Motion In A Plane

Scalar quantities: These are the physi cal quanti ti es that are not affected by
the change i n the coordi nate systems used to defi ne them. They do not have
any di recti on. Exampl e: Speed, charge, temperature, etc.

Vector quantities: These are physi cal quanti ti es that have both di recti on and
magni tude. They change wi th change i n the coordi nate systems used to defi ne
them.
Exampl e: Di spl acement, vel oci ty, etc.

Position vector: Posi ti on vector of a poi nt i n a coordi nate system i s the
strai ght l i ne that j oi ns the ori gi n and the poi nt.
Displacement Vector: It i s the strai ght l i ne that j oi ns the i ni ti al and the fi nal
posi ti on.

Equality of Vectors: Two vectors are sai d to be equal onl y i f they have the
same magni tude and the same di recti on.
Negative vector
Negati ve vector i s a vector whose magni tude i s the same as that of a gi ven vector,
but whose di recti on i s opposi te to that of the gi ven vector.
Zero vector
Zero vector i s a vector whose magni tude i s zero.
Resultant vector
The resul tant vector of two or more vectors i s the vector whi ch produces the same
effect as produced by the i ndi vi dual vectors together.

Multiplication of Vectors by Real Numbers
Mul ti pl i cati on of a vector wi th a posi ti ve number k onl y changes the
magni tude of the vector keepi ng i ts di recti on unchanged.
Mul ti pl i cati on of a vector wi th a negati ve number k changes the
magni tude and di recti on of the vector.

Addition of vectors
Head-to-tai l / tri angl e method

Paral l el ogram method

Vector addi ti on fol l ows commutati ve and associ ati ve l aws.
A + B = B + A [Commutati ve]
(A + B ) + C = A + (B+C) [Associ ati ve]

Subtraction of vector:
a-b=a+(-b)
Polygon law of vector addition
Accordi ng to thi s l aw, i f a number of vectors acti ng i n a pl ane are
represented i n magni tudes and di recti ons by the si des of an open pol ygon
taken i n order, then resul tant vector i s represented i n magni tude and
di recti on by the cl osi ng si de of the pol ygon taken i n the opposi te order.
The di recti on of the resul tant vector i s from the starti ng poi nt of the fi rst
vector to the end poi nt of the l ast vector.
Unit vector: Uni t vector i s a vector of uni t magni tude al ong the di recti on of
the vector.

In 2-D vector, a can be expressed as a=axi ^+ayj ^
If a makes q angl e wi th x axi s, then
a
x
= a cosq and a
y
= a si nq

The same process i s used to resol ve a vector i nto three components al ong x-
axi s, y-axi s, and z-axi s.
Resultant of two vectors


Law of cosines

Law of sines

Di spl acement vector can be wri tten as
Velocity:
Average vel oci ty,
Instantaneous vel oci ty,
Where,
Acceleration:
Average accel erati on,
Instantaneous accel erati on,
Where,
Moti on i n a pl ane can be treated as two separate si mul taneous one-
di mensi onal moti ons wi th constant accel erati on al ong two perpendi cul ar
di recti ons.
Rel ati ve Vel oci ty i n Two Di mensi ons: If two obj ects A and B are movi ng wi th
vