1

Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Basic and Applied Science

Mathematics (2)
BA124
Lecture No.7
Integration using Partial Fractions

Prepared by:
Dr. Hossam Shawky
Dr. Mohamed Orabi
Spring 2013-2014


2
Lecture No.7
Methods of Integration
(III)Integration using Partial Fractions

( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | x Q of degree x P of degree
x Q
x P
<
Purpose:
To transform -
( ) ( )
( ) b ax
A
b ax x Q
+
+ =
( ) ( )
( )
( ) b ax
B
b ax
A
b ax x Q
2
2
+
+
+
+ =
( )
c bx ax
B Ax
) c bx ax ( x Q
2
2
+ +
+
+ + =
( ) ( )
( )
( ) c bx ax
D Cx
c bx ax
B Ax
c bx ax x Q
2 2
2
2
2
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+ + =


Find A, B, C, D


General Method Heaviside method
Steps :
1) * Q(x)
2) Sub. By zeros of
Q(x)
3) Compare Coefficients
(Covering)

( ) ( )
1
b ax x Q + =





4)

( )( )
-
+ +
+
=
+
+
+ 2 x 1 x
3 x 2
2 x
1
1 x
1



3
Sheet (7)

No.1
( )( )
}
+ 1 x 1 x
dx

Solution:
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 1 x
B
1 x
A
1 x 1 x
1
+
+

=
+


( ) 2
1
1 x
1
A
1 x
=
+
=
=

( ) 2
1
1 x
1
B
1 x
=

=
=


( )( )
C
1 x
1 x
ln
C 1 x ln
2
1
1 x ln
2
1
dx
1 x
2 1
dx
1 x
2 1
1 x 1 x
dx
+
+

=
+ + =
+

=
+
} } }

No.2
( )( )( )
}
+ +
+
dx
5 x 3 x 1 x
30 x 6 x 4
2

Solution:
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 x
C
3 x
B
1 x
A
5 x 3 x 1 x
30 x 6 x 4
2
+
+

+
+
=
+ +
+

( )( )
2
5 x 3 x
30 x 6 x 4
A
1 x
2
=
+
+
=
=

( )( ) 4
3
5 x 1 x
30 x 6 x 4
B
3 x
2
=
+ +
+
=
=

( )( ) 4
5
3 x 1 x
30 x 6 x 4
B
5 x
2
=
+
+
=
=

( )( )( )
} } } }
+
+

+
+
=
+ +
+
dx
5 x
4 5
dx
3 x
4 3
dx
1 x
2
dx
5 x 3 x 1 x
30 x 6 x 4
2


C 5 x ln
4
5
3 x ln
4
3
1 x ln 2 + + + + + =


4
No.3
( )( )
}
+ +
+
dx
1 x 2 x
3 x
2

Solution:
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) 1 x
C
1 x
B
2 x
A
1 x 2 x
3 x
2 2
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+


( )( )
2
1 x 2 x + + -
( ) ( ) ( )( ) 1 x 2 x C 2 x B 1 x A 3 x
2
+ + + + + + = +

Put

A 1 2 x = =

B 2 1 x = =

1 C C A 0 : x coeff
2
= + =


( )( )
( )
( )
( )
} } } }
+

+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
dx
1 x
1
dx
1 x
2
dx
2 x
1
dx
1 x 2 x
3 x
2 2


( )
( )
C 1 x ln
1 x
2
2 x ln
C 1 x ln
1
1 x
2 2 x ln
1
+ +
+
+ =
+ +

+
+ + =












5
No.4
( )
}
+ +
+
dx
) 4 x ( 1 x
3 x 3 x
2
2

Solution:

( )
( )
( ) 4 x
C Bx
1 x
A
) 4 x ( 1 x
3 x 3 x
2 2
2
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+


( ) ) 4 x ( 1 x
2
+ + -

( ) 1 x ) C Bx ( ) 4 x ( A 3 x 3 x
2 2
+ + + + = +

Put
1 A A 5 3 3 1 1 x = = =

2 B B A 1 : x coeff
2
= + =

1 C C A 4 3 : x coeff
0
= + =


( )
( )
C
2
x
tan
2
1
4 x ln 1 x ln
) 4 x (
dx
dx
) 4 x (
x 2
1 x ln
dx
) 4 x (
1 x 2
dx
1 x
1
dx
) 4 x ( 1 x
3 x 3 x
1 2
2 2
2 2
2
+ + + + + =
+
+
+
+ + =
+
+
+
+

