Unix Sample Questions

Questions on file management in uinx

Following are some unix sample questions.
1. How are devices represented in UNIX?
Answer:
All devices are represented by files called special files that are located in/dev directory. Thus, device files
and other files are named and accessed in the same way. A 'regular file' is just an ordinary data file in the
disk. A 'block special file' represents a device with characteristics similar to a disk (data transfer in terms
of blocks). A 'character special file' represents a device with characteristics similar to a keyboard (data
transfer is by stream of bits in sequential order).
1. What is 'inode'?
Answer:
All UNIX files have its description stored in a structure called 'inode'. The inode contains info about the
file-size, its location, time of last access, time of last modification, permission and so on. Directories are
also represented as files and have an associated inode. In addition to descriptions about the file, the inode
contains pointers to the data blocks of the file. If the file is large, inode has indirect pointer to a block of
pointers to additional data blocks (this further aggregates for larger files). A block is typically 8k.
Inode consists of the following fields:
o File owner identifier
o File type
o File access permissions
o File access times
o Number of links
o File size
o Location of the file data
2. Brief about the directory representation in UNIX
Answer:
A Unix directory is a file containing a correspondence between filenames and inodes. A directory is a
special file that the kernel maintains. Only kernel modifies directories, but processes can read directories.
The contents of a directory are a list of filename and inode number pairs. When new directories are
created, kernel makes two entries named '.' (refers to the directory itself) and '..' (refers to parent
directory). System call for creating directory is mkdir (pathname, mode).
3. What are the Unix system calls for I/O?
Answer:
o open(pathname,flag,mode) - open file
o creat(pathname,mode) - create file
o close(filedes) - close an open file
o read(filedes,buffer,bytes) - read data from an open file
o write(filedes,buffer,bytes) - write data to an open file
o lseek(filedes,offset,from) - position an open file
o dup(filedes) - duplicate an existing file descriptor
o dup2(oldfd,newfd) - duplicate to a desired file descriptor
o fcntl(filedes,cmd,arg) - change properties of an open file
o ioctl(filedes,request,arg) - change the behaviour of an open file
The difference between fcntl anf ioctl is that the former is intended for any open file, while
the latter is for device-specific operations.
4. How do you change File Access Permissions?
Answer:
Every file has following attributes:
o owner's user ID ( 16 bit integer )
o owner's group ID ( 16 bit integer )
o File access mode word
'r w x -r w x- r w x'
(user permission-group permission-others permission)
r-read, w-write, x-execute
To change the access mode, we use chmod(filename,mode).
Example 1:
To change mode of myfile to 'rw-rw-r--' (ie. read, write permission for user - read,write permission for
group - only read permission for others) we give the args as:
chmod(myfile,0664) .
Each operation is represented by discrete values
'r' is 4
'w' is 2
'x' is 1
Therefore, for 'rw' the value is 6(4+2).
Example 2:
To change mode of myfile to 'rwxr--r--' we give the args as:
chmod(myfile,0744).
6. What are links and symbolic links in UNIX file system?
Answer:
A link is a second name (not a file) for a file. Links can be used to assign more than one name to a file,
but cannot be used to assign a directory more than one name or link filenames on different computers.
Symbolic link 'is' a file that only contains the name of another file.Operation on the symbolic link is
directed to the file pointed by the it.Both the limitations of links are eliminated in symbolic links.
Commands for linking files are:
Link ln filename1 filename2
Symbolic link ln -s filename1 filename2

6. What is a FIFO?
Answer:
FIFO are otherwise called as 'named pipes'. FIFO (first-in-first-out) is a special file which is said to be data
transient. Once data is read from named pipe, it cannot be read again. Also, data can be read only in the
order written. It is used in interprocess communication where a process writes to one end of the pipe
(producer) and the other reads from the other end (consumer).
7. How do you create special files like named pipes and device files?
Answer:
The system call mknod creates special files in the following sequence.
1. kernel assigns new inode,
2. sets the file type to indicate that the file is a pipe, directory or special file,
3. If it is a device file, it makes the other entries like major, minor device numbers.
For example:
If the device is a disk, major device number refers to the disk controller and minor device number is the
disk.
