Acetone

Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the

formula (CH
3
)
2
CO. It is a colorless, mobile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest ketone.
Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in its own right, typically
for cleaning purposes in the laboratory. It is mainly for use as a solvent and production of
methyl methacrylate and bisphenol A. It is a common building block in organic chemistry.
Familiar household uses of acetone are as the active ingredient in nail polish remover and as
paint thinner.

Acetone is produced and disposed of in the human body through normal metabolic
processes. It is normally present in blood and urine. People with diabetes produce it in larger
amounts. Reproductive toxicity tests show that it has low potential to cause reproductive
problems. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and children have higher levels of acetone.
Ketogenic diets that increase acetone in the body are used to reduce epileptic attacks in
infants and children who suffer from recalcitrant refractory epilepsy.
Acetone is produced directly or indirectly from propylene. Approximately 83% of
acetone is produced via the cumene process; as a result, acetone production is tied to
phenol production. In the cumene process, benzene is alkylated with propylene to produce
cumene, which is oxidized by air to produce phenol and acetone:

Other processes involve the direct oxidation of propylene (Wacker-Hoechst process),
or the hydration of propylene to give 2-propanol, which is oxidized to acetone. Previously,
acetone was produced by the dry distillation of acetates, for example calcium acetate in
ketonic decarboxylation. Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
CaO(s) + CO
2
(g) + (CH
3
)
2
CO
Acetona
Acetona (denumita si propanona) este un compus organic cu formula (CH
3
)
2
CO. Este
un lichid incolor, inflamabil si este cea mai simpla cetona. Acetona este miscibila in apa si
este utilizata in general ca solvent, in mod tipic pentru sterilizare in laborator. De asemenea
este utilizata pentru productia de metil metilacrilat si bisfenol A. Este o structura de baza in
chimia organica. In utilizarea casnica, acetona este folosita ca ingredient activ in curatarea
unghiilor si ca diluant pentru vopsele.

Acetona este produsa si eliminata in corpul uman in timpul proceselor metabolice
normale. Este prezenta in sange si urina in mod normal. Persoanele cu diabet produc
acetona in cantitati mai mari. Testele de toxicitate asupra impactului in reproducere arata ca
are un potential foarte scazut de a produce probleme de reproducere. Femeile gravide,
mamele care alapteaza si copii au un nivel mai mare de acetona in organism. Diete
ketogenice care cresc nivelul acetonei in organism sunt utilizate pentru a reduce atacurile
epileptice la infanti si copii care sufera de epilepsie.
Acetona este produsa direct sau indirect din propilena. Aproximativ 83% din acetona
este produsa prim procesul de sinteza industriala a fenolului. In acest proces benzenul este
alchilat cu propilena pentru a produce cumen, care este oxidat de aer pana la fenol si
acetona:
Alte procese de producere a acetonei implica oxidarea directa a propilenei
(procedeul Wacker-Hoechst), sau hidratarea propilenei la 2-propanol, care este oxidat apoi
la acetona. In trecut acetona era produsa prin distilarea uscata a acetatilor, spre exemplu
acetat de calciu in decarboxilare cetonica. Ca(CH
3
COO)
2
CaO (s) + CO
2
(g) + (CH
3
)
2
CO
1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propane
(chlorobutanol)
Chlorobutanol, or trichloro-2-methyl-2-propane, is commonly used as a chemical
preservative in a wide range of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. The antibacterial and
antifungal properties of the substance inhibit microbial growth for extended periods of time.
The compound has also been abused recreationally and is sometimes used as an euthanizing
agent.