=
+ +
+

} }
} } }









6
No.5
}
+ x x 2 x
dx
2 3

Solution:

( )
} } }

=
+
=
+
2 2 2 3
1 x x
dx
) 1 x 2 x ( x
dx
x x 2 x
dx


( ) ( )
( ) 1 x
C
1 x
B
x
A
1 x x
1
2 2

+

+ =

( )
2
1 x x -

( ) ( ) 1 x Cx Bx 1 x A 1
2
+ + =

Put

1 A 0 x = =

1 B 1 x = =

1 C C A 0 : x coeff
2
= + =


( )
( )
( )
( )
C 1 x ln
1 x
x ln
C 1 x ln
1
1 x
x ln
dx
1 x
1
dx
1 x
1
dx
x
1
x x 2 x
dx
1
1
2 2 3
+

=
+

+ =

+ =
+

} } } }





7

No.6
( )
}

+
dx
1 x x
6 x 2 x x 3
2
2 3 4

Solution:



6
x 2 x 2
6 x 2 x 2
x 3 x 3
6 x 3 x x 3 x x
2 x 3
2 3
2 3
3 4
2 3 4 2 3

+
+

( ) ( )
dx
1 x x
6
2 x 3 dx
1 x x
6 x 2 x x 3
2 2
2 3 4
} } |
|
.
|

\
|

+ + =

+

( )
1 x
C
x
B
x
A
1 x x
6
2 2

+ + =

( ) 1 x x
2
-
( ) ( )
2
Cx 1 x Bx 1 x A 6 + + =
Put
6 A 0 x = =
6 C 1 x = =
6 B C B 0 : x coeff
2
= + =
( )
C 1 x ln 6 x ln 6
x
6
x 2 x
2
3

C 1 x ln 6 x ln 6
1
x
6 x 2
2
x
3
dx
1 x
6
x
6
x
6
2 x 3 dx
1 x x
6
2 x 3
2
1 2
2 2
+ + + + =
+ +

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

} }



8
No.7
}
+ ) 1 x 2 x )( x x (
dx
2 2

Solution:

} } }

=

=
+
3 2 2 2
) 1 x ( x
dx
) 1 x )( 1 x ( x
dx
) 1 x 2 x )( x x (
dx


( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 1 x
D
1 x
C
1 x
B
x
A
1 x x
1
2 3 3

+ =

( )
3
1 x x -
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3
1 x Dx 1 x Cx Bx 1 x A 1 + + + =
Put
1 A 0 x = =
1 B 1 x = =
1 D D A 0 : x coeff
3
= + =

1 C 2 C 2 2 1 1
D 2 C 2 B 2 A 1 2 x
= + + + =
+ + + = =

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
C 1 x ln
1 x
1
) 1 x ( 2
1
x ln
C 1 x ln
1
1 x
2
1 x
x ln
dx
1 x
1
dx
1 x
1
dx
1 x
1
dx
x
1

) 1 x 2 x )( x x (
dx
2
1 2
2 3
2 2
+ +

=
+ +

+ =

=
+

} } } }
}


9
No.8
}

dx
x
x tan
2
1

Solution:

x
1
v dx
x 1
1
du
x
dx
dv x tan u
2
2
1
=
+
=
= =



} }
+
+ =

) x 1 ( x
dx
x
x tan
dx
x
x tan
2
1
2
1

) x 1 (
C Bx
x
A
) x 1 ( x
1
2 2
+
+
+ =
+


) x 1 ( x
2
+ -

( )x C Bx ) x 1 ( A 1
2
+ + + =


Put

1 A 0 x = =

1 B B A 0 : x coeff
2
= + =


0 C C 0 : x coeff
1
= =


C x 1 ln
2
1
x ln
x
x tan

dx
) x 1 (
x
dx
x
1
x
x tan
dx
x
x tan
2
1
2
1
2
1
+ + + =
+

+ + =

} } }




10
Practice Sheet for Rational Functions Using Partial Fraction Decomposition

(1)
} +
+ +
2
2
) 2 (
4 3
x x
x x
dx (8)
}
+
+
1
1
2
3
x
x
dx

(2)
} +
+
) 1 )( 1 (
2 4
2
x x
x
dx (9)
}

+
) 2 (
6 7 6
2
2
x x
x x
dx

(3)
}

x x
x
2
6
2
dx (10) =

}
dx
e e
e
x x
x
6
2


(4)
}
2 2
1
a u
du
(11) =
+
}
dx
x x
x
2 cos 3 cos
sin
2


(5)
} +
+ +
) 4 )( 1 (
1 3
2
2
x x
x x
dx (12) =
+ +
+
}
dx
x x x
x x
) 10 2 )( 1 (
12 4 5
2
2


(6)
} +
+
) 1 )( 1 (
2 3
2
2
x x
x x
dx (13) =

}
dx
e e
e
x x
x
6
2
2


(7)
} + + 2 3
2 x x
x
e e
e
dx

(14) =

}
dx
e e
e
x x
x
6
2
3



Solution Key for Rational Functions Using Partial Fraction Decomposition

(1) + + + + = + +
+
+
+
+ =
+
+ +
) 2 ( ) 2 ( 4 3
) 2 ( 2 ) 2 (
4 3
2 2
2 2
2
x Bx x A x x
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x x

Cx after multiplying by
2
) 2 ( + x x . If we let 0 = x , then 1 4 4 = = A A ; if we let
2 = x , then ; 3 2 6 = = C C and if we let 1 = x , then = = B C B A 0
2 3 1 = = C A . Thus, +
+
=
+
+ +
} } }
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x x
x x
2
1
2
1
) 2 (
4 3
2
2

C
x
x x dx
x
+
+
+ =
+
}
2
3
2 ln 2 ln
) 2 (
1
3
2
.

(2) ) 1 )( ( ) 1 ( 2 4
1 1 ) 1 )( 1 (
2 4
2
2 2
+ + + = +
+
+
+

=
+
+
x C Bx x A x
x
C Bx
x
A
x x
x
after
multiplying by ) 1 )( 1 (
2
+ x x . If we let 1 = x , then 3 2 6 = = A A ; if we let
0 = x , then 1 2 = = C C A ; and if we let 2 = x , then + + = C B A 2 5 10


11
3 1 2 15 10 = + + = B B . Thus, +

=
+
+
} }
dx
x
dx
x x
x
1
1
3
) 1 )( 1 (
2 4
2

=
+
+
+

=
+
+
} } } }
1 ln 3
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
1 3
2 2 2
x dx
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
x

C x x + + +
1 2
tan 1 ln
2
3
.

(3) Bx x A x
x
B
x
A
x x
x
x x
x
+ =

+ =

) 2 ( 6
2 ) 2 (
6
2
6
2
after multiplying by
) 2 ( x x . If we let 0 = x , then 3 2 6 = = A A ; and if we let 2 = x , then
2 2 4 = = B B . Thus, =

} } }
x dx
x
dx
x
dx
x x
x
ln 3
2
1
2
1
3
2
6
2

C x + 2 ln 2 .

(4) ) ( ) ( 1
) )( (
1 1
2 2
a u B a u A
a u
B
a u
A
a u a u a u
+ + =
+
+

=
+
=

after
multiplying by ) )( ( a u a u + . If we let a u = , then
a
A a A
2
1
) 2 ( 1 = = ; and
if we let a u = , then
a
B a B
2
1
) 2 ( 1 = = . Thus, =

}
du
a u
2 2
1

= + + =
+

} }
C a u
a
a u
a
du
a u a
du
a u a
ln
2
1
ln
2
1 1
2
1 1
2
1

C
a u
a u
a
+
+

ln
2
1
.