8. Discuss the mount and unmount system calls
Answer:
The privileged mount system call is used to attach a file system to a directory of another file system; the
unmount system call detaches a file system. When you mount another file system on to your directory,
you are essentially splicing one directory tree onto a branch in another directory tree. The first argument
to mount call is the mount point, that is , a directory in the current file naming system. The second
argument is the file system to mount to that point. When you insert a cdrom to your unix system's drive,
the file system in the cdrom automatically mounts to /dev/cdrom in your system.
9. How does the inode map to data block of a file?
Answer:
Inode has 13 block addresses. The first 10 are direct block addresses of the first 10 data blocks in the file.
The 11th address points to a one-level index block. The 12th address points to a two-level (double in-
direction) index block. The 13th address points to a three-level(triple in-direction)index block. This
provides a very large maximum file size with efficient access to large files, but also small files are
accessed directly in one disk read.
10. What is a shell?
Answer:
A shell is an interactive user interface to an operating system services that allows an user to enter
commands as character strings or through a graphical user interface. The shell converts them to system
calls to the OS or forks off a process to execute the command. System call results and other information
from the OS are presented to the user through an interactive interface. Commonly used shells are
sh,csh,ks etc.
Questions on Process model and IPC in uinx
12. Brief about the initial process sequence while the system boots up.
Answer:
While booting, special process called the 'swapper' or 'scheduler' is created with Process-ID 0. The
swapper manages memory allocation for processes and influences CPU allocation.
The swapper inturn creates 3 children:
12. the process dispatcher,
vhand and
dbflush
with IDs 1,2 and 3 respectively.
This is done by executing the file /etc/init. Process dispatcher gives birth to the shell. Unix
keeps track of all the processes in an internal data structure called the Process Table (listing
command is ps -el).
13. What are various IDs associated with a process?
Answer:
Unix identifies each process with a unique integer called ProcessID. The process that executes the request
for creation of a process is called the 'parent process' whose PID is 'Parent Process ID'. Every process is
associated with a particular user called the 'owner' who has privileges over the process. The identification
for the user is 'UserID'. Owner is the user who executes the process. Process also has 'Effective User ID'
which determines the access privileges for accessing resources like files.
getpid() -process id
getppid() -parent process id
getuid() -user id
geteuid() -effective user id
14. Explain fork() system call.
Answer:
The 'fork()' used to create a new process from an existing process. The new process is called the child
process, and the existing process is called the parent. We can tell which is which by checking the return
value from 'fork()'. The parent gets the child's pid returned to him, but the child gets 0 returned to him.
15. Predict the output of the following program code
16. main()
17. {
18. fork();
19. printf("Hello World!");
}
Answer:
Hello World!Hello World!
Explanation:
The fork creates a child that is a duplicate of the parent process. The child begins from the fork().All the
statements after the call to fork() will be executed twice.(once by the parent process and other by child).
The statement before fork() is executed only by the parent process.
20. Predict the output of the following program code
21. main()
22. {
23. fork(); fork(); fork();
24. printf("Hello World!");
}
Answer:
"Hello World" will be printed 8 times.
Explanation:
2^n times where n is the number of calls to fork()
Questions on Process model and IPC in uinx
17. List the system calls used for process management:
Answer:
System calls Description
fork() To create a new process
exec() To execute a new program in a process
wait() To wait until a created process completes its execution
exit() To exit from a process execution
getpid() To get a process identifier of the current process
getppid() To get parent process identifier
nice() To bias the existing priority of a process
brk() To increase/decrease the data segment size of a process
18. How can you get/set an environment variable from a program?
Answer:
17. Getting the value of an environment variable is done by using 'getenv()'.
Setting the value of an environment variable is done by using 'putenv()'.
18. How can a parent and child process communicate?
Answer:
A parent and child can communicate through any of the normal inter-process communication schemes
(pipes, sockets, message queues, shared memory), but also have some special ways to communicate that
take advantage of their relationship as a parent and child. One of the most obvious is that the parent can
get the exit status of the child.
19. What is a zombie?
Answer:
When a program forks and the child finishes before the parent, the kernel still keeps some of its
information about the child in case the parent might need it - for example, the parent may need to check
the child's exit status. To be able to get this information, the parent calls 'wait()'; In the interval between
the child terminating and the parent calling 'wait()', the child is said to be a 'zombie' (If you do 'ps', the
child will have a 'Z' in its status field to indicate this.)
