ln88il0iltN:5

a
f
a-'
,ail

a aaaaaa
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a aaaaaa
(ii)

aa

?,.

5Fn n l-F
u L utll

SIMPLEST
UN[1I

thatwe do,almost

the
t im e, is des ign,f or des ignis bas i c
to all humanaclivity".
VICTORPAPANEK

INVESTIGATING
DOTS
USING THE INFORMATION
I Attracled,crowdd,dirclioo,diyide, focus,isolated, I SpobanddotscaDbefoundin @turaqdman-rDad
Droducls.
dolioo,position,
proportiotr,
statiooary.
Cive4 examples
of each.
Usslherbovevordrto commelt
on thopositiotr
oftbdotsin
2_Desi$
a'DeskTidy'.Makea 'mock-up'
model
usiDg
stillcard.
diagrans(a) to (0.
Usedotsto markthposition(s)
of the-petrcil
storag;holels).
2 Uiethedotg d (ii) a0ddrawaquare,yourfinr iDirial,
a kire,
3 Dsi$a rimpleclockfac!. Usedotsandgeootetric
rhaps
yourhooseludbsa, a citcle.
suchastherquaae.
cirdeandtriaDgle.
3 Oo. poitrt penpcctive
hasbeDuld to drae tbeinsideof a
4 A Dot Grid canbeusedto designa ,Pi! ald Ttiead' picture.
kilchen/dinioiroom. Tracethe diagrarD(iii) ald fitrd the
Produce
a soitabbdesignand a lisr of naterialsy;u wjll
vari&Iltr8potltt.
aequft.
4 Usea dot o0 yofi traci[g to shoe the bstposiliodfo. 3
5 IDventa 'NumbetGaEe'whichUlesSpotaandDots.Colsidr
elttricplugsockets.
2 lightseirctes,
doorhandla,cupboard size.quatrfit,ald coiour.
hrndl6, a light fitting and a wall clock.Usea colourkeyto
idootiryeachitem.

L.r\7\

SPACE

I\,4ATEBIAL

iiii.,::

i;;ii;;

i;:ii;i:

PA]'TERN

DISPLAY

DOTr-S
AINIID

SPOTS

" I do not ev er r em em ber

des igning any t hingpur elyf or
appear anc e".
RAYMOND
LOEWY

IN!SI'IGATING
DOTS AND SPOTS
I Looka{ thefteyboards
ofa compuler,
calculator,
tehphooe,
.functiolbutloos
etc.Notehowthe,umberaDdvarious
are
anangeo.
2 Trace0. drawthecalculator
outline.List thefuDctions
you
wirbyourcalculator
to perfon. NowdesigD
a kelbotrdb)our
coDsidenog
thefollo*ing:
colour,display,
ergonomics,
line.order,
shape,
size,space,
lerture.
3 Dos cat beu.*d in certainwaysto represeltmotion,space,
oatenal.eftrgy.toneand palrern(seerhe illurrrrtions).
graphically
Illust.ale
thefollowi0gterms:
crowd,erplosioo,dinctiotr,shados,,line, rhyttjm,
balalc.

TJSING THE INFORMATION

I Spotshavemanyusesin 'nature'- consider
a leopard,
buiterfll,ladybird,
giraili. Now lisr 6 furtherexamples
animsls,
phnts.etc.Whatis thepurpose
of thespo$l0 eacn
2 Ho$\rouldyouiDlerpret
rhe FIREdirgrrm
t4rirea
above?
0fl eI exptanatton.

3
Usilg the same diarram. wflle anotner
erplanatioD/interpretation
whenthiword 'iire' is changedto
4 Derigna \etofdorninoes
whichcanbeea.ii'used
bya perso0
wrthpooreyesiglt.
5 YoucaD'rnir'colourusingdillerent
coloured
spots.
Usered,
yellowald bluecrayons
to iir thesrcondarv
col-,urs.

l .r

(E

tUlNtr

(h)
{s)
"l find that mostof my drawrngs
havesomethingin them but none
ot them haveeverything',.
CHARLES
RENNIEMACKINTOSH

INIESTIGATING
LINE
In the*orld of desigtr
aodnaturelinescan& maoythiDgsdoninant,directioml,structural.Linet catr also suggest
moYemeol,
symDtry
atrdpattm_
I Ustheabove
*ordsto helpyoucomrnot
o0eachdiagran.
2 Theverticallim lookslongertha0the hodzootal
line i0
(a).h tl s true?Masure
diagram
thmaodlinooul.
I Whichof the2 horizonullines(l) is longer?
4 Wtich.ofrhe2 circls
{e)suggesrs
movemeotl
Wh, do both
Lrcresgrvedl ete0ttbpressrotxl
5 A cindlestickor 2 facas?
Tnce thediagran.Drawthea s ofsynaetry.

USINC THE INFORMATION

I Give4.examples
oflintr appearing
0arurally
lo formpattrDs,
egrbepalmofyourhaDd.
theyeins
i0 a leallDrawthese
linesand
thepatterDs
theycrate.
2 Fid a 0umb$ofnan-made
paltrDs
whichar
sinilarto those
tiat occurDarurally.
Erplainthissimilarity.
Howh45661ug
rnllueDced
thedesioner?
3.Dropa piece
ofsiing approximahly
I metre
loDgo[ roa shet
0r popcr.tlamtnelhshaps
andparter$it hascaeated.
Us
themto deiigrone0fthefollovi[cl
IdentificatioD
tag,.stylisedaDilul, ;ffeedpriDt,keytab,picture
u$ngpflmaryatd wondarycoloun,aoiternofjewellery.
6,.Try a similar erercisewith the crll structure(b) sbow!

BOLDNESS
./

T E X T URE

EXCITE[,4ENT
ILLUSION

ffi
DECORATiCN

NIOVEMENT

ft INt=

"Thedraughtsman
of thefurure
mustbe an artist".
CHARLES
RENNIE
MACKINTOSH

INVESTIGATING LINE
USINC THE INFORMATION
I l,im cadheurdlo idicatenood.Usea coidto drawa $ries
I Lgokar theroomjou areworkirgin. Howar\traighrlines
ofcircles
andthendrawfaceq
whichrepr$e[tlhefollowiog:
used,n lie design
of theroomandirs conrenrs?
Refeito the
Dappy.
sad,puzted.aDgry.
sleepy.
arguished.
words:.order,
proportio!,position,
shap,
sjze,
space,
contrasl,
2lioes are.und^iD
a formalatrdidormalwa, o, naDypople.
urveeramples.ol
bowald where
e3chtypeoflioewouldbeu$d
2 Drawa pla! oftheroomusidgthicl andtli! lifts.Shovrhe
Dytbeto osttrgtarcbitect,
artist.carlograpfrer.
coDfectioor, oerl poyrionfor.fte locatioD
ofa lelephoD.
filingcjbint.
rzrnftr.raroron
deslg[er,
jweller.
hairdresser.
s.ulptor.Adda
lelev'sloD.
firstaidboxafldfireextincuisher.
ruftDero t0 ltretNt_
3 Daigoa fireexitposter.
Liaeand-Colour
arelne@po alt
3 Thetertureof2 dakrialshasbeetr
showtr
usilgdillerert
sryles elemeots
vhichwill giveoadmumimDact.
or uft. LopytDe(llagralla
ard naDelheoatariab.
4 Fitrdout a5muchilformarioo
astou canaboutdecoraure
4.Uselifts (ad do8)to suggest
rhefollowitrg
makrialx:
wroughtlfon
Sletch
6
cxanples
of gooddelignaDd
pDJtrc.$tet.metd._co[crete,
.work.
expaldedpolystyrene.
grrs,
comtuot0Dlviy
they
you.
appal
to
sottvood,
hardwood.
yourdrawingusilgcolouri
E[hance

cor\,4PostTloNALRADIAL

i-

l-

tI t -

l-

l t--

I MP L I E O
B A L A NCE

.liii ::::
oooo

TBALANGE

"Whatmattersis the image,the

des ign,t he f inal pr oduc tt,he
f igurativeforce,the
c om m unic at ion".
ETTORESOTTSASS