(5) ) 1 )( ( ) 4 ( 1 3
4 1 ) 4 )( 1 (
1 3
2 2
2 2
2
+ + + = + +
+
+
+

=
+
+ +
x C Bx x A x x
x
C Bx
x
A
x x
x x
after
multiplying by ). 4 )( 1 (
2
+ x x If we let 1 = x , then 1 5 5 = = A A ; if we let
0 = x , then 3 1 ) 1 ( 4 4 1 = = = C C A ; and if we let 2 = x , then + + = B A 2 8 15
2 3 2 8 = + + = B B C . Thus, =
+
+
+

=
+
+
} } }
dx
x
x
dx
x
dx
x x
x x
4
3 2
1
1
) 1 )( 1 (
2 3
2 2
2


C
x
x x dx
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
+
+
+
+

} } }
2
tan
2
3
4 ln 1 ln
4
1
3
4
2
1
1
1 2
2 2
.

(6) ) 1 )( ( ) 1 ( 2 3
1 1 ) 1 )( 1 (
2 3
2 2
2 2
2
+ + + = +
+
+
+

=
+
+
x C Bx x A x x
x
C Bx
x
A
x x
x x
after
multiplying by ) 1 )( 1 (
2
+ x x . If we let 1 = x , then 1 2 2 = = A A ; if we let
0 = x , then 3 2 1 2 2 = + = + = = A C C A ; and if we let 2 = x , then
2 3 2 5 2 5 12 = + + = + + = B B C B A . Thus, +

=
+
+
} }
dx
x
dx
x x
x x
1
1
) 1 )( 1 (
2 3
2
2




12
1 ln 1 ln
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
3 2
2
2 2 2
+ + =
+
+
+
+

=
+
+
} } } }
x x dx
x
dx
x
x
dx
x
dx
x
x
+

C x +
1
tan 3 .

(7) Let = = dx e du e u
x x
=
+ +
=
+ +
} }
du
u u
dx
e e
e
x x
x
2 3
1
2 3
2 2

.
) 2 )( 1 (
1
du
u u
}
+ +
) 1 ( ) 2 ( 1
2 1 ) 2 )( 1 (
1
+ + + =
+
+
+
=
+ +
u B u A
u
B
u
A
u u
after
multiplying by ) 2 )( 1 ( + + u u . If we let 1 = u , then ; 1 A = and if we let 2 = u ,
then 1 ) 1 ( 1 = = B B . Thus, =
+

+
=
+ +
} } }
du
u
du
u
du
u u 2
1
1
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1

.
2
1
ln
2
1
ln 2 ln 1 ln C
e
e
C
u
u
C u u
x
x
+
+
+
= +
+
+
= + + +

(8) Use long division of polynomials to get =
+
+

+
+
+ =
+
+
}
dx
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
2 2
3

C x x x dx
x
dx
x
x
dx x + + + =
+
+
+

} } }
1 2 2
2 2
tan 1 ln
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
.

(9)
2 2
2 2
2
) 2 ( ) 2 ( 6 7 6
2 ) 2 (
6 7 6
Cx x B x Ax x x
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x x
+ + = +

+ + =

+
after
multiplying by ) 2 (
2
x x . If we let 0 = x , then 3 ) 2 ( 6 = = B B ; if we let
2 = x , then 4 4 16 = = C C ; and if we let 3 = x , then = + + = C B A 9 3 39
2 36 3 3 39 = + = A A . Thus, + =

+
} } }
dx
x
dx
x
dx
x x
x x
2 2
2
1
3
1
2
) 2 (
6 7 6

C x
x
x dx
x
+ + =

}
2 ln 4
3
ln 2
2
1
4 .

(10) Let = = dx e du e u
x x
=

=

} }
du
u u
dx
e e
e
x x
x
6
1
6
2 2


du
u u
}
+ ) 2 )( 3 (
1
. ) 3 ( ) 2 ( 1
2 3 ) 2 )( 3 (
1
+ + =
+
+

=
+
u B u A
u
B
u
A
u u
after
multiplying by ) 2 )( 3 ( + u u . If we let 3 = u , then
5
1
5 1 = = A A ; and if we let
2 = u , then
5
1
5 1 = = B B . Thus, =

=

} }
du
u u
dx
e e
e
x x
x
6
1
6
2 2

C
e
e
C u u du
u
du
u
x
x
+
+

= + + =
+

} }
2
3
ln
5
1
2 ln
5
1
3 ln
5
1
2
1
5
1
3
1
5
1
.