20. What are the process states in Unix?
Answer:
As a process executes it changes state according to its circumstances. Unix processes have the following
states:
Running : The process is either running or it is ready to run .
Waiting : The process is waiting for an event or for a resource.
Stopped : The process has been stopped, usually by receiving a signal.
Zombie : The process is dead but have not been removed from the process table.
21. What Happens when you execute a program?
Answer:
When you execute a program on your UNIX system, the system creates a special environment for that
program. This environment contains everything needed for the system to run the program as if no other
program were running on the system. Each process has process context, which is everything that is
unique about the state of the program you are currently running. Every time you execute a program the
UNIX system does a fork, which performs a series of operations to create a process context and then
execute your program in that context. The steps include the following: Allocate a slot in the process table,
a list of currently running programs kept by UNIX. Assign a unique process identifier (PID) to the process.
iCopy the context of the parent, the process that requested the spawning of the new process. Return the
new PID to the parent process. This enables the parent process to examine or control the process directly.
After the fork is complete, UNIX runs your program.
22. What Happens when you execute a command?
Answer:
When you enter 'ls' command to look at the contents of your current working directory, UNIX does a
series of things to create an environment for ls and the run it: The shell has UNIX perform a fork. This
creates a new process that the shell will use to run the ls program. The shell has UNIX perform an exec of
the ls program. This replaces the shell program and data with the program and data for ls and then starts
running that new program. The ls program is loaded into the new process context, replacing the text and
data of the shell. The ls program performs its task, listing the contents of the current directory.
24. What is a Daemon?
Answer:
A daemon is a process that detaches itself from the terminal and runs, disconnected, in the background,
waiting for requests and responding to them. It can also be defined as the background process that does
not belong to a terminal session. Many system functions are commonly performed by daemons, including
the sendmail daemon, which handles mail, and the NNTP daemon, which handles USENET news. Many
other daemons may exist. Some of the most common daemons are: init: Takes over the basic running of
the system when the kernel has finished the boot process. inetd: Responsible for starting network services
that do not have their own stand-alone daemons. For example, inetd usually takes care of incoming rlogin,
telnet, and ftp connections. cron: Responsible for running repetitive tasks on a regular schedule.
24. What is 'ps' command for?
Answer:
The ps command prints the process status for some or all of the running processes. The information given
are the process identification number (PID),the amount of time that the process has taken to execute so
far etc.
25. How would you kill a process?
Answer:
The kill command takes the PID as one argument; this identifies which process to terminate. The PID of a
process can be got using 'ps' command.
26. What is an advantage of executing a process in background?
Answer:
The most common reason to put a process in the background is to allow you to do something else
interactively without waiting for the process to complete. At the end of the command you add the special
background symbol, &. This symbol tells your shell to execute the given command in the background.
Example:
cp *.* ../backup& (cp is for copy)
27. How do you execute one program from within another?
Answer:
The system calls used for low-level process creation are execlp() and execvp(). The execlp call overlays
the existing program with the new one , runs that and exits. The original program gets back control only
when an error occurs.
execlp(path,file_name,arguments..); //last argument must be NULL
A variant of execlp called execvp is used when the number of arguments is not known in advance.
execvp(path,argument_array); //argument array should be terminated by NULL
28. What is IPC? What are the various schemes available?
Answer:
The term IPC (Inter-Process Communication) describes various ways by which different process running
on some operating system communicate between each other. Various schemes available are as follows:
Pipes:
One-way communication scheme through which different process can communicate. The problem is that
the two processes should have a common ancestor (parent-child relationship). However this problem was
fixed with the introduction of named-pipes (FIFO).
Message Queues :
Message queues can be used between related and unrelated processes running on a machine.
Shared Memory:
This is the fastest of all IPC schemes. The memory to be shared is mapped into the address space of the
processes (that are sharing). The speed achieved is attributed to the fact that there is no kernel
involvement. But this scheme needs synchronization.
Various forms of synchronisation are mutexes, condition-variables, read-write locks, record-
locks, and semaphores.
Questions on memory management in uinx
30. What is the difference between Swapping and Paging?
Answer:
Swapping:
Whole process is moved from the swap device to the main memory for execution. Process size must be
less than or equal to the available main memory. It is easier to implementation and overhead to the
system. Swapping systems does not handle the memory more flexibly as compared to the paging
systems.