PIPING

DESIGN ENGINEERING
This is a consolidated document which provides a
basic knowledge in some of the criterias involved
in iping Design Engineering
PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
CHAPTER: 1
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION:
Piping engineering is all about designing, fabricating and constructing lines for conveying
fluids.
IMPORTANCE OF PIPING ENGINEERING:
To maintain pressure difference !p"
To maintain temperature difference !t"
To maintain flo# rate !$"
APPLICATIONS:
Pipelines carry crude oil from oil #ells to tan% farms for storage or to refineries for
processing.
T&e natural gas transportation and distribution lines convey natural gas from t&e
source and storage tan% forms to points of utili'ation, suc& as po#er plants,
industrial facilities etc,
In c&emical plants, paper mills, food processing plants, and ot&er similar industrial
establis&ments, t&e piping systems are utili'ed to carry li$uids, c&emicals, mi(tures,
gases, vapors, and solids from one location to anot&er.
T&e fire protection piping net#or%s in residential, commercial, industrial, and ot&er
buildings carry fire suppression fluids, suc& as #ater, gases, and c&emicals to
provide protection of life and property.
T&e piping systems in t&ermal po#er plants convey &ig&)pressure and &ig&)
temperature steam to generate electricity. *t&er piping systems in a po#er plant
transport &ig&) and lo#)pressure #ater, c&emicals, lo#)pressure steam, and
condensate.
Sop&isticated piping systems are used to process and carry &a'ardous and to(ic
substances.
T&e piping systems in laboratories carry gases, c&emicals, vapors, and ot&er fluids
t&at are critical for conducting researc& and development.
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
DEFINE PIPING
Piping is an assembly of pipe, fittings, valves, instruments and specialty components.
Piping is divided into t&ree ma+or categories,
Large bore pipe generally includes piping #&ic& is greater t&an t#o inc&es in
diameter.
Small bore pipe generally includes piping #&ic& is t#o inc&es and smaller in
diameter.
Tubig is supplied in si'es up to four inc&es in diameter but &as a #all
t&ic%ness less t&an t&at of eit&er large bore or small bore piping and is typically
+oined by compression fittings.
Piping system includes,
Pipe
-ittings e.g. elbo#s, reducers, branc& connections, etc."
-langes, gas%ets, bolting
.alves
Pipe supports
ASSOCIATION IN!OL!ED IN GENERATING CODES FOR PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING:
ASME
)/merican Society of 0ec&anical Engineers
ANSI
)/merican National Standardi'ation Institute
T&ese standards give tec&nical recommendations for designing piping system for po#er
plants and c&emical plants
T&ey contain formulas to calculate t&e minimum t&ic%ness of pipelines
T&ey contain formulas to calculate t&e e(tra t&ic%ness t&at a pipe must &ave #&en a branc&
is cut into it.
T&ey contain regulations for stress analysis
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
T&ey contain tables t&at give ma(imum allo#able stress for metallic materials accepted by
/NSI for pipeline construction depending on temperatures.
PIPING CODES:
/S0E 123.3 ) Po#er Piping
/S0E 123.4 ) -uel Gas .Piping
/S0E 123.2 ) Process Piping
/S0E 123.5 ) 6i$uid Piping
/S0E 123.7 ) Refrigeration Piping
/S0E 123.8 ) Gas Distribution and Transportation
/S0E 123.9 ) 1uilding Service Piping
/S0E 123.33 ) Slurry Piping
ASSOCIATION IN!OL!ED IN GENERATING MATERIAL SPECIFICATION FOR PIPING:
ASTM
"/merican Society for Testing 0aterials
/ST0 developed a collection of documents called material specifications for
standardising materials of large use in t&e industry. Specifications starting #it& :a;
are for steel. Specifications starting #it& :b; are for non)ferrous alloys bron'e,
brass, copper nic%el alloys, aluminium alloys and so on". Specifications starting
#it& :d; are for plastic material, as P.<.
/n /ST0 specification does not only specify t&e basic c&emical composition of
material, but also t&e process t&roug& #&ic& t&e material is s&aped into t&e final
product.
T&is is #&y for a given base material seamless pipe &ave a specification, #elded
pipe &ave anot&er specification #roug&t fittings &ave anot&er specification, forged
fittings &ave anot&er specification, large valve bodies normally cast" &ave
anot&er specification
API
)/merican Petroleum Institute
Rules, practices and standards for oil and gas industry are issued by t&is institute
and follo#ed by almost all oil and gas companies in t&e #orld.
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
/mong t&e many standards issued by t&e institute t&ere is also a standard for design
of pipelines, /PI ST/ND/RD 7l
=it&in t&is standard materials for oil and gas transportation pipelines are specified,
#it& denomination /PI 7l
T&is is a family of carbon steels almost e$uivalent to /ST0 /72 > /3?@.
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
CHAPTER #
PIPE
INTRODUCTION:
/ pressure tig&t cylinder used to convey fluids under pressure t&roug& materials of
commercially available designation.
Pipe is al#ays designated t&roug& nominal bore si'eN1S" also called as nominal pipe
si'eNPS"
/ pipeline conveys a fluid from one given point of t&e plant usually called inlet point of
t&e line, to anot&er part of t&e plant usually called outlet point of t&e line.
NOMINAL PIPE SI$E %NPS&:
Pipe si'e is specified #it& t#o non)dimensional numbers, a Nominal Pipe Si'e NPS" and
a sc&edule S<A". T&e relations&ip of t&ese numbers to t&e actual pipe dimensions is a bit strange.
T&e NPS is very loosely related to t&e inside diameter in inc&es, but only for NPS 3>8 to NPS 34.
-or NPS 35 and larger, t&e NPS is e$ual to t&e outside diameter *D" in inc&es. -or a given NPS,
t&e *D stays constant and t&e #all t&ic%ness increases #it& larger S<A. -or a given S<A, t&e *D
increases #it& increasing NPS #&ile t&e #all t&ic%ness increases or stays constant.
NOMINAL DIAMETER %DN&:
It is same as nominal pipe si'e, but in mm.
SCHEDULE %'ALL THIC(NESS&:
S)*e+ule:
<arbon steel , 7, 3?, 4?, 2?, 5?, @?, 8?, 3??, 34?, 3@?.
Stainless steel , 7S, 3?S, 4?S, 2?S, 5?S, @?S, 8?S.
'eig*, -erie-:
STD , Standard
BS , E(tra Strong
BBS , Double E(tra Strong
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=all t&ic%ness is designated by sc&edule number or descriptive classification, rat&er t&an
t&e actual #all t&ic%ness. T&e original t&ic%nesses #ere referred to as standard STD", e(tra strong
BS" and double e(tra strong BBS".
=all t&ic%ness for t&e sc&edule 5? and STD are same for si'es C to 3?;.sc&edule 8? and
BS also &ave t&e same #all t&ic%ness for C to 8; diameter pipe.
CODES:
ASME ./0112 " CAR.ON STEEL
ASME ./0113 " STAINLESS STEEL
MATERIAL:
Carbo -,eel:
Steel is basically a solution of carbon <" into iron -e". T&e presences of
carbon into t&e crystal structure of t&e iron improve very muc& t&e mec&anical c&aracteristics of
t&e iron alone. <arbon steel is a conventional denomination for steel t&at &as almost no ot&er
metallic elements added into it.
<arbon steel material specification ASTM A120 is available in grades /, 1
and <. T&ese refer to t&e tensile strengt& of t&e steel, #it& grade < &aving t&e &ig&est strengt&.
<ommon practice is to manufacture t&e pipe as /3?@ grade 1
ASTM A4/ is also commonly specified for galvani'ed or lined pipe or as an
alternate to /[email protected]&e testing re$uirement for /72 are less stringentrigorous or tig&t" t&an for
/3?@. T&ree types of carbon steel pipe are covered by /72. T&ese are type E or Electric resistance
#elded, type - or -urnace)butt #elded, and type S or Seamless. Type E and S are available in
grade / and 1, comparable to grades / and 1 of /3?@.
S,aile-- -,eel:
/ustenitic stainless steel pipe commonly referred to as :Stainless Steel; is
virtually non)magnetic. Stainless steel is manufactured in accordance #it& ASTM A/1# #&en 8; or
smaller si'es are needed. T&ere are eig&teen different grades, of #&ic& type 2?56 is t&e most
#idely used.
Grade 23@6 &as &ig& resistance to c&emical and salt #ater corrosion and is
best suited for #elding. 6arge si'es 8; and up" of stainless steel pipe are covered by ASTM A/451
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
E(tra lig&t #all t&ic%ness sc&edule 7S" and lig&t #all t&ic%ness sc&edule 3?S" stainless steel pipe
is covered by ASTM A6231
PIPE MANUFACTURING METHOD:
Seamless
Aot rolled, cold dra#n etc
Electric resistance #elding
No material is added during #elding process
Electric fusion #elding
-iller material is added during #elding process
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PIPELINE:
Nominal pipe si'eNPS"
=all t&ic%ness
Type of +oint bet#een pieces
=elded +oints
1utt #elded
Soc%et #elded
T&readed +oints
-langed +oints
E(ternal finis&ing
Painting
Insulation
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF A PIPELINE:
Rou,ig:
T&e routing is &o# t&e Pipeline is developed into t&e space.
T&ere are rules and regulations to route a Pipeline according t&e :Good
Engineering Practice;
<old Pipelines connecting static ob+ects somet&ing t&at does not move
li%e Tan%s, .essels, ot&er Pipelines, and Aeaders" can be straig&tly
routed bet#een t&e inlet and t&e outlet point.
<old Pipelines connecting mac&ines t&at vibrate or rotate may need a
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
fle(ible part bet#een t&e inlet and t&e outlet point.
Aot Pipelines must be fle(ible enoug& to adsorb t&e t&ermal e(pansion
of t&e Pipeline from cold to &ot condition
Suppor,ig S7-,em:
Every Pipeline must be supported. Not all Pipelines are supported in t&e
same #ay
<old Pipelines can be supported every#&ere #it& fi(ed points
Aot Pipelines cannot be supported only #it& fi(ed points, but certain
points must be only guided, meaning t&at in t&ose points t&e Pipeline
retains a certain numbers of degree of freedom in certain directions,
#&ile are constrained in certain ot&er directions
T8PE OF 9OINT .ET'EEN PIECES:
11 .u,, :el+e+ ;oi,:
T&e end is mac&ined to allo# &ead to &ead full penetrating #elding
#1 So)<e, :el+e+ ;oi,:
/ soc%et is provided #&ere pipe can be inserted
/1 T*rea+e+ ;oi,:
Parts to be connected are t&readed.
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PIPE ENDS:
Pipe may be obtained #it&
Plai e+- are cut s$uare and reamed to remove burns. T&is
type of end is needed #&en being +oined by mec&anical couplings,
soc%et #eld fittings, or slip)on flange.
.e=ele+ e+- are re$uired for most butt #eld application.
T*rea+e+ e+- are used #it& scre#ed +oints and are ordered
noting t&readed on bot& ends or one end.
!ariou- )ombia,io o> pipe e+:
P*E, Plain one end
P1E, Plain bot& end
1*E, 1eveled one end
11E, 1eveled bot& end
T*E, T&readed one end
T1E, T&readed bot& end
PIPE REPRESENTATION:
Up ,o 1# i)*