Chlorobutanol is formed by the simple nucleophilic addition of chloroform and
acetone. The reaction is base driven by potassium or sodium hydroxide. Chemists usually
combine chloroform and acetone to produce chlorobutanol, and the substance may appear
as a yellow to bright white crystal powder with a distinct camphor aroma. The formulation
might be manufactured as semi-hydrous or anhydrous but is typically highly flammable and
must be maintained in a cool, dry, ventilated area with no flames. The solid is somewhat
water soluble but dissolves more readily in alcohol.
When used as a preservative, the concentration of chlorobutanol is typically only
0.5%. Pharmaceutical preparations that often contain the substance include injectable
medications, ear, eye, and nose drops, along with ointments and oral sedatives. Over-the-
counter formulations that contain chlorobutanol can include ear, eye, and nose drops, along
with facial cosmetics, mouthwash, and ointments. Though generally considered non-
irritating, continuous topical use might cause skin or tissue irritation.
Physical Properties:
Solubility H2O - slightly soluble; soluble in alcohol,
glycerol, freely soluble in chloroform, ether and
volatile oils
Boiling Point 167C @ 760 mm. Hg
Melting Point Anhydrous: 97C
Hemi hydrate: 76C

Stability: Chlorobutanol is stable at ambient temperatures and pressures. The
anhydrous form is hygroscopic and should be protected from prolonged exposure to
ambient air.
Storage: Chlorobutanol should be stored in cool, well ventilated areas away from
flammable materials and sources of heat and flame. Chlorobutanol should be stored so as to
minimize the risk of damage to and leakage from containers. It should be stored in closed
containers to prevent prolonged exposure to air away from animal or human food stuffs.

Toxicology:
Oral Acute oral LD50 283 mg/kg female rat
Acute oral LD50 317 mg/kg male rat
Dermal Acute dermal LD50 greater than2000 mg/kg (rabbit)
Eye Non-irritant to rabbit eyes


1,1,1-tricloro-2-metil-2-propanol
(clorobutanol)

Clorobutanol, or tricloro-2-metill-2-propan, este utilizata in mod uzual ca un
conservant chimic intr-o larga categorie de produse cosmetice si farmaceutice. Proprietatile
antibacteriene si antifungice ale substantei inhiba cresterea microbiala pe o perioada foarte
lunga de timp. Compusul este de asemenea utilizat ca agent de eutanasiere.

Clorobutanolul este format prin aditia nucleofila a cloroformului si acetonei. Reactia
este catalizata de hidrooxidul de sodiu sau de potasiu. Chimistii in general combina
cloroform si acetona pentru a produce clorobutanol iar substanta are aspectul de cristale
galbene spre alb stralucitor cu o aroma distincta de camfor. Substanta poate fi fabricata ca
anhidra, dar in mod tipic este foarte inflamabila si trebuie mentinuta intr-un mediu rece,
uscat, ventilat si fara flacara deschisa. Substanta in forma solida este solubila in apa dar se
dizolva mult mai bine in alcool.
Cand este utilizat ca si conservant, concentratia clorobutanolului in mod uzual este
de numai 0.5%. Preparatele farmaceutice care contin in mod normal clorobutanolul includ
medicamentele injectabile, picaturile de ochi, urechi si nas, unguente si unele sedative orale.
Desi in general este considerat non-iritant, utilizarea frecventa poate cauza iritatii ale pielii
sau tesuturilor.

Proprietati fizice:
Solubilitatea H
2
O slab solubil in apa, solubil in alcool,
glicerol, cloroform, eter si uleiuri volatile;
Punctul de fierbere 167C @ 760 mm. Hg
Punctul de topire Anhidru: 97C
Hemi hidrat: 76C

Stabilitate: Clorobutanolul este stabil la temperaturi si presiuni normale. Forma
anhidra este higroscopica si trebuie protejata de expuneri prelungite la mediul ambiant.
Depozitarea: Clorobutanolul trebuie depozitat in zone reci, bine ventilate, departe de
materiale inflamabile, surse de caldura si flacari. Clorobutanolul trebuie pastrat in acest fel
pentru a minimiza riscul de scurgeri din containere. De asemenea trebuie depozitat in
containere inchise pentru a preveni expunerea prelungita la aer.

Toxicologia:
Oral ral acut LD50 283 mg/kg female rat
Oral acut LD50 317 mg/kg male rat
Dermal Dermal acut LD50 mai mare de 2000 mg/kg
(iepure)
Ochi Non iritant pentru ochii iepurelui