13
(11) Let = = dx x du x u sin cos du
u u
dx
x x
x
} }

=
+ ) 2 )( 1 (
1
2 cos 3 cos
sin
2
.
) 1 ( ) 2 ( 1
2 1 ) 2 )( 1 (
1
+ =

=

u B u A
u
B
u
A
u u
after multiplying by
) 2 )( 1 ( u u . If we let 2 = u , then B = 1 ; and if we let 1 = u , then = A 1
1 = A . Thus,

=

=
+
} } }
du
u
du
u u
dx
x x
x
1
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1
2 cos 3 cos
sin
2

C
x
x
C
u
u
C u u du
u
+

= +

= + =

}
2 cos
1 cos
ln
2
1
ln 2 ln 1 ln
2
1
.

(12) + + + = +
+ +
+
+

=
+ +
+
) 10 2 ( 12 4 5
10 2 1 ) 10 2 )( 1 (
12 4 5
2 2
2 2
2
x x A x x
x x
C Bx
x
A
x x x
x x

) 1 )( ( + x C Bx after multiplying by ) 10 2 )( 1 (
2
+ + x x x . If we let 1 = x , then
1 13 13 = = A A ; if we let 0 = x , then 2 10 12 = = C C A ; and if we let
2 = x , then 4 2 2 18 2 18 24 = + = + + = B B C B A . Thus,
+

=
+ +

+

=
+ +
+
} } } }
dx
x
dx
x x
x
dx
x
dx
x x x
x x
1
1
10 2
2 4
1
1
) 10 2 )( 1 (
12 4 5
2 2
2

=
+ +

+ +
+
+

=
+ +
+
} } } }
dx
x x
dx
x x
x
dx
x
dx
x x
x
10 2
1
6
10 2
4 4
1
1
10 2
6 4 4
2 2 2

+ + + =
+ +

+ +
+
+

} } }
10 2 ln 2 1 ln
9 ) 1 (
1
6
10 2
2 2
2
1
1
2
2 2
x x x dx
x
dx
x x
x
dx
x

C
x
+
|
.
|

\
|
+

3
1
tan 2
1
.

(13) Let = = = dx e du e u e u
x x x 2 2
=

=

} }
dx e
e e
e
dx
e e
e
x
x x
x
x x
x
6 6
2 2
2

du
u u
u
}
+ ) 2 )( 3 (
. ) 3 ( ) 2 (
2 3 ) 2 )( 3 (
+ + =
+
+

=
+
u B u A u
u
B
u
A
u u
u
after
multiplying by ) 2 )( 3 ( + u u . If we let 3 = u , then
5
3
5 3 = = A A ; and if we let
2 = u , then .
5
2
5 2 = = B B Thus, =

=

} }
dx e
e e
e
dx
e e
e
x
x x
x
x x
x
6 6
2 2
2

= + + + =
+
+

=
+
} } }
C u u du
u
du
u
du
u u
u
2 ln
5
2
3 ln
5
3
2
1
5
2
3
1
5
3
) 2 )( 3 (

C e e
x x
+ + + 2 ln
5
2
3 ln
5
3
.

(14) Let = = = dx e du e u e u
x x x 2 2
=

=

} }
dx e
e e
e
dx
e e
e
x
x x
x
x x
x
6 6
2
2
2
3


.
) 2 )( 3 (
6
1
6
6
1
6
2 2
2
du
u u
u
du du
u u
u
du
u u
u
} } } }
+
+
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ =




14
) 3 ( ) 2 ( 6
2 3 ) 2 )( 3 (
6
+ + = +
+
+

=
+
+
u B u A u
u
B
u
A
u u
u
after multiplying by
) 2 )( 3 ( + u u . If we let 3 = u , then
5
9
5 9 = = A A ; and if we let 2 = u , then

5
4
5 4 = = B B . Thus,

+ =

} } }
du
u
du dx
e e
e
x x
x
3
1
5
9
1
6
2
3

C e e e C u u u du
u
x x x
+ + + = + + + =
+
}
2 ln
5
4
3 ln
5
9
2 ln
5
4
3 ln
5
9
2
1
5
4
.