Abo=e 16 i)*
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SPECIFICATION OF A PIPE:
E?ample:
Si'e , NPS 34;
Diameter , DN 2??
=all t&ic%ness , Sc&. 5?
0aterial , /ST0 /3?@ Gr. 1
CHAPTER /
FLUID
INTRODUCTION:
It can be
/ gas
/ li$uid
/ mi(ture of gas or li$uid
/ suspension of small solid particles inside a li$uid.
.ASIC PROPERTIES OF CON!E8ED FLUIDS:
-luid type
-lo# rate
Pressure
Temperature
FACTORS DEPENDING UPON FLUID T8PE:
11 MATERIAL:
a1 No )orro-i=e >lui+-, Services #&ere impurities are accepted
E(ample,
Industrial #ater lines cooling #ater"
Steam
6ube oil return > before filter lines
/ir lines
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.ents and drains
Ma,erial:
<arbon Steel
6o# /lloy Steel Aig& T"
b1 Corro-i=e >lui+-, Services #&ere impurities are not accepted
E(ample,
Deminerali'ed #ater
6ube oil after filters
-uel gas > oil
Sea #ater #ater containing <&lorine"
Ma,erial:
Stainless Steel
No Iron -e"
<opper>Nic%el /lloys <u)Ni"
)1 Aggre--i=e C*emi)al-
E(ample
Strong /cids > 1ases
Ma,erial:
Plastic, P.< D TE-6*N D PE
Rubber, N1R, .iton
<omposites, RESIN G6/SS
#1 CORROSION ALLO'ANCES:
T&ic%ness of t&e pipe increases #it& respect to corrosion. Typical corrosion allo#ance for
#ater is 2mm.
/1 T8PE OF 9OINT:
Dangerous fluids are conveyed in fully #elded pipes, #ere lea%s are not accepted.
61 TESTING AND E@AMINATION:
-or Dangerous -luids 3??E of +oints are li%ely to be B)Ray e(amined
FACTORS DEPENDING UPON FLO'RATE:
11 DIAMETER,
For a gi=e >lo: ra,e:
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Small diameter means &ig&er velocity of t&e conveyed fluid.
1ig diameter means slo#er velocity of t&e conveyed fluid.
!elo)i,7 o> >lui+- i pipelie- a>>e),-:
Pressure losses along t&e pipeline.
Pressure losses are proportional to t&e s$uare velocity v4".
.ibration of t&e pipeline.
U-ual =elo)i,ie- o> >lui+- i-i+e pipelie- are:
Gas, 4? m>s ) ma(. 5? > 7? m>sec.
6i$uid, 4 to 5 m>s ) ma(. 3? m>sec.
FACTORS DEPENDING UPON PRESSURE:
11 'ALL THIC(NESS CALCULATION
#1 T8PE OF 9OINT
6o# pressure pipelines can be t&readed or soc%et #elded
Aig& Pressure pipelines are 1utt =elded
/1 TESTING AND E@AMINATION:
Non process Pipelines -or E(ample .ents and drain lines" may even &ave no tests at all
6o# Pressure Pipelines can undergo only t&e Aydraulic Test
-or intermediate pressures a 3?E to 7?E of +oints must be e(amined #it& B)rays
Aig& Pressure Pipelines are usually 3??E B)ray e(amined.
FACTORS DEPENDING UPON TEMPERATURE:
11 MATERIAL:
Steel for Aig& Temperature 6o# /lloy Steel <reep Resistant"
#1 'ALL THIC(NESS CALCULATION
/1 THERMAL INSULATION:
TF@?G< Insulation for Personnel Protection is mandatory for all pipeline parts t&at can be
reac&ed by &ands.
61 STRESS ANAL8SIS:
Aot 6ines must be routed properly. Provisions s&all be ta%en so t&at #&en temperature rises
from ambient to *perating Temperature t&e t&ermal e(pansion of Pipelines does not generate
stresses too &ig& for t&e pipes to #it&stand.
FLUID SER!ICE CATEGORIES:
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123.2 recogni'es t&e follo#ing fluid service categories and a special design consideration
based on pressure. It is t&e o#nerHs responsibility to specify t&e fluid service category for eac&
piping system. =it& t&e fluid service category %no#n, t&en t&e designer can ma%e material and
component selection, as #ell as employ t&e code re$uired fabrication and inspection re$uirements
based on t&e selected fluid category. T&ese fluid categories and pressure concern are,
3. Normal fluid service
4. <ategory D fluid service
2. <ategory 0 fluid service
5. Aig& pressure piping
7. Severe cyclic conditions
Ca,egor7 D Flui+ Ser=i)e is defined as all fluid services t&at are,
Nonflammable
Nonto(ic
Not damaging to &uman tissues
T&e design gage pressure does not e(ceed 37? psig
T&e design temperature is from )4?G f to 2@@G f is t&e saturated
temperature of steam at 37?psig
Ca,egor7 M Flui+ Ser=i)e is defined as a service in #&ic& a single e(posure to a very
small $uantity of to(ic fluid can produce serious irreversible &arm to person on breat&ing or bodily
contact, even #&en prompt restorative are ta%en.
T*e Normal Flui+ Ser=i)e is defined as all ot&er fluid services t&at are not category D and
category 0
Hig* Pre--ure Pipig Ser=i)e is defined as t&at in #&ic& t&e pressure is in e(cess of t&at
allo#ed by t&e /S0E [email protected] 47?? flange class ratings.
PIPING S8STEM CORROSION:
Geeral or Ui>orm Corro-io:
Iniform metal loss.
0ay be combined #it& erosion if &ig& velocity fluids, or moving fluids containing
abrasives.
Pi,,ig Corro-io:
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
6ocali'ed metal loss randomly located on material surface.
*ccurs most often in stagnant areas or areas of lo# flo# velocity.
Gal=ai) Corro-io:
*ccurs #&en t#o dissimilar metals contacts eac& ot&er in corrosive electrolytic
environment.
Co)e,ra,io Cell Corro-io:
*ccurs #&en different concentration of eit&er a corrosive fluid or dissolved o(ygen
contacts areas of same metal.
Cre=i)e Corro-io:
6ocali'ed corrosion similar to pitting.
*ccurs at places suc& as gas%ets, lap +oint, and bolts #&ere crevice e(ists.
Grap*i,i) Corro-io:
*ccurs in cast iron e(posed to salt #ater or #ea% acids.
Reduces iron in cast iron and leaves grap&ite in place resulting in e(tremely soft
material #it& no metal loss.