INVESTIGATING BALANCE
I Eranples
ofphysical,
conpositiotal,
livitrgandradialbalarce
argiyeD
above.
TheJareimporta0t
iDgooddesigo.
Findfour
addilioDal
xamples
of each.
2 Fumitrreb trot alwayssymmetrical
but is usuallyvisually
balancd.
Findenmples
ofdillereot
styles
offur ture.Stetch
ar
leistfourerampls
withootes
otrsouace,
peiiod,slyle,material,
struclure,danufacturitgnethoclietc.
3 The dot diagam aboveappanvisuallyunbalanced.
Re-aaaalge
thedoti to givea nore balanced
appeanoce.
4 Order,cha6,sfrace
andsymoetryaresomeof thecotrtributiDg
factonin achieyi[gvisualbalaNe.Fird two exar[pls
for each
atrdillustratetlDm.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Compose
a draftlayoutfor oneof thefollowing:
a footballprogramme.
ne$\prper
frontpage.paityinvitation.
calendar.
Yourdraftcopyshould
looksimilarlo theeunpleof
thpagelayoutgiyenaboye.
2 Onceyouhaveachieved
a balanced
layour.lroducea colour
vLsual
of tour finatdesigfl
3 Desiglaneducatio0al
toyfor a 5 - 7 yearoldprimarypupil
thich will illustrate
thecotrcept
of physical
balaoce.
4 UsoRadialBalaoceasa basisfor tb desictrof an item of
jewelhry.
Youwill bsupplied
witha 50 mnisquare
blantof
s0eerropper.

TheEgyptiansusedthe right
anglefot measurement.

ARCH
THE ROIV1AN

"Thereis an infinitedfnountto be

\\
=t/a\ tYlt=
qJr!
Ur-alu L=

seenand enjoyedin the world the textureon the bark of trees.

the shapeof a shell,a nut.a
tadpole,a mountainpeak...,'

\?

HENRY
MOORE
INVESTIGATING
SHAPE
I Tracor drawthe6 geometric
shaps
shovD.
2 NaneeachrhaDe.
3 Improvelhe presctrtatioo
of youI drawhgs.Usedifferetrl
coloured
crayons
for highlighh,
rllertiotr,
shadow,
tc4 Matbmatical
relatio0ships
ate importatrtwhet a0alysitrg
gometric
shaps.
Waitedowl asmuchhformatio! aboutach
shapeasyoucan,eg0umbrof sides,anglehtveeo sides,etc.
5 Rdrapthe diagraDsaccumtely
aod find the ceDtre
of acb
snaDe.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Therearenunerous
waysofusiDggeometric
rhaps
to create
attftctive
pattems.
repat
youhaye
Usetheitrformation
collected
to helpyoudesign
youaowDpattrn.
2 Maketrwshaper
by combining
2 or moreo[ youroriginal
(0verlap,
sbapes.
add,subtract,
sule.impose.)
J UseyourDeeshapes
to daignooeof thefollowing:
a logo,pendant,
broo.h,badge,
phque,t e.
shild,
4 Usegeometric
shaps
iDthedsign
ola 'cottrolpa!l'which fI
has5 fuoctions.EachfufttioD shouldh rcognimble
through
thelelre of touch.

t,
-

THE TANENAM

QlkT,{\
Dttr
Y-/ r.r r.llr-\ tJ L=

"Mathematics
possesses
notonly
truth,butsupremebeauty- a
beautycoldandaustere,likethat
of a sculoture".
BERTRAND
RUSSELL

IN!'ESTIGATINC
SI{APE
Theta.ogrrdisaoold chi0es
puzlewhichusssiaplegeoftetdc
siapes.
I Naoeasnany of thediffereotshapes
asyou catrfi[d in the
t4trgiatll.

2 Drar lhehlgraDaccumtely
Usiog
drawi0g
iljrumeDb.Usea
100oo souareboundarv.
3 Cutout thesbapaanjrearnogethmioto theliguresshoryo
abovc.Devbe2 othortigutesof yourocln.
4 IJonardodaViDciusrdquaft$ atd cirles to eyolvlettring
fora. Usea sinilar tect iqueto stylirothe ludbor 5.
5 Uselhe$oe styleof letterforo to prilt yow first !ame.

USINC THE INFORMATION

The.evoluri6nnly
p16q6tr
ofchanging
a square
inroa circle.
aod

lDelettrt rDtoa bird.ii shown

above
I Usethis procesto chang
an equilarsral
triangliDtoa
Square,
2 Rrpeat
thc exrcis
chaDging
fie firstlerrerofyourname
into
tb profileof a telphoft,an aDimal.
a tree,a vehicle,
an
aioplale
or a building.
3 _bcorporate
yourderived
shape
ir rhedsign
of oneof rhe
lotlo*ilg: a bookeod.
x/allpldque.
graphic
patterl.boolcovr.
ar ltem0l Dotterv.
I Io,,rt*lir_g, contained.
overlappiog.
isolated.attracred.
mov|ng.Usettrese
wordsto produce
simplegrapbicdesigas
bored
00 Da$cs[8ps
0l lour choice,

STATIC'

ffi#
D3ffi

ACCIDENTAL

REPFESENTATIONAL 810N40RPHrC

SqIHIA
tPiF
\:/

L r Lr r . \ u

L-

OVERLAPPING

"Simpleobjectswere oncecheap
and in huges upply ,now t heyar e
c os t lyand r ar e . . . "
LE CO RBUSIE R

INVESTIGATING SIIAPE
I Writedo$o4 rhingrlhartbe\talic shrpei the aDove
diagrams
havein common.
2 Drn* eachof the'dynamic
shapeJ.
Showclearlyeachmajor
J Threare manywaysto creataccidrtal
shape.
Find l
dethods
aoddrre theresulls.
4 Erplaineachof thfollowing
terrns:
repr!4otatioMl
shap,
overlapping
shapr,
biomorphic
shape.
5 Sketcb
2 erdmples
lor arh.
6 A section
of lartheworkis shownabove.Hov manysralic
shapes
havebenusedin its desigtr?
Namethm.
7 ThecariD lhe diagrai suggests
movement.
Dscritc2 thiDSs
thatcontdbute
to thii.

USING THE INFORMATION

Variellin 'nature'excites
andis a continual
source
of wonder
andiospiration,
gthesnowflake.
I Collect,
sklch
atrddisplay
natural
shapes
andforms.
Comment
brie0yon theirsource
andphysical
appearance.
2 Looking
fornw*aysto useeristing
shapes
canbeinteresting
andfur. Illustrate
thefollowingwordsin a sinilarwayto the
glove&mph:flag.!ope,clock,technology,
tools,chair.
3 Desigtr
a dckof cards
usitgprofiles
ofhandtoolsto identify
each
cardvalue.
Drawamundachtoolandreduce
theshapLe
to
lhesizeyourequire.
4 Nowdesjgn
thpackaging
for thecards.

STANDARD

HALF DROP

COUNTERCHANGE

AA A
A
AA A
A
AA A
A
AA A
A

PA1FTERN

"lt is a c hoic et o us e a highr y

polis hedf inis h.t t is s im plya
technicaloptionand in the end a
matterof style".
DAVIOFIELD

IN!'ESTIGATING PATTERN
I Drrw a square
grid, usitrgthewidthof yourruler,on Arl
paper.Designa sinplerepeatpatternbasadoD a geonetric
snape.
2 Cutyourcompleted
patrem
into\lrrpsandetperimenr
'halfdrop. full d.op aDdcoutrtercbange
patErDs.
3 U$ thefollo*ingpairsoftey wordsto helpiDyourchoice
0f
colours{heEe:
cool,wann;sumuer,*iDter;spring,autumn;
strong,wk fast,dow.
4 O! a rheet
o['grid'pape.
desiSnyourowo
tilidgforoneof ihe
follo ng:bathroom
floor/wall,
patio,garden
kitcho
worfttop,
path.lnrporla0t
patteioand
design
coaidemtio0s
areShape,
Colour

USING THE INFORMATION

I Cuta steocil
or template
fromstillcard30mmsquare
whichis
based
oDooeoflhefollowing
themes:
transport.
counLrres.
spon.
musrc,
adtenlure,
numbers
or letters.
2 Us!yourstncil
or template
to produce
a statdard
halfdrop
al)ocouDtercnange
pattem.
3 Experiment
eith diilerelltcolourcombinations
for varying
eflects.
4 Ancient
'pattern'
cultuftsused
aj a formofdecoratioD
in much
of theirArt. Architecrure
andProduct
Dqiign.FindaDdrecord
lU morerecent
examples.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

t!! ID
FLAT

ILLUSORY

SHALLOW

UNCOI\4FOFTABLE

SCHBOOERS
REVERSIBLE
STAIRCASE

t-Tl
I i sl

t-Lflj
COMFORTABLE

EXPLODED
VIEW

SPAGIE

" Visionis primarilya deviceof

orientation:
a meansto measure
and organisespatialevents"

INVESTIGATING
SPACE
(a)hcts iltrest.Why?
I Diagram
2 Raraalge
thepositiotr
oftheshapes
lo makethediagram
more
iDterestiog.
Youmayleedsveml
attempts.
3 Usette ellctsshovtrin diagramsa) " d) to illujt.ateyour
[ame,yourage,a vowel,leaies,coiDs,a0doft otheashaDe
of
you| choice.
4 Redrasthestaircas
omiltitrgthelifts whichcaujthoptical
illusiou.Fid orherexamples
ofopticalillusions
anddraw2 of
t[en.
5 3-Dide$iodaleflectscan b cleatdusing lite, toDand
colour.Tmceor dlay the3 'penpective
bores'rd elta&e thoir
3{ine.sio0al qualities0si0ga dilferett nethodfor each.Try a
similarerercise
on theexploded
view.

4 6,

GYoRGY
xepes,U V

Languageof Vision 1949

USING THE INFORMATION

l.'Space'
isralaled
to thehuman
body.Thespace
*e lirein and
tlreproducls
\reusearedesigned
to \uit rhehuman
bod'.Find
andtabulate
thevitaldimensions
lor a chair,a door,a desk,
a
spoon,
ajoystick,
a bed.
2 Choose
ooeof theaboveandwith referetce
ro youroara
produce
a ruitable
design.
3 Make.a
scale
model
ofyourdesigo
available
luseanysuirable.
malenaD.
4 Chaosa diorder ca! cteatean uDcomlortable
liYing
e[vironmeut.
This givesgrats{opeto th dsigler.
Desigd
storagefor otrof th folloq,idg:shos,lo$, cutlery,
slanps,
clothes,papr,instrumeDh.

CREATING
SHAPEBYSUBTRACTION

CFEATINGFOFIIV4
BYADOITION

SHAPE
AND
FORN4

"Anythingand everythingin the

world - pebbles,bones,shells tiU L ]tl
all give principlesabout{orm".
HENRYMOORE

INVESTIGATING SHAPE AND FORM

USING THE INFORMATION

I SttchaDdmno the3-dime$ional
formsthatcal bederiyed
froma square,
a circle,a her,gotr,
a t.ialgle,8 ftctatrgle_
2 T*o exarnples
of creatiog
Dewshapes
atd fornsaregiveo
above.
Cootilueeachprocess
for a furtber2 shges.
I ReFatth erercir
by additrgto thesquare
aDdsubtracting
fromthecub.
4 Combireanddrawthesquare
with anyother2 shaps
lo create
a repatpalterD.Thepatterdshouldtr cootaimd*ithin a
I00oD diaoeter
circle.
5 Coobi[e the cylinderand cubr itto o[e conplteforn aDd
drawlhii newforn in tt&e dilhredt pocitions.

I Usthebasic
form youharelistedfor questioo
t opposite
to
desigoone of tho follo*itrg: desk tidy, caodli'holder,
paperweiStt,
coathool, table,door,knocker,
lighl fitmeot,
doorhandl.
sculpture
2 Dtsigoaia-bitxtlo beused
iDtheyear2100.
Useonlythecube,
spher,
cylindr
aadcotre.
3 The package
drsen abovis basedon a pyranid.Desigoa
package
based
o0a cubewhichhara surface
decoration
designed
usiDg
squares.
4 Daign at insertfor th package
so lhat it will prote.trnd
supporta-!0gg.

=((\Y ))LH<
[V/
ll uuvrl

"Treatnaturein termsof the

A
6
cylinde
r, thesphere,
thecone..." I /,,
PAULCEZANNE

INVESTICATING FORM
I Trae or draqeachof these
3-Dimeosional
forns.
2 Use highlights, to[e aDd shadowto emphasise
their
qualities.
3-Dineosional
I Erperimell
wid rarious
rechniqua
ofapplyiog
a background.
Thisx/ill inprove6e presenutiotr
of yourwork.
4 NameeachForm.WhichShapeis eachFormderiyedfro'l?
5 Noe try drawingthor buic formsas'ral objech'.For
eranplethecircularfora couldh drawtrasa! apple.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Giveenmples
you
ofwhere
each
of tiesfornscanbefound.
maywishto refetto som
xampls
fromnature
or to man-made
products.
Daaw
thdevelopment
(orrct) ofa cub
anda pyramid
otrtiincard.
2 Cutou"r
thedeyelopment
ofeach
shape
a[d foldthemlo make
a
mooel0t eacD
one.
3 Us 2-poiotperspctive
to sketchboth the cubeaod
pyraftid.
4 Nov present
all yourwork.iDcluding
theDodels.
ona piece
of
paper0r cald.Uls'tides'andgivesome*ritteDi0forhatioo
to
mprovethpaelrtrtatioo
ald layout.
5 Tlesebasicforns caobc fourd itr rhdesignof lamFbades.
kites.packaging
andcoorainers.
Sketch
examoiler
of rlesraod4

f,r
t

fq / $
Basedon lhe classicalwritingsof Vilruvius
thisdrawingby Leonardoda Vincidemonstrates
the perfectionol mansproporiionswhich can be
inscribedin a circleora square.

I
_l

Le Corbusierdeviseda systemof propartions

and measurements
whichhe calledthe Mooutor

"...theycollectedfrom membersof
the humanbodythe proportionate
dimensionswhichappear
{t G}
necessaryin all building".
L]O

PROP@RTION

INVESTIGATINC PROPORTION
I Comrn[t
on theproportioo
ofthesilbouettes
(egfig I
showD
is tall ard rhitr).
2 Whichfigurchastheconectproportions?
Measure
ils height.
Tracthir Iigureandmarkthe oositionof thenavel.
3 Thefigureis nowdivideditt; 2 parts.Dividethelargerpa
by thesnallerpart. Calculate
theatrswer.
4 ReFat the erprimetrtwith Le Co.busierimodulormal
Wherel$ doesthis p.oportionoccurfu theModulor?
5 Are thereany othershaps
vbich vill eoclose
th Vitruvia[
maa?Tracetheoutlineof tbefigue ald drawthem.

VITRUVIUS
reterring
toGreek
tempte
design

USINC THE INFORMATION

I Desigtr
I puzzles
by dividirga recrangle
inropartj.uing l
stralglrl
cuts.AroadrDallshapea
c,hichcaDbelolt eati\.
2 Choos
thepuzzl
whichyouthinkis themostdiflicult.Cutil
outofthepaper
aodgiveil to a friendlo lry. Hoq,loDgdos
il
tateto put backtogether
again?
I Iflou felsarhfied
thatyourpuzleir compler
enough
drawan
erploded
viewof tbeoieceg.
4 Usecolour,higiligtts, tone atd shadowto inprove lle
plesa0ullotr.
5 Erplail whyyouctosettis desigl.
6 Uxoot ofrbefollowing
oateriats
to maleyourpuzzle:
acrylic.
wood.plJryood.
clay.melal,thickc_ard.

1.1.2.3.5.
8. 13.21.34...
LEONARDO
FIBONNACCI

i { ,8 \.W
"...perhaps
starting
fromnature

RAII|O

youwill achieveformations
of your
ownandonedayyou maybecome
likenatureyourselfandstart
) ul /'--rJ
/
creating".
PAULKLEEtatkins
tohisBAUHAUS
stuoents

INVESTIGATINC PROPORTION AND RATIO

I Whatarethe&rt 4 trumbe$
itr theFiboDacci
Serier?
2 Canyou find atr iDterestiDg
relalionship
i[ thisseries
of
0uDbenlFiod our ho* Le Corbusier
dividedhis .modulor
J No one*ould suspecl
a platt to havealythiogto do *ith
proportion
andratio.Enminethestructure
of theolantaboye
bycounting
theslenr5
at eachcross
sectiolgivetr
4 l:1.618is a ratio that har apparedin nany naturaland
roa!-made
desig$overtheceDturis.
Writea baiefdescriptioo
of
howaodlrheretbisaatiooccunin theabovediagramr.
5 Drava rectatgleetrclosilgtheyoutggirl'sface.Fild theratio
ofthe twosid6.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Where
will it gol Whowill useir?Whath it for?Whyis ir
needed?
Hov bigcanit belConsider
these
5 questions
thelllrrih
briefcommenr.
ontheimporldnce
olgoodpr;porrion
foreach
of
lie lollo$iDg:
chrir.picture
frJme.
\culplure.
lable.
conrainer,
patlern
lora fabric.
building.
glass
vained
wrnoo*
2 Choose
an itemfrom tle abovelist. Writeoul a design
specificatioo
by erpanding
onyou firstcommenls.
3 Sketch,in good proportion,solulionsto thh desigD
specificadon.
4 Makea scale
modelof thh design
usinganynalerials
availabl
to you.egwood,card,plasticiDe,
matchsticks,
Glt,clay,straws,
elc.

(i)

a+b=1'618
-t
I
I
I
I

'\i
_t

U N]LE
A,a \ n

Rr= n

\avtL9ttrNl

sEclf[oN

34

5s

t--l----l
lo L

"

"Mathematicsis the majestic

structureconceivedby man to
grant him comprehension
of the A-lIt = r
\
univ er s e".
U \J/
LE CORBUSNER

IN!'ESTIGATING THE GOLDEN SECTION

I U* the grid aboyeto drawa rectatrgle
whichhasthesame
proportiods
astheColdeDSction.
Youmayfiod thenumbers
of
fte FibooacciSeriesuseful.
2 Theeothernethods
of comtructi[g
this'GoldeD
Section'
are
shovo.U$ eacbh tum to dmwtherecta[gle.
3 List all tdeprope icsofthis rectatrgle
whichii saidto hayea
'diYineproportion'.
4 Otra Jeparat
shaetof paleatracetherctangle
sryaal
times.
Try to createinleftstingp.oportiodsby uriDgstnight linsto
dividelh rctangl
into eectioDs.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Drawa 3-dinensional
bor shape
usiogtheGoldelSectioD
to
detrmine
thepropoation
of thesides.
2 Tbephysical
dimensioos
of rheboxwill bedetermiDed
by the
cooteits.
Workout theboxdimeasions
for 4 of thefollowinc:
jewellery.
domitroes.
plalingcards.
casnter.pencils.
painsani
brushs.earrilgs. The box should reuin ils original
proporlioos.
3 Devise
a method
of preveoting
thecootents
frommoving.
4 Desigla nethodof gainingacffssto theco[le[ts.
5 Modelyourcottainerprior to manufacture.

THE FNTENTAINER

"l sprangto the stirrup

andJorisandhe
I galloped,
Dirkgalloped,
we galloped
all three,,.
Bobert Browning.

In[nf

oI

CAFE CHAIR

cooooooo

bv Vrcr"ejThonet

RIHVTH[M]
AND
M]OVEMENT

"A rhythmcan be repeited like a

musicalbeatwith characteristic
regularity,in up and down,strong fl
u
and weak,long and short
leatures".
JOHANNES
ITTEN

INVESTICATING RHYTHM AND

MOVEMENT
I Altemating,
varied,monotooous.
Useoft of ftesewordsto
dsc.it
eachof thediagraruA, B andC.
2 Giveanerample
ofwhere
each
oflhese
lt?erofrepeal
pa ertr5
areused.
Youmatreferto a va_riety
ofsources.
grapbic
eg
design.
proouclosrg!|,
arcntkcture,
lashtoo.
nature.
J.Repetitio!
becomes
rhythmic
wheutherecunence
r expecreo.
Namaanythingthat possrsses
ahythftotherthatrmusrc.
4 Thelitresir diagraosD ard E werd.a\rnwhilelisteDins
to
Dusic.Whartypeof ouic doyoutbirk easplaying
whe0;ach
oraslam *:L! dta*n?

USING THE INFORMATION

I
your
loosely
withthepoinrtouchiDg
a blankshe!
^Hold Thi!Dcil
ofpaper.
ilg aboutor listetingto yourfav;urite
pice
of
muslc,
novyoutpDcil
frelyaboutthepaper.
2 ldentify5 harmonious
shapes
and5 coltrastiDg
shaps
from
yourpaper.Usethese
shapes
to derign
a hangitrg
mobil.
3 Decorate
eachshap
usingthesame
tchnique.
4 D$ignsonethitrg
to rdd i[tercltto a blankwallin a waiti0s
rooo. l0clude
someformofrepetjlion
andanemptto creare
i
rhytfunicelfect.
5 uluslrate
eacbof rhefollowingwordsusi0ga qricl skrch:
swrrl,shatFr.splash.
slither.spio,rpartle,shivr.
UseoDeof
you!ideas
i0 thedesign
ofa foliocover.

OU
,lt..,

L_/ \,/

SHAPESIN HARMONY

knowsinstinctivelv
whensomething
is right...

UN]I]TY
AND
HARMONY
INVESTIGATING UNITY AND HARMONY

n7

follownaturein composition".
BELA BARTOK

USING THE INFO

TIO

I ThequietElglisl couDlry
cottage
wouldlookoutofplace
in
I writea dsign
specification.
emphasiring
Unitj andHdrmon,.
busyNewYork.Whyis thisso?
for a haodle
vhich is ro beincorporareJ
in rhedesign
of t}e
following:
a
kitcheD
2 Collectsamples
of fabricoffcuhandgroupthemuDder
fitmnt,
bedxide
cabinet,
the
chest
oidrawers.
portfoliocase,
followingheadiogs:
Spritrg,
Sumner,
Witrter.
conputer
AutumD,
desk.
Choos wardrobe,
o0of thereaso$aodli(l thecolours
i[ thatgroup.Arethey
2 Sttchsevral
possibl
design
solutio0s
whichcoofornto your
harmorious
or discordanr?
spe[ulcatoo_
3 It catrbpsaidthatthesimplegeometric
shapes
shovnarein
3 The simpleroom interiorshownis drawnin one-point
,set'
barmotry
withoneaoolher.
Fitd anddisplay
a harooDious
pnpective.
Redrawtheroomin a largerscale,
andusingthe
for achofthefollowiDg:
lerturs,
tools,cloths,
tratural
fortrls, principleol unity and harmonydesiign
a suitablecolour
fumiture,vords.
saleme,
4 Displayurit, door furniture,floor covering,lampshade,
4 Dmw t[ 'coarugatioo'
showuaboveald ur a ralseof
curtai0s,
table,chair,picture,
wallpaper,
clock.
harmonious
colounro highlightia ]-dimensional
quality.
Choose
threeof thaboveanddesignthemso that theyaroid
uoitywiththe.oon layout,
styleanddecor.

I
A

ffi

t o Nt c

MONAD
THEYIN.YANG

GONTRAST

CORINTHIA N

"Design aflectsmorethan our

ey es ".

INVESTIGATING CONTRAST
I To attraclaltentionaDditrterest,
stimulate
discusion,
and
erophaiize
certaio
atlributes
arall goodreasor$
for usilglhe
principle
ofcontrast
in d*ign.Civeatrother
2 reaso[s
forusing
contrast,
2 Up/do*n,rough/vnooth
are2 typs
ofcontrasting
ellects
ofteo
pai of oames
usdin designAllocate
to achoflhefint four
diagrams
itr thesameway.
3 Lookclosely
at thillustratio0
of theladder-hck
chairby
Charles
Rennie
MackiDtosh.
Namethe varioustypeshtyles
of
cotrtraJthehar urdto createsuchi strikinge{fect.
4 Fiodard recordothertypesatrdstylesofcoltrast for eachof
ihefollowidg$lbjctareas:
architrture,
fashio!,food,furDiture,
eraoics,pailtiug.

- >>
.v

TERENCECONRAN !

USINC THE INFORMATION

I Fibdoutwhoused
theYinYangMonadandwite briefnohs
on its signilicance.
2 Designa boardgame- useconlmsting
naterials,
shapes,
colours,
textures
aodproportioos.
3 Styleca! becontrasriDg
too.Chippendale/Habittt,
Chalk/Pei,
Italiclypeface/Block
typeface,
Cubism/Impressionisrn,
Clasical
muiic/Rock
music,Tladirional/Modern.
Illustrate
onepair of
wordswilhexamples
oflhei codtrast
in style.
4 Dsign
oDeofthfollowing:
a foot-stool,
place
mat,toy,wiDe
rack, kil, windmill.IDcorporate
a varietyof coDtrasting
mateiahir yourderigtrs.
5 Produce
a 3-dimemional
modelof yourdesign.

ATI\4OSPHEFIE

T@NE

"Colourcontrast
deoendson the
distancebetween
the colours
themselves".

flu o
v./

LUIGINADE GRANDIS
Ii.I!'ESTICATING
TONE
I Complele
lbetones.aleprogresring
gradualltfrom*hite to
dart gry.tJrt a sofl 28 peocil.Experimeot
usingdiflereor
dedia.egpai[1.peo,iok,charcoal.
2 Reproduce
thsquare
a[d trialgleai a whilelriatrgl
o0 a
blacksquare.
aDda blacttriaogleon a whilesquaft.Compare
thellctof each.
3 Redrawthe2 lim drawitrgs
of thehollowfofils showo.Ttess
dnwiogslackdeprh'.
Useshade
aDdtoDelo gjvethedrrx/itrge
a
morerealistic
Siine$ioml elTect.
4 Fidrh eachrlraviogbyadditrgtte shadow
castby eachobjwt.
'solidaodstable
Thisshould
Dalethenappear
.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Fix-0 brighlLghton to \imple.whiregeonlerric
ahap.s.
eg
cylrnder,
cone.iphere.
Draw*hal youseeusinga roft pencil.
Halfclose
youreyes
to compare
theyalueof thelons.
2 DesigD
a simple
desl-tidyto bmadfiom plastic
tubingof
variousdianerers.
YourconceDtuat
dra*inssshouldinciude
shade,
shadow
andhighlighttoilarify thefoin oftherubing.
.almosphere'on
3 TheareIightiDg
b veryiDportaltin crealing
stage.
Caldlelightis still usedin thehometo cearea *aim
friendlyatnosphere.
Desigoa Gndl Holderwhid hassxfetya-i
thenail desigtconsideratioo.

f^
"li

LJ
INFORI\,4ATION

SPACE (paleinto insigniticance

)

.41Y-A

. L7 {-'

,1-i

/\!r{

VFIqJ,

.-\-

-.,'

EMOTlON

IOENTITY

G@tOUR

"Whileform is absolute,so that

you can say at the momentyou
draw any line that it is eitherright
or wr ong,c olouris wholly
6'6..
4U
relative".
JOHNRUSKIN

INVESTICATING COLOUR
I Redrawth 'informatioudiagrms'. Drsigl a suitable
backgrouod
ad coloursahedE
for then.
2 Givea oneworddefinitiotr
for eachofthediagrams.
Addthis
*ord to yourarrworkusi[g'displa]'typlelrrrs.
3 'Paleintoinsigtrificatrc'
asa guide,
applya
- usi[gtbisphrase
suitnble
colourschede
to yourbwn'barladscape'.
4 Lisl atry6 countaies.
Investigate
the ue of colouai! their
Daliooal
{lags.Makeniniaturenodelsof 2 of these.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Dcign a colourfullogofor yourschool,fayourite
school
subjct,
Dwcompany,
Dewproduct,
bankor fastfoodchain.
2 ColourplaysaDinportantpart iD sportandrecratioDal
activities.
Desigtr
a rpotlsshirtusinga
similar
outline
diagram
to
th one showtr.Conriderharmony,conlmst,style add
proportiotr.
I Colourcanbestrodglyaisociated
wilh felings
andmotions.
Desig!a rangeofbadges
illustrating
thefollowirgwords:
cool,
cold,enry,aDger,
rage,fury.
4 Iscorporate
sinpleabstract
rlnpesandstrongprimarycolours
i! thedesign
of a simple
occasional
table.

lelo!^
()

This colourcirclewasusedby
Johannesltten in his basiccourse
atthe Bauhaus.

a)
specKles

stripes

COLOUR

"How important
it is to knowhow
to mix on the palettethosecolours
whichhaveno nameandyet are
the realfoundations
of
61 4i
//
ll
everything".
VINCENT
VANGOGH

INVESTICATING
COLOUR
I Drawthecolourwhel
onstiflwhitecardaodDainlthDadels
asindicated.
Useoolyred.blueandyellowpainis.Filethi card
salelyfor firturerefftDc.
2 Drawa cube.Paint tte facesof the cubeusitg harnodout
cotouni,
3 Colourcboicemaydepead
on a productsfuiclioo.List 4
elaaples
o[eoergmcy
veliclsaod
a raso[
forthircolour.
Ca[
youapplythis to aty otherproductor .a!ge of products?
4 'Feelilgs'areassociatd
sith colour.List lhecolouryouvould
associrl.sith .old, waim,sad,a[gry, healthya[d hot.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Exanioe
yourconpleted
colourwheel
uqderblue
aodredlicht.
Notetbeellecro0eachcolour.Where
couldtbish imporra'ntl
2 Colourcanbe'mired'usiogdifferent
coloured
dobo. speckles.
Try thi! usingpai.r of prinary colours.
3 Try a sinilar rprinent usitr8stripfs.
4 Usingthe'circleona square'
amangemenl
place
shown.
a rd
d$co0a square
ofyellolr,ora[ge,violet,bluea[d gree0.
Which
aflangemeot
i!.cool' atd viich is .wam'?
5 Conpafingtte reddis.odyellowatd bluebackgrounds,
which
looh oearest
aodfaithstanay.

THEWINDOWOF
THEBRAIN

FIGHTEYE

I na,-\tL_It
T-

L-lll\71rll ll

6,F

"Withoutcolourthereis no form". 4A
JOHANNES
ITTEN

IN!'ESTIGATING LICHT
I Colourisdepetdatt
o0light.Themloursofthespectrum
can
befou[dexperioentally
by shi trg'whitelighi thlougha glass
prisn.Listthecolours
of thespectrum
ald give3 erarnples
of
wherethisellettca! befoundnaturally.
2 Listthprimarycolours
for both'paiot'aDd'light'.Findout
whatiapptrs
whenthe primarycoloursare miredin each
ci|se.
I Dircta 'lighf on to objedsmadfromglass,wood,plaslic,
foodstrff,cloth, paper.Note atrd sketchhow the dillereDt
oaterialsareallectedby t[e light.
4 Re!attheerperitueDt
oo tbesammateriabusitrga dilhretrt
lightsoufte.

USING THE INFORMATION

I Lighttrayehin slraightlines.Holda pencil
vertically
io front
ofyoureyes
andforusona dixtant
statio[ary
object.
Close
one
eyeandthentheotherlnd sketch
\rhatyousee.
'ring' hasbeelsho.rtr
2 Themachioed
graphically
to hayea
reflectiv
surfac.
Whatlypofmaterials
couldtheringbemade
from?
3 Dra* thefollowirgnaterials
iDcylidricalform:
glasr,polystyrm,
bdck,mahoga0y,
plasticibe,
stnvs.
4 Romantic,
working,relaxing,
exciting.
ftsign a light fitmentwhichwill help to attaid one of the
givetr.
'atmospheaes'
5 Usethephrase'the windowof thbraitr'asthe title for the
dsig0of a craftprojectof yourchoice.

6KffiTffiH*E

CUB
./\

f'.

I
I

ffiKffiTffiH*&

BOX
,t
---_:(

The B P D e ; i g n F e l l o e s h i p

SKffiT'ffiH*&

TUBg
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J>

\\iiitt

sKT##*e

i.

CYTINDfR

:-.ii-'
,'-':'t"r'

,''':.)il':'l i'l

The BP D e s i g n F e t l o r ; h i p

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I n br u e s r q n i e J r o w 5 n r p

PACKAG[:{G DESIGN
PACXAGING AS Al'i ASPECTOF MARKETlNG
A packagedesigner
musthaveskillsspecificto designihgtbr con1merce
andindustrv
Designinglbr indusrry*
is pa( ofthe process
ofselling productsi.e.marketing.
KNOW I'IARKE'I'INC I'ROCEDITIRES
AND TECENIQI]ES
Packaging
is a marketingfunction,thedesignerneedsto belirmiliarwith marketing
proccdures
andtechniques.Marketingcanbe thoughtofas a setofprocedures
for
productsandplanningsalesstategiesandcampaigns.Sludythemarketby
developing
visitingretaiistoresandinterviewingpersonnel
andconsumers.
KNOW TET PRODUCT
Fora p.oductto sell,the designgr
inustknow it intimately.Be lamiliarwith theneeds.
preferences,
tastes,pltrchasing
power,andbuyinghabitsofthe oonsumer.
coMPE',flTn'E PRODUCTS
Thedesignermustaiwaysrgmember
thata packageis nevcralone.It is sunounded
by
othrpackages,
usrLallv
thoseofcompetingproducts.It is jmportantto comparethese
competingpackages
with theclient'sexistingpackages.
TtIE ]VIESSAGE
Packages
candelivermessages
abouttheproduct,thebrand,theproductcategory,the
typlcalcustomer,
or thebenefitsofferedby theproduct. l he package
canalsoproject
unlqueness,
createan lmage,or increasetheimpactofother promotional
tools. Ihe
packagecanalsosendsubliminalmessages.
Forexample,colour.shape,size.and
texturemaysuggest
luxury(embossing,
foil or unusualpaperstock).Transparent
packages
(visiblemerchandise),
structuraldesign(unusualshapes).
or reusable
packages
(bottlgs,jars,
or boxes)alsosenddif'ferentmessages.
GIasscontainers.
despitesuchdrawbacks
asfragiliq'andexcessr,vcight,
suggest
thattheproductis of
supenorquality.
1h9 paekage
is thevisualandphvsicaievidenceofthe productbeingsold. In addirion
tojust sellingthe productpackaging
hasa lot to do with brandloyalry.A defeclrle
ddsignmaylosevaluableloyalcustomers.
PIL{SESOF A PACI{,{GTNGDISIGN PROJE(]T
Mostdesignprojectsarepresented
andcostedout in tbur phases:Firstphase-research,
gathering
information. At this time.askthe followinequestions:Wherewill thegoduct be sold? Who\\rll hu) ill Ho$ mtLchwjlLit cosrl-Tiesenre
basrcallymarketingandproductionissuesofconcemto thedesigner.

phasethe development
Second
ofpreliminaryconcepts.
(Example,the development
of
,.roughs,,can preparid.
a 1ogo,or corpolateidentifr),smallthumbnailsketchgs
be
Makeat least10to 15sketches
or roughs.Thumbnailsareusuallyblackind whire,
roughsarein colouron a 14"x 17" layoutpad.
Thirdphaserspreparatron
rcoml.Thisphaseincludes
ofthecomprehensive
deteminingthe structuraldesignofthe carton,boxmodel,or proloope. Consider
potentialproductionandrnanufacturingproblems. Greatdesignshavegonedown the
drainbcause
th9productionandmanufacturing
costswouldhavebeenprohibitive.
Beforea linal comp,pteparea mock-up.a roughsfucturaldevicethals;rvesto testthe
viabilityofthe designcodcept.
Thefinal phaseofthe Foject is Feparationofthe productionmechanical,
which
incoryoratesall final art, photography,illustration, andtype. Ifthe packagedproductis
to be soldin stores,a UniversalProductCode(UpC)slmbol printedon thepackageis
required.An opticalscanner
can"read"theUPCsymbolinto a computer,whichwill
price
indicatethe
anditemizingtheproductspurchased.TheLpC slanbolis 30 venical
darklineswith 29 spaces
anda 10digir seriesofnumbrs.Firstfive designate
the
manufacturer;secondfive identify the productandthe packagesize.
COMPUTERAIDED PACIi{GE DESICN
Computeraidedpackagedesignsystems
arethemostsignificantdevelopment
ir.
contmporary
design.
They
cancreoteor alterpackageconceptsin minutes.
frackaging
Two-dimensional
objecton thescren,allowingthedesigner
to expedment
with
variousportionsof the image.Alter colours,intensii,background
tons,addor remoye
shadows.
Usinga tlatbed scanneror video camera,the computercan,,gleb',imagesfrom
photographs,
drawings,
printedmaterials,
ttansparencies,
andeventhree-djmensional
ooJecls.
Thecomputercanalsosimulatethe environments
in whichdesignwill appearin similar
to CAD packages.Suppose
youwantto knowhow to designwill look in a retail
environment.Inputthe interiorofa store,usinga slide,ard superimpose
the design.
The result is a planogaph "store shelf' view, in which sevralpackagesappearin a row
asthey would on a storeshelt:
WORKING WITE PAPER AND BOARI)

Sc
Paproanbe easilyfolded. To facilitate folding, a score,or crease,is madein the DaDer
OI
The tool usedfor scoringis a blunt-fact (roundedge)scoringrule (die).
When
rnga aartonby hand,neverscorethe paperwith a sharpblade. Usea
bluntedge,suchasa paperclip, coin,or ball-pointf,n,againsta steelrule. Always
bendagainstthe scorto producean embossed,raisededce.
Embossing
Embossing,
thepiocessby whicha designor imageis madeto appearin reliefon the
paperor board canbe superimposed
on printing or doneon blank paperfor a
sculptured,thredimensionaleffect.

Embossing
is achievedby pressing
a sheetof paperbetweena brassfemaleby anda
malebedor counter.
a costlyprocess.
It is generally
usedforprestigious
packages,
gifts,stationery
cosmetics,
promotional
and
materials.
Die-Cutting
Everypape6oardproductor paper,whetherthree-dimensional
or flat,hasa shapeor
formthatis produced
by die-cutting.Cuttingandstampingdiesareusedto crcate
shapes
of manykinds,frompapers,boardandplastics.
Therearethreemthods
ofdie-cutting.
Hollowdie-cutting,
ahollowdie,likea cake
cutterfor labelsandenvelopes.Steel-ruledie-cutting.Steelrulesarebentto the
desiredshapeandinsededor wedgedinto a 20mmpieceor plywood.Sevelalsheets
canbecutatonetime. Thethirddie-cutting
methods
useslasers.All t?es of
paper,
mate als,including
metal,plastics,andwood,canbedie cut with lasers.
Adhesives
Paperandboardpackaging
materialsneedto bjoinedor fastened
together.
Designers
needs
to befamiliarwiththeadhesives
used,suchasresinemulsion
adhesives
for coated
boards
andhot-meltadhesives
for plastics
andplasticfilms, Be
awareof regulations
in their usage.
packaging
In Commercial
selfadhesive
andpressure-sensitive
labelsusea s]'nthetic
latexthatis suitable
forbothremovable
andDermanent
labels.
TI?ES OF FOLDINGCARTONS
Designers
canuse500stylesandvariationsofcartonconstructions.
Sfylesand
constuctionaredetermined
by theFoductto be packaged
andthe6pe offilling
oprations
thatwill beusedi.e.whether
theitemis bulky,Iiquid,powder,
or granular.
Tray-Style
Cadon
Solidbottoms
are hingedto sideandendwalls.Sidesandendsareconnected
by a
flap,hook,lockingtab,or lock. T)?ioalhaypapkages
arecigarettecartons,bakary
tays, lce creamgadons,pizzacarlons,andgarrrentcarricrs.
Twe-StyleCarton
Openings
on thetop andbottom.Tube"s8lecadonsgivetheproductfully enclosed
protectr'on.
Theyarethereforeusedto packbottledproducts,cosmetics,
alld
pharmaceuticals.
ShrinkWnpping
housewares,
andcontouredproductsaresbrink-wrap.
Sealinga layerof

Packaging
plastic

products.

an object andapplyingheatis a goodway to displayaswell asFotect

Cartons
Bag-in-the-box,boil-in-bagpouches,soupsin pouches,andpaperftozen-foodcanons
that aanbe heated,microwaved.Beveragessuchasmilk andfruitjuices arepackagedin
speciallydesignedfolding cadonsthat axelined with film andfoil. This tvDeof
packageis often referredto asaseptic.

Modificationsoflblding cartonsfor foodproductscanprovidea liquid-tight,Ieakproofpackage.It canbe frozen.stored,reheated

in a conventional
oven,andoftenused
asa seNingdish.
SET UP PAPER BOXXS
Are ngid, permanent,tlree-dimensionalcontainers.Materialsusedto constructser_uD.
or rigid, paperboxesarepaperboard
andcoveringmaterials,
plasticscanbe combinej
with themto makeusefulpackages.
CORRUGATED CONTAINERS
Often calledfibreboard. Your TV set,stereo,VCR, andotherappliancesare packaged
for distributionin thisR?e ofcontainer.
THERMOFORMED PACIAGES
Blisterpack. This is themostwidelyusedof all cardpacksafldis intendedto provide
visibility.
Prefabricated
blisterpack. A pretbrmedblisteris attached
to a die-cut,hingedwirdow
caid. Theproductis displayed
insidethebubbleandis visibleon bothsidesof the
card.
Skinpack. Theproductis laminatedto a cardwith a thin, toughfilm.
Stretchfilm pack.A film is bondedto a die-cutdoublewindowcardsothettheproduct
is encased
in.
PLASTIC BOTTLES AND CONTAINERS
Plasticofferscertairadvantages
overglass,the mainonebeingthatplasticis lighter.
Thedevelopment
ofblow-rnouldingequipment
hasmadetheplasticbottlea practicai,
package.
inexpensive
TYPESOF FLEXIBLE PACKAGING
Thee basic8!es offlerible packaging:wrapsandoverwraps,pre-formedbagsand
envelopesandform-fill-sealpouches.
WlqpsandOverwraps
Wrapsare formedarounda productsuchasa chocolatebar or a loaf of bread
'---

Preformed
BagsaadPouches
Preformed
bagsarebasicallya tubularconstruction
fabricated
from paper,plastic,foil,
fabric,ora combination
ofthesematerialsFourstandard
stylesofpaperbags:flat,
square,self-opening
or automatic,
andsatchel.A varietyofclosuresis availablefor
bags,includingsealers,
twistties,plasticclips,coffeetabs,anddrawstrings.

ENVIROI{MENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF PACIG.GING

SOLIDWASTEDISPOSAL
Most authorities
disposeof solidwasteby buryingit in landfills.But environmental
.esearchshowssolidwastedisposalis developing
into a crisissituation
PROBLEMSFROMPLASTICWASTE
The prcblcm is that plasricobjectsdo not rust, dissolve,or evaporate.The plastic
materialscurently in Usewill takeup to five centuries
to degrade.
USINC BIODEGRADABLEPLASTIC
ln prjnciple,chemislsknowhowto makebiodegadable
plastics,butthemate alsare
relativelyexpensive
to produce.Manulbcturers
do not alwayshavesufficientmcentlve
to producethe lessdangerous
materials.
Otheroptionsfor package
disposalincluderecyclingandincineration.
PACKACf, TESTING
The followingareamongthernostfrequsntlyrequirdtests.
Tensileandelongation
test.-Basicallya stretchtestusedfor flexiblepackaging
suchas
bagsandfilms.
Impacttest,-Usedto meastu
theimpactstengthof films.
Tea!test.-A strengthtestfor pape!or film.
Stiffnesstest.-Is usedto determin
thestiffnessofpackagingmaterialssuchasfilm and
paper
Water-vapourtransmission
test.-Fof temperature,
humidity,andmoistuecontrol.
Gastransmission
test." Usedorl Iilms to determine
theirpermeability
to gases.
Burstingstrengthtest.-Usedfor tibreboard,paperboard,comrgatedcardboard,andbag
stock.
-\

Flatcrushtest.-Fortestingcorrugated
boardon a compression
testdevice.
Fold endurarce.- A test for doubleandsinglefold paperard board.
Greasepenetration.Is a tstfor flexiblematerialsintendedto providea banieragainst
greases.
gloss.-A testwherbya Clossmeteris usedto spcii/andcontrolsuface
Specular
characteristicsof boardandmateriais.

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An Outline of the CE Marking Process

' lE V L

Detailedpublicalions on CE marking ore availablefrom BSI.

Seepage 3.
Generol
CE markingis an indicationthata productmeetsthe requirements
of a directiveor
the
European
dirctivesfrom
Commission.
The markingprovidesfteemovement
of goodsin the EC andcedainotherterrito es,
withoutrestrictions.
Only productin the scopeof oneor moreof the directiveson the attachedlist may
cany theCE marking.

TheMarking
CE markingis appliedby the manufacturer.
who is responsible
for ensuringthat the
product concernedmeets the requirements
of the directive(s)concerned. The
directivesare implemented
by MemberStatesin the form of regulationsand similar
measures
which havethe forceoflaw. The manufacturer
appliesthe law ofthe E.C.
goods
countryoforigin andconforming
mustbeaccepted
in all MemberStates.
Many directiveswhen first in force, provide for a period during which the
manufacturer
may apply the old rules in force or apply CE marking and the CE
markingrules. Whenthis transitionperiodendsthereis no furtherconcession.CE
markingmustbe appliedto goodsplacedon the marketin any EC stateincludingthe
countryoforigin.
CE markingis lntendedto be placcdon theproduct.Individualdirectivesmay allow
themarking'iobeplacedon theproduct,on thepackaging
or on the documents.
/'\

Directiveccallingfor CE markingareknownasNew ApproachDirectives.A full list

includingihe applicable
datesappears
on page3.
Docunrenlalion
The Declarationof Conformitywith the requirements
of the Directivemust be made
availableto the authoritieswhen requested,The declafationis preparedby the
nanufactureror his representative
in the Community when authorisedby the
manufacturer
to carryout specifiedactionsunderthe CE markinglequirements.The
declarationmust be held in the Communityat the disposalof the authority.The
contentsofthe Declaration
ofConformityarespecifiedin eachDirective. In the case
of a challenge,
the authorityn1aynextaskfor proof of conformitywith thoseaspecls
whichtheauthoritymaywishto investigate.

os30.Doc
pagcLll of6

An Outline of tlte CE Marking Process

Proof of Conformity
Proof of conformityshouldbe availablein a form of technicaldocumentation.
also
refenedto asdre manufacturer's
technicalfile or the tectu cal consrruction
file. The
complexityof thesedocumentswill dependon the requiremes of the Drrectrve
concemedand the severityof the dangeror environmeltaleffectwhichmisht result
from non compliancewith the essential
requirements
ofthe Direcrive.All direcnves
encourage
theuseofharmonisedstandards
andsomerequirethe involvement
of third
partiesbut mostrely on themanufacturer
carryingout theassessment.
To achievethis
the manufacturer
may decideto makeuseof the assistance
of a testlaboratory.In
somecasesit may be possibleto carryout the assessment
withoutoutsideasslslance.
Theprocedures
arecontainedin theindividualdirectives.

TheMeaning of CE marking
The applicationof CE markingto the conformingproductandthe availabilityof the
spcifieddocunentation,
resultsin theprsumption
ofconformityby theauthorities
in
all the Statesofthe EuropeanEconomicArea. This includesthe EC andEFTA with
the exceptionof Switzerland.Presumption
of Conformityallowsgoodsto circulate
rreely.
CE marking requirementsimpose proceduresolr the manufacturerand cenarn
responsibilities
are transferredto the inrporterwhen productis broughtinto the
European
Community.
CE markingsymbolises
thatthe manufacturer
hasconformedto all the obligationson
the manufacturer
containedin the directivesrequiringCE marking. The Ci marking
alsosymbolises
the fact thatthe personresponsible
for CE markinghasverifiedthat
thefoduct cdlformsto the requiremeltsandthatthe specifledpro;edureshavebeen
carliedout.

Maingement of CE marking
ln orderto complywith therequirements
ofan EC Directivenanufacturers
should.
.
.
.
.
.

Identifythe applicable
Directiveor Directives
Determinethedatesby whichactionsmustbe 1aken
Identifytheappropriate
Harmonised
Standard
Determinehow to ensurethattherequirements
of thestandard
aremet
Determinethat the productcomplieswith the Directive using the procedures
specifiedand,rvhereavailable.makeuseofexistingdataandtesrrepons

DS30DOC

An Outline of the CE Marking Process

. Where Notified Bodies are involved, identify the necessary

actionsto ensure
to be applied
confomity with the directiveandthequalitymeasures
. Carryout anynecessary
stafftraining
. Appointa personwho is empowered
to act for themanufacturer
with respectto the
Directive, concerning conformity, the EC declarationand the technical
documentation
. Preparethe Declarationof Conformityprovidingthe infonnationspecifiedwith
directive
. Elrsurethat d1e manufacturingprocessresults in product \\tich remains in
conformitywith thetechnicaldocumentation
. Apply the cE marking

Help and Assislance

Successdependson a careful assessmentof the appropriateDirectives and
requirements.
The BSI TechnicalInformationCroup,TeclmicalHelpto Exponers,is
able to advise on the telephoneor provide consultancy with respectto the
idcntificationandthe applicationofthe Directives.Advice includeshow to comply
with standardsand explanationsconcerningthe responsibilities
involved and the
recordsto be kept.
BSI publisheshandbooks which explain the actions which nanufacturersand
inportersto the EC must take. Seethosedirectivesmarked* in the following list.
DetailsoftheseBSI publications
aleavailableon request.
OtherolderDirectivesnot usingtheCE markingor Nationalrequirements
whichmay
applyin additionto theNew ApproachDirectives,canalsobe identifled.
The informationcanincludeidentificationof standards
andauthoritiesandadviceon
theadministration,
docume[tation
andtiming ofevents.
Thetiming andnecessityfor partor full testingot visualexamination
ofa productcan
form partofthe adviceandservice.

In addition lo CE marking
The Infbrnation Centre can assiston technical requiremnts.regulationsand
standards
worldwide. Pleaseaskfor details;seepage5.

Makesureyou get it rightrtrg time,contactthe TechnicalInformationGroupon Tel

0181 996 Tlll or fax 0181 996 7018 and let BSI help you nuke a pou,erful
partnership in Europe.
DSl0.DOC
Pascl1+ 016

The GE markingProcess

&

printfriendlv
oaoe

Viewa El9!9h3(!ll!s!I3!9! of t'ris process

these
to yourproduct.Youcandownload
Stept: ldentifythepjIgql!lgllglihat areapplicable
direct'vesfreeof cha'gef'om E!rqp94-.lJ-!r.9rycbsile
procodure
thatmList
btakenThiscouldbeself_
Step2: Identifythe conformityassessment
Bodyor a
quality
froma Notified
system
assessment
or
inspection
testing,
inv'olve
deciaration,
yourpfoduct
procedure
will
diffef
depending
on
assessment
The
confofmity
of
these.
combination
lf youareunsureaboutwhich
in rcspect
ofwhichyouwillbeCEmarking.
andtheDirective
procedure
rotakep'easegglteqlls foradvice
thedatesby whichyou musttakoactlon.Thiswillbethedatethatthe
Step3: Determlne
inforce!n thesecases'it is an
arealready
of directives
into
comes force.Themajority
Direciive
a.presumption
of
it in{icates
without
CE
marking
because
product
ma|ket
the
place
on
a
to
offence
Legislation
withall;elevant
conformiiy
appllcabla
to your product.
Er|ropean
Standards
Step4: ldntlfyit thereareanyHarmonizsd
presumption
thtconformity
is
a
although
there
for
manufacturers
mandatory
Thesearenot;lways
possible
part
Whenever
or
ofthe
Directive.
the
relevant
give
with
conformity
will
standards
to these
standards
follow
hamonized
should
manufacturerg
appropriate,
ofthe Dlrective(s)
roqulrements
Step5l Ensuretho productcomplle6wlth allthe eseentlal
test
reports
existing
data
and
or
identify
measutes
to comply
Takeappropriate
of yout contormltyto the Ditectlve, or some
asses6mont
Stop6: ldentlfywhgtherIndependent
andis dependent
fioma NqtllgllEgdtThiswillbestatedinthedirective
asoects
of it.is'required
product
your
untilall
to
youareCEmarkingYoumustnotatiixCEmarking
uoonthepfoduct
from
lhe
Not,fied
Body
havebeenobtaineo
necessaN
certfications
Yourtechnical
requlredby tho Dlrectlve(s)
SteD7: MalntalnTechnlcalOocumentation
Directivlt is essential
requirements
of
the
your
with
the
compliance
support
should
documentation
to retainthisdocumentation.
of conformltyandthe requlted6upportlngevidgnce'The
tho Declaratlon
StoD8: Propare
to Competent
Documentation
shouldbeavailable
with
theTechnical
along
Deilaratpnof Conformrly
(EU
request
upon
Members)
Authorities
wherethe
exlstinthecounhies
Step9l ChEckthatno otherpurelynationalrequiremontr
packagang
requlrements.
labelling
or
national
standards,
product
witlbesold.Thesemayinclude
literalure
as
andaccompanying
Step1O:AftixCEmarkingon you! producland/oritspackaging
statedinthedirective.
canhelpyouthfoughthisprocess
BSIProduct
Services
Bodyfor 17EUDirectives,
As a Notifled
or Reouest
a Quotation
on EUDkectives
clienls,information
onCEmarking
Review
QAEqS!!|j9S

TheCEmarkingProcess

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