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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 6
FITTINGS
CODES:
ASME .1013 , .u,, 'el+e+ Fi,,ig-
ASME .10111 : So)<e, 'el+e+ a+ T*rea+e+ Fi,,ig-
T8PES OF FITTINGS:
3. Elbo# and Return
4. Tee and <ross
2. Reducer
5. <oupling
7. Inion
@. <aps
J. Stub ends
8. *lets
9. 1ello#s
3?. Strainers
33. Nipple
34. Plug

EL.O' AND RETURN:
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
3. 6ong radius elbo#
4. S&ort radius elbo#

SHORT RADIUS LONG RADIUS

TEE AND CROSS:
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING

STRAIGHT TEE REDUCING TEE
CROSS LATERAL
REDUCER:

CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC %FSD&
ECCENTRIC
COUPLING:
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HALF COUPLING %S'& FULL COUPLING %TH&
OLETS:

EL.OLET LATROLET NIPPOLET

SOC(OLET 'ELDOLET S'EEPOLET


.ELLO'S:
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STRAINER:
UNION: %S'&
PLUG: %TH& CAP: %S'&
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CHAPTER 4
FLANGES
CODES:
ASME .1014 " UPTO #6A SI$E
ASME .1016B " A.O!E #6A SI$E
ASME .101/0 " ORIFICE FLANGE
MATERIAL:
ASTM A124
FLANGE RATING CLASS %ASME .1014&:
Ratings are ma(imum allo#able #or%ing gage pressure at t&e various temperatures
for t&e applicable material and rating. T&e common rating classes are 142CD /22CD 622CD 022CD
1422C a+ #422C1
FLANGE T8PES:
SLIP"ON FLANGE ,
T&e flange is slipped over t&e pipe and #elded usually bot& inside and outside" to
provide strengt& and prevent lea%age. T&ese flanges are at lo# cost end of t&e scale, and do not
re$uire &ig& accuracy #&en cutting t&e pipe to lengt&. T&ey do not allo# full penetration #eld, so
t&at t&ey are use for lo# ratings usually 37?K only" and unsevere applications.
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'ELD NEC( FLANGE SLIP"ON FLANGE
'ELD NEC( FLANGE ,
T&is flange is designed to be +oined to a piping system by butt #elding. It is
relatively e(pensive because of its long nec%, but is preferred for &ig& stress applications. T&is
does not come free of cost, since t&e s&ape of t&e flange obliges to start from a &eavy forging and
#aste a lot of material from mac&ining. t&e nec%, or &ub, transmits stresses to t&e pipe, reducing
stress concentration at t&e base of t&e flange. T&e gradual transition of t&ic%ness from t&e base of
t&e &ub to t&e #all t&ic%ness at t&e butt #eld provides important reinforcement of t&e flange. T&e
bore of t&e flange matc&es t&e bore of t&e pipe, reducing turbulence and erosion.
THREADED FLANGE
T&is is similar to a slip on flange in outline, but t&e bore is t&readed, t&us enabling
assembly #it&out #elding. T&is obviously limits its application to relatively lo# pressure piping
systems. T&e flange may be #elded around t&e +oint after assembly, but t&is is not considered as
satisfactory met&od of increasing its pressure applications.

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THREADED FLANGE LAP 9OINT FLANGE
LAP 9OINT FLANGE:
T&is is similar to a slip on flange, but it &as a radius at t&e intersection of t&e bore
and t&e flange face, and no raised face, to accommodate a lap +oint stub end. T&e face on t&e end
forms t&e gas%et face of t&e flange. T&is type of flange is used in application #&ere section of
piping systems need to be dismantled $uic%ly and easily for inspection or replacement, because t&e
stub end is #elded to t&e pipe, not t&e flange. T&is solution is used for Stainless Steel lines at lo#
pressure, since t&e &eavy flange does not come in contact #it& t&e conveyed fluid and can be
provided in muc& c&eaper <arbon Steel material. 0oreover no #eld is re$uired, also a good t&ing
for Stainless Steel lines.
.LIND FLANGE:
T&is is a flange #it&out a bore and is used to s&ut off a piping system or vessel
opening. It also permits easy access to vessels or piping systems for inspection purposes.
SOC(ET 'ELD FLANGE:
T&is is similar to a slip on flange in outline, but t&e bore is counter)bored to accept
pipe. T&e diameter of t&e remaining bore is same as t&e inside diameter of t&e pipe. T&e flange is
attac&ed to t&e pipe by a fillet #eld around t&e &ub of t&e flange. /n optional internal #eld may be
applied in &ig& stress application. Its biggest use is in &ig& pressure systems suc& as &ydraulic and
steam lines.
FLANGE FACES:
FLAT FACE:
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GAS(ET:
Full Fa)e Fla,
It covers t&e entire surface of t&e flange
RAISED FACE
GAS(ET:
Fla,
It covers t&e raised surface of t&e flange
Spiral 'ou+
/lso %no#n as Spirometallic,or Spirotallic, its
a #ounded spiral of Stainless Steel and Grap&ite to #it&stand
&ig& temperatures or severely aggressive fluids
RING 9OINT
GAS(ET:
Me,alli) Rig
It is normally made up of Steel. It deforms inside t&e
ring +oint grooves assuring sealing at very &ig& pressures.
T8PICAL FLANGE ASSEM.L8:
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GAS(ETS:
Resilient material
Inserted bet#een flanges
<ompressed by bolts to create seal
<ommonly used types
S&eet
Spiral #ound
Solid metal ring
.OLTS AND NUTS:
T#o types of bolting are available for +oining t&e flanges. T&ey are vi'., stud bolt
#it& t#o nuts and t&e mac&ine bolt using one nut. Stud bolts &ave largely displaced t&e regular
bolts for bolting t&e flanged piping +oints.
T&e ma+or advantages of t&e stud bolt are
3. It can be easily removed if corroded and
4. Stud bolts in less fre$uently used si'es and materials can be readily made from
round stoc%.
.OLTING CODES:
ASME .151#11 S$uare and Ae( bolts and scre#s, inc& series including &e(
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<ap scre#s and lag scre#s
ASME .151#1# S$uare and Ae( nuts inc& series"
.OLTING MATERIALS:
/392 /S L SS bolting materials for &ig& temperature services
/395 <S L /S nuts for bolts for &ig& temperature L &ig& pressure
service
/24? /S bolting materials for lo# temperature services
CHAPTER 0
!AL!ES
FUNCTIONS:
1loc% flo#
T&rottle flo#
Prevent flo# reversal
!AL!E SELECTION:
3. Identify design information including pressure and temperature, valve
function, material, etc.
4. Identify potentially appropriate valve types and components based on
application and function i.e., bloc%, t&rottle, or reverse flo# prevention".
2. Determine valve application re$uirements i.e., design or service
limitations".
5. -inali'e valve selection. <&ec% factors to consider if t#o or more valves are
suitable.
7. Provide full tec&nical description specifying type, material, flange rating,
etc.
OPERATED !AL!ES:
GATE T8PE:
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SOLID 'EDGE SPLIT 'EDGE SINGLE DISC
GATE !AL!E GATE !AL!E SINGLE SEAT
GLO.E T8PE:

GLO.E !AL!E ANGLE !AL!E NEEDLE !AL!E
ROTAR8 T8PE:

ROTAR8 !AL!E .UTTERFL8 !ALL!E PLUG !AL!E
DIAPHRAGM T8PE:

DIAPHRAGM !AL!E PINCH !AL!E
SELF OPERATED !AL!ES:
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CHEC( T8PE:
S'ING CHEC( .ALL CHEC( TILTING DISC CHEC(
REGULATING T8PE:

PRESSURE REGULATING PISTON CHEC( STOP CHEC(
CHAPTER B
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PIPING S8M.OLS
COMPRESSOR: PUMP:
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HEAT E@CHANGERS: LINE S8M.OLS:
STORAGE S8M.OLS:
!ESSELS:
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTS:
MISCELLANEOUS:
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
PREFI@ES:
C' Coolig 'a,er
MU Ma<eup
F' Fee+ 'a,er
SE Se:er
R@ Rea),or
UT U,ili,ie-
CA C*emi)al A++i,io
IA I-,rume, Air
A..RE!IATION:
D Drum
C Colum
CT Coolig To:er
T( Ta<
F Fura)e
E@ E?)*ager
P Pump
! =al=e
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 5
.LOC( FLO' DIAGRAM
T&is diagram #as a series of bloc%s connected #it& input and output flo# streams. It
included operating conditions temperature and pressure" and ot&er important information suc& as
conversion and recovery, given in t&e problem statement. It did not provide details regarding #&at
#as involved #it&in t&e bloc%s, but concentrated on t&e main flo# of streams t&roug& t&e process.
T&e bloc% flo# diagram can ta%e one of t#o forms. -irst, a bloc% flo# diagram may be dra#n for a
single process. /lternatively, a bloc% flo# diagram may be dra#n for a complete c&emical
comple( involving many different c&emical processes. =e differentiate bet#een t&ese t#o types of
diagram by calling t&e first a bloc% flo# process diagram and t&e second a bloc% flo# plant
diagram+
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1-D -*R TAE PR*DI<TI*N *- 1ENMENE
Co=e,io- a+ Forma, Re)omme+e+ >or La7ig Ou, a .lo)< Flo: Pro)e-- Diagram,
3. *perations s&o#n by bloc%s.
4. 0a+or flo# lines s&o#n #it& arro#s giving direction of flo#.
2. -lo# goes from left to rig&t #&enever possible.
5. 6ig&t stream gases" to#ard top #it& &eavy stream li$uids and solids" to#ard bottom.
7. <ritical information uni$ue to process supplied.
@. If lines cross, t&en t&e &ori'ontal line is continuous and t&e vertical line is bro%en.
J. Simplified material balance provided.
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CHAPTER 3
PROCESS FLO' DIAGRAM
T&e process flo# diagram P-D" represents a $uantum step up from t&e 1-D in terms of
t&e amount of information t&at it contains. T&e P-D contains t&e bul% of t&e c&emical engineering
data necessary for t&e design of a c&emical process. T&e P-D from one company #ill probably
contain slig&tly different information t&an t&e P-D for t&e same process from anot&er company.
Aaving made t&is point, it is fair to say t&at most P-Ds convey very similar information.
/ typical commercial P-D #ill contain t&e follo#ing information,
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11 /ll t&e ma+or pieces of e$uipment in t&e process #ill be represented on t&e diagram
along #it& a description of t&e e$uipment. Eac& piece of e$uipment #ill &ave assigned a uni$ue
e$uipment number and a descriptive name.
#1 /ll process flo# streams #ill be s&o#n and identified by a number. / description of t&e
process conditions and c&emical composition of eac& stream #ill be included. T&ese data #ill be
displayed eit&er directly on t&e P-D or included in an accompanying flo# summary table.
/1 /ll utility streams supplied to ma+or e$uipment t&at provides a process function #ill be
s&o#n.
61 1asic control loops, illustrating t&e control strategy used to operate t&e process during
normal operations, #ill be s&o#n.
T&e basic information provided by a P-D can be categori'ed into one of t&e
follo#ing,
11 Process topology
#1 Stream information
/1 E$uipment information
PROCESS TOPOLOG8:
The location of and interaction between e,uipment and process streams
is referred to as the process topolog-+ E,uipment is represented s-mbolicall-
b- .icons/ that identif- speci0c unit
operations each ma1or piece of process e,uipment is identi0ed b- a number
on the diagram+ 2 list of the e,uipment numbers along with a brief descriptive
name for the e,uipment is printed along the top of the diagram+ The location
of these e,uipment numbers and names roughl- corresponds to the hori3ontal
location of the corresponding piece of e,uipment+ consider the unit operation
4)*)256 and what each number or letter means+
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P4)*)256 identi0es the e,uipment as a pump
41*)256 indicates that the pump is located in area )** of the plant
4)01256 indicates that this speci0c pump is number *) in unit )**+
4)*)A/B indicates that a back4up pump is installed+ Thus7 there are two
identical pumps 4)*)2 and 4)*)6+ 8ne pump will be operating while the
other is idle+
Co=e,io- U-e+ >or I+e,i>7ig Pro)e-- EEuipme,1
General -ormat BB)NMM />1
BB are t&e identification letters for t&e e$uipment classification
< ) <ompressor or Turbine
E ) Aeat E(c&anger
A ) -ired Aeater
P ) Pump
R ) Reactor
T ) To#er
TO ) Storage Tan%
. ) .essel
N designates an area #it&in t&e plant
MM is t&e number designation for eac& item in an e$uipment class
/>1 identifies parallel units or bac%up units not s&o#n on a P-D
Supplemental Information /dditional description of e$uipment given on top of P-D
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S7mbol- >or +ra:ig pro)e-- >lo: +iagram-.
Co=e,io- For I+e,i>7ig Pro)e-- A+ U,ili,7 S,ream-:
Pro)e-- S,ream-:
Diamond symbol located in flo# lines.
Numerical identification uni$ue for t&at stream" inserted in diamond.
-lo# direction s&o#n by arro#s on flo# lines.
U,ili,7 S,ream-:
lps 6o#)pressure Steam, 2D7 barg sat" P
mps 0edium)pressure Steam, 3?D37 barg sat" P
&ps Aig&)pressure Steam, 5?D7? barg sat" P
&tm Aeat Transfer 0edia *rganic", to 5??G<
c# <ooling =ater, -rom cooling to#er 2?G< returned at less t&an 57G<Q
#r River =ater, -rom river 47G< returned at less t&an 27G<
r# Refrigerated =ater, In at 7G< returned at less t&an 37G<
rb Refrigerated 1rine, In at R57G< returned at less t&an ?G<
cs <&emical =aste =ater #it& &ig& <*D
ss Sanitary =aste =ater #it& &ig& 1*D, etc.
el Electric Aeat specify 44?, 55?, @@?. service"
ng Natural Gas
fg -uel Gas
fo -uel *il
f# -ire =ater
STREAM INFORMATION:
T&e c&aracteristics of t&e streams suc& as temperatures, pressures, compositions, and flo#
rates can be s&o#n directly on t&e figure, ad+acent to t&e stream. T&is is not practical for a more
comple( diagram. In t&is case, only t&e stream number is provided on t&e diagram. T&is inde(es
t&e stream to information on a flo# summary or stream table, #&ic& is often provided belo# t&e
process flo# diagram.
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I>orma,io Pro=i+e+ i a Flo: Summar7:
E--e,ial I>orma,io
Stream Number
Temperature G<"
Pressure bar"
.apor -raction
Total 0ass -lo#rate %g>&"
Total 0ole -lo#rate %mol>&"
Individual <omponent -lo#rates %mol>&"
Op,ioal I>orma,io
<omponent 0ole -ractions
<omponent 0ass -ractions
Individual <omponent -lo#rates %g>&"
.olumetric -lo#rates m2>&"
Significant P&ysical Properties
Density, velocity
O,*er
T&ermodynamic Data
Aeat <apacity
Stream Ent&alpy
O)values
Stream Name
EFUIPMENT INFORMATION:
T&e final element of t&e P-D is t&e e$uipment summary. T&is summary provides t&e
information necessary to estimate t&e costs of e$uipment and furnis& t&e basis for t&e detailed
design of e$uipment.
EEuipme, De-)rip,io- >or PFD a+ P GID-:
EEuipme, T7pe:
Description of E$uipment
To#ers
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
Si'e &eig&t and diameter", Pressure, Temperature
Number and Type of Trays
Aeig&t and Type of Pac%ing
0aterials of <onstruction
Hea, E?)*ager-:
Type, Gas)Gas, Gas)6i$uid, 6i$uid)6i$uid, <ondenser, .apori'er
Process, Duty, /rea, Temperature, and Pressure for bot& streams
No. of S&ell and Tube Passes
0aterials of <onstruction, Tubes and S&ell
Ta<-:
See vessels
!e--el-:
Aeig&t, Diameter, *rientation, Pressure, Temperature, 0aterials of <onstruction
Pump-:
-lo#, Disc&arge Pressure, Temperature, SP, Driver Type, S&aft Po#er, 0aterials of
<onstruction
Compre--or-:
/ctual Inlet -lo# Rate, Temperature, Pressure, Driver Type, S&aft Po#er,
0aterials of <onstruction
Hea,er- %Fire+&:
Type, Tube Pressure, Tube Temperature, Duty, -uel, 0aterial of <onstruction
O,*er-:
Provide <ritical Information
COM.INING TOPOLOG8D STREAM DATAD AND CONTROL STRATEG8 TO GI!E A PFD:
Stream information is added to t&e diagram by attac&ing :information flags.; T&e s&ape of
t&e flags indicates t&e specific information provided on t&e flag. T&ese information flags
play a dual role. T&ey provide information needed in t&e plant design leading to plant construction
and in t&e analysis of operating problems during t&e life of t&e plant. -lags are mounted on a staff
connected to t&e appropriate process stream.
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0ore t&an one flag may be mounted on a staff.


S7mbol- >or -,eam i>orma,io
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 12
PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM %PGID&
T&e piping and instrumentation diagram PLID" or mec&anical flo# diagram 0-D"
provides information needed by engineers to begin planning for t&e construction of t&e plant. T&e
PLID includes every mec&anical aspect of t&e plant e(cept t&e information. Eac& P-D #ill re$uire
many PLIDs to provide t&e necessary data. T&e PLID provides information on t&e piping,
included as part of t&e diagram. /s an alternative, eac& pipe can be numbered, and t&e specifics of
every line can be provided in a separate table accompanying t&e diagram.
E?)lu-io- >rom Pipig a+ I-,rume,a,io Diagram
3. *perating conditions T, P
4. Stream flo#s
2. E$uipment locations
5. Pipe routing
a. Pipe lengt&s
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
b. Pipe fittings
7. Supports, structures, and foundations
Co=e,io- i Co-,ru),ig Pipig a+ I-,rume,a,io Diagram-
For EEuipme,HS*o: E=er7 Pie)e I)lu+ig
Spare units
Parallel units
Summary details of eac& unit
For PipigHI)lu+e All Lie- I)lu+ig Drai-D Sample Coe),io- a+ Spe)i>7
Si'e use standard si'es"
Sc&edule t&ic%ness"
0aterials of construction
Insulation t&ic%ness and type"
For I-,rume,-HI+e,i>7
Indicators
Recorders
<ontrollers
S&o# instrument lines
For U,ili,ie-HI+e,i>7
Entrance utilities
E(it utilities
E(it to #aste treatment facilities
Itility connections are identified by a numbered bo( in t&e PLID. T&e number #it&in t&e bo(
identifies t&e specific utility. /ll process information t&at can be measured in t&e plant is s&o#n on
t&e PLID by circular flags. T&is includes t&e information to be recorded and used in process
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control loops. T&e circular flags on t&e diagram indicate #&ere t&e information is obtained in t&e
process and identifies t&e measurements ta%en and &o# t&e information is dealt #it&.
Co=e,io- U-e+ >or I+e,i>7ig I-,rume,a,io o PGID-
0eanings of Identification 6etters BNN
Fir-, Le,,er %@& Se)o+ or T*ir+ Le,,er %8&
/ /nalysis /larm
1 1urner flame
< <onductivity <ontrol
D Density or Differential
E .oltage Element
- -lo#rate
A Aand manually initiated" Aig&
I <urrent Indicate
T Po#er
O Time or time sc&edule <ontrol station><lose
6 6evel 6ig&t or lo#
0 0oisture or &umidity 0iddle or intermediate
* *rifice>*pen
P Pressure or vacuum Point
U Uuantity or event
R Radioactivity or ratio Record or print
S Speed or fre$uency S#itc&
T Temperature Transmit
. .iscosity .alve, damper, or louver
= =eig&t =ell
N Relay or compute
M Position Drive
T&e PLID is t&e last stage of process design and serves as a guide by t&ose #&o #ill be
responsible for t&e final design and construction. 1ased on t&is diagram,
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3. 0ec&anical engineers and civil engineers #ill design and install pieces of
e$uipment.
4. Instrument engineers #ill specify, install, and c&ec% control systems.
2. Piping engineers #ill develop plant layout and elevation dra#ings.
5. Pro+ect engineers #ill develop plant and construction sc&edules.
ADDITIONAL DIAGRAMS:
/ utility flo#s&eet may be provided #&ic& s&o#s all t&e &eaders for utility inputs and
outputs available along #it& t&e connections needed to t&e process. It provides information on t&e
flo#s and c&aracteristics of t&e utilities used by t&e plant. .essel s%etc&es, logic ladder diagrams,
#iring diagrams, site plans, structural support diagrams, and many ot&er dra#ings are routinely
used but add little to our understanding of t&e basic c&emical processes t&at ta%e place. /dditional
dra#ings are necessary to locate all of t&e e$uipment in t&e plant. Plot plans and elevation
diagrams are provided t&at locate t&e placement and elevation of all of t&e ma+or pieces of
e$uipment suc& as to#ers, vessels, pumps, &eat e(c&angers, and so on. =&en constructing t&ese
dra#ings, it is necessary to consider and to provide for access for repairing e$uipment, removing
tube bundles from &eat e(c&angers, replacement of units, and so on.
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CHAPTER 11
PLOT PLAN
Plot plans are considered %ey documents to pro+ects and are normally initiated in t&e pre)
contract, conceptual and development stages of a proposal. /fter t&e contract is a#arded for
engineering, plot plans are developed at a rat&er rapid pace #it& very limited information. T&is
early stage plot plan usually is very limited in detail, containing only enoug& dimensional data to
define t&e outer limits of t&e available property selected for plant development. 6ocated #it&in t&e
boundaries of t&e available property, roug& e$uipment si'es and s&apes are pictorially positioned.
along #it& anticipated pipe rac% configurations, structure s&ape and roug& si'es. T&e plot plan at
t&is level of detail is t&en used for constructability evaluation and is normally submitted to t&e
client for approval.
*nce approved by t&e client, almost every group including Engineering, Sc&eduling,
<onstruction, *perations, <ost <ontrol, Estimating and 0aterial <ontrol use t&e plot plan as a
pictorial reference for t&eir #or%. /t t&is point, t&e plot plan becomes a universal document used
by all groups to interface #it& one anot&er and t&e client.
Development of t&e plot plan in t&e very early stages is usually accomplis&ed t&roug& t&e use of
preliminary pro+ect design data, appro(imate e$uipment si'es and a process flo# diagram to
establis& roug& s%etc&es. T&ese s%etc&es are used to determine structure configuration and relative
e$uipment positioning.
PURPOSE:
Co-,ru),io:
T&e plot plan is used to sc&edule t&e erection se$uence of all plant e$uipment.
E-,ima,ig:
T&e plot plan is used to estimate t&e overall cost of t&e plant.
Clie, u-e:
T&e plot plan is used for safety, operator, and maintenance revie# and to develop an
as)built record of t&e plant arrangement.
T&e plot plan is a dynamic document, evolving t&roug& t&e life of a +ob. Some of t&e more
common names and descriptions used during t&is evolution process are as follo#s,
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Propo-al Plo, Pla D
Ised to establis& t&e basis of bid #or%.
Appro=al Plo, Pla
*ffered to t&e client for &is concurrence of available space, perimeter roads, ad+acent
in&abited areas and interface points #it& t&e remainder of t&e comple(.
O=erall Plo, Pla
/ small scale depiction of utility, storage, and loading facilities as associated #it& t&e
process plant.
Se),ioal Plo, Pla-
T&e overall plot plan bro%en into manageable si'e dra#ings.
Plaig Plo, Pla
/n agreed)upon arrangement #&ic& usually starts t&e #or% of most groups t&at rely on
e$uipment positioning.
Pro+u),io Plo, Pla
/n update of t&e planning plot plan after enoug& study #or% &as been completed to
establis& firm location of e$uipment. T&is plot plan is t&e basis for beginning detailed design #or%.
Co-,ru),io Plo, Pla
Releases t&e constructor to begin activities related to e$uipment location, suc& as roads,
pile driving, underground piping, foundations, etc. It is t&e single document containing all
e$uipment, structure and road locations.
Fial or IA- .uil,I Plo, Pla D
/ plot plan normally provided by t&e responsible engineering company t&at reflects t&e
completed pro+ect as constructed. T&is plot plan is maintained by t&e client for future e(pansion
#or% re$uirements or ot&er business needs.
MA9OR ROLES OF A PLOT PLAN
Plot plans are essential for obtaining permits and determining environmental and
personnel safety. T&ey are t&e %ey documents used in assessing fire protection.
During t&e engineering and construction p&ases of a +ob, many o#ners use t&e plot
plan as a basis for evaluating t&e level of completeness of agreed upon #or%. T&e
document t&us becomes a measuring device for progress payments.
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Prevailing #inds and to#er and structure &eig&ts must be considered in developing
a plot plan. /lt&oug& #ind direction is never constant, prevailing #ind is used as a
basis to evaluate safety #it&in t&e clientVs comple(, as #ell as t&e safety of
neig&bors s&ould a spill, release or fire occur. To#er and structure &eig&t and t&eir
positioning are ma+or considerations, especially #&en units are located near airports
or in flig&t pat&s.
<limatic considerations also play a ma+or role in plot plan development. E(treme
sun e(posure in desert areas or near t&e e$uator may re$uire s&elters to protect
operators and maintenance personnel from &ig& temperatures. <onversely, special
considerations must be given to plants located #&ere e(treme cold, ice or sno# may
be prevalent. Inder t&e most e(treme conditions, many e$uipment items re$uiring
fre$uent visits by personnel are enclosed by &eated s&elters. T&ese s&elters are
sometimes connected by tunnels suitable for &uman passage. In many cases, plant
utilities are run #it&in t&e confines of t&ese tunnels to guard against free'e)up and
to conserve energy for producing utilities streams
ESSENTIAL DATA:
Direction.
*verall boundary of t&e plot #it& dimension.
Scale and Symbols.
E$uipment No.
Pipe Rac%.
6ocation of Process> Itility plants> 1uildings> Tan% farm>Non)plant
buildings #.r.to direction
1oundary of all t&e buildings and plant.i.e dimension"
Proposed constructions.
Roads L access #ays
Stair#ays L platforms
0ain access road
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Entry point of truc%s > trains and ot&er product loading > ra# material
unloading
=ind direction
Effluent drains
0ain po#er cable entry
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CHAPTER 1#
EFUIPMENT LA8OUT
(E8 FACTORS:
Pumps NPSA, suction line, motor location"
Instrumentation<.s accessible"
Aeat e(c&angers bundles"
-laresradiation levels"
Solidsuse gravity flo#"
E(pensive pipingrun lengt&"
Reactorscatalyst dump"
0aintenanceaccess, removal"
SAFET8 ISSUES:
/ccident containment and avoidance of :domino effect;.
Aig& &a'ard operations.
Segregation of different ris%s.
E(posure to possible e(plosion overpressure.
E(posure to fire radiation.
0inimi'ing vulnerable piping.
Drainage and grade sloping.
Prevailing #ind direction.
Provision for future e(pansion.
EFUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT:
E$uipment must be grouped #it&in common process areas to suit independent
operation and s&utdo#n.
E$uipment #it&in process and off)site areas must be arranged to accommodate
operational and maintenance access and to meet t&e safety re$uirements.
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Process units, buildings, and group of off)site areas e.g., tan%" are serviced by au(iliary
roads for maintenance and fire fig&ting.
E$uipment location must facilitate in)place maintenance by mobile e$uipment.
Process e$uipment must be enclosed in s&elters only #&en re$uired by e(treme climatic
condition or client preferences.
Piping, instrument and po#er cables are to be carried on over&ead pipe rac%s in process
units and utility plants and in grade sleepers in off)site areas.
ACCESS:
*perator access is t&e space re$uired bet#een components or pairs of components to
permit #al%ing, operating valves, vie#ing instruments, climbing ladders or stairs, and
safety e(iting t&e unit in an emergency.
0aintenance access is t&e space re$uired to service e$uipment in place or to remove t&e
unit e$uipment or portion of t&e e$uipment for off)sit repair.
EFUIPMENT ELE!ATION:
E$uipment s&ould be generally be elevated a minimum &eig&t from grade to suit
process, operational, and maintenance re$uirement.
Aori'ontal drums, s&ell and tube e(c&angers, and furnaces must be supported from
grade by concrete piers.
.ertical vessels e.g., to#ers and reactors #it& attac&ed s%irts" and base plate e$uipment
#it& pumps s&ould be supported at grade by concrete foundation.
6arge vacuum or crude to#ers #it& s#aged bottom section and compressors t&at are to
be elevated for operational needs must be supported from concrete structures.
E$uipment t&at must be elevated for process re$uirements e.g., s&ell and tube over&ead
condensers" must be supported in structures.
PLATFORMD LADDERS AND STAIRS:
Platforms are to be provided at all elevated e$uipment and at control t&at are beyond
reac& from grade for manual operation and maintenance.
Stair#ays must be provided to lead to service levels in structures, buildings,
compressor &ouse dec%s, and furnace t&at re$uire fre$uent access by plant operations
personnel.
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Storage tan% larger t&an 37 ft in dia and &ig&er t&an 4? ft also re$uire stair for access.
6adders must be provided for vessel platforms, secondary service levels in structures
and furnace and at storage tan%s #it& t&e dimensions.
Escape ladders must also be provided from service levels so t&at no point on t&e
platform is &ori'ontally more t&an J7 ft in #al%ing distance from a main or secondary
e(it.
6adders t&at e(tend more t&an 4? ft above grade must &ave safety cages. Self closing
gates at ladder openings on all platforms are also re$uired.
PURPOSE:
T&is document #ill be a guide for erection of e$uipment and input for ot&er departments
for planning t&e installation of t&eir components
EFUIPMENT SPACING CHART:
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ESSENTIAL DATA:
T&e general arrangement dra#ing s&all indicate and locate various e$uipment vi'. <oolers,
Aeat e(c&angers, Pumps, .essels, <olumns, Aeaters, <ompressors, Reactors, -lare stac%,
Pac%age system, etc.
/ll e$uipment s&all be located in t&e se$uence and at levels as recommended by process
department #it& uni$ue e$uipment number and dimension.
Dimensions s&all be given #it& respect to centre line>tangent line of t&e e$uipment to t&e
nearest building column or to ad+acent e$uipment.
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/ccess platform for e$uipment, ladders, and stair#ays s&all be indicted.
0aintenance spaces and drop out area for e$uipment s&all be clearly indicted
-urt&er e$uipment if any s&all be indicated in dotted line.
CHAPTER 1/
PIPING LA8OUT:
Piping arrangement dra#ing s&all include e$uipment fi(ed #it& no''les, platforms, ladders,
stair#ays, etc suitably located as per engineering practice. Piping routing s&all be dra#n legibly in
accordance #it& P L I diagram ta%ing into account t&e re$uirement for stress, supports,
accessibility for instruments and valves, manual movement and ot&er statutory regulations if any.
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Purpo-e:
T&is document is used for erection of piping and ot&er components.
PIPING ISOMETRICS:
Piping isometrics is a representation of 2D vie# of piping layout. It s&all include pipes,
pipefitting, valves, instruments, piping specialties, flanges and ot&er accessories as indicted in P L
I diagram. Support location L type s&all be mar%ed as suggested by stress department. /
statement)indicating bill of materials s&all also be dra#n on t&e same dra#ing. Generally one
isometric dra#ing is produced for one line.
Purpo-e
T&is document is used for pre fabrication of piping and #it&dra#al of materials re$uired for
fabrication from stores.
PIPE RAC(:
Pipe rac% s&all include location of various Piping systems, Electrical trays, Instrument
cable trays, platform, ladders etc. T&is &as to be developed based on e$uipment locations, PLIDs,
line list, stress, supports, operation re$uirements, maintenance re$uirements etc. T&is could be
eit&er concrete or steel. T&e concrete pipe rac%s &ave &ig& initial cost but no subse$uent
maintenance costs, #&ere as t&e steel pipe rac%s, t&oug& initially c&eaper and &ave lesser
construction time, re$uire regular painting due to corrosion, especially in coastal areas.
Geeral Egieerig Pra),i)e >or ,ier )o)ep,
Process lines s&all be %ept in bottom most tiers
Itility lines s&all be %ept in t&e middle tier.
-lare, Electrical cable trays and Instrument cable trays s&all be %ept in top most tiers.
Purpo-e
T&is document is used for installation of piping systems.
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 16
PIPE SUPPORTS
PURPOSE :
/bsorbs system #eig&t.
Reduce,
6ongitudinal pipe stress.
Pipe sag.
End point reaction loads.
<ontrol or direct t&ermal movement due to,
T&ermal e(pansion.
Imposed loads.
SELECTION FACTORS:
=eig&t load
/vailable attac&ment clearance
/vailability of structural steel
Direction of loads and movement
Design temperature
.ertical t&ermal movement at supports
DEFINITIONS:
A)*or:
/ device #&ic& restrains t&e pipe from movement and rotation in all
direction, t&e member to #&ic& an anc&or is fi(ed.
.a-e -uppor, or pipe -,a)*io:
/ dummy pipe #it& base plate #elded to t&e pipe. T&e pipe dummy #ill rest
on t&e supporting structure and so support t&e pipe. =&en considering site ad+usting
is re$uired, t&e pipe stanc&ion may be of 4)piece type, #elded toget&er after
ad+ustment.
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
Clamp or )lip:
/ device bolted around a pipe or, for cold insulation, around t&e insulation.
<lamps form an integral part of &angers and clamped cradles or pipe s&oes.
Co-,a, loa+ -uppor,:
/ spring loaded support assembly or device designed suc& t&at t&e
supporting effort is constant over t&e total travel of t&e support. <onstant load
supports are meanly used in pipes connected to strain sensitive e$uipment or for
critical system #it& large movement.
Dumm7 leg:
/ dummy leg #elded to t&e pipe. T&e pipe dummy #ill rest on t&e
supporting structure and so support t&e pipe.
Goal po-, -uppor,:
-rame type support for situation #&ere &eavy loads may be e(pected
Gui+e:
/ device controlling t&e direction of movement of piping>supports
Gui+e+ -uppor,:
/ support allo#ed moving along a predetermined a(is, controlled by guides
Hager:
/ support suspended from concrete floors or columns, allo#ing supports
and &angers to be bolted
Pipe -*oe or )ra+le:
/ pipe support #elded or clamped to a pipe
Pipe -,op:
/ device preventing t&e pipe from displacement in one direction may be
applied in combination #it& a guide in anot&er direction
Pi=o,:
/n element similar to a base support, but #&ic& allo#s t&e pipe to rotate
around and to move along t&e longitudinal a(is of t&at pivot. T&ese supports are
usually used as a sort of base support but t&ey allo# vertical movement and rotation
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING
#&ile preventing lateral movement. Do#n#ard movement can be restricted #it&
t&is type of support
Re-, -uppor,:
6ocation #&ere a pipe is resting #it& or #it&out t&e application of a pipe
s&oe on t&e supporting structure
Rei>or)ig Pa+ or Sa++le:
/ plate #elded to t&e pipe in order to reinforce t&in)#alled pipe to prevent
t&e pipe from being damaged
S*ear Lug:
/ #elded attac&ment to t&e pipe at one or bot& side of a clamped cradle or
pipe s&oe, preventing t&e pipe from slipping t&roug& t&e pipe support
Subber:
/ s&oc% absorbing device, allo#ing t&e pipe to freely and slo#ly move
#&ile absorbing sudden s&oc%s. It may be of t&e &ydraulic, spring loaded...
S:a7 .ra)e:
/n ad+ustable spring or friction loaded device, usually applied for
controlling vibration, absorbing s&oc% loading, guiding or restraining t&e movement
of t&e pipe and bracing against s#ay
S:a7 S,ru,:
/n ad+ustable device, usually applied for restraining movement of piping in
one direction #&ile providing movement in anot&er direction
Sprig Hager:
/ suspended spring loaded support
Sprig Suppor,:
/ spring loaded assembly or device supporting t&e pipe from underneat&
Truio:
/ tubular supporting device, branc&ing)off &ori'ontally from a vertical line and
resting on, or suspended from t&e supporting structure
U"bol,:
/ lig&t duty fi(ture, u)s&aped #it& bot& ends t&readed and provided #it& nuts.
T&ese supports can be used for bot& semi)fi(ed and guiding points
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SHOE SADDLE .ASE AD9USTA.LE
SUPPORT1

DUMM8 SUPPORT TRUNNION HANGERS
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING

ANCHOR ANCHOR PARTIAL ANCHOR

GUIDES
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS:
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SUPPORTING PIPE CLOSE TO STRUCTURAL STEEL:
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PIPING DESIGN ENGINEERING

SPRING HANGERS:

CONSTANT LOAD T8PE !ARIA.LE LOAD T8PE
SUPPORTS ALLO'ING FREE MO!EMENT OF PIPE:
S8M.LOIC REPRESENTATION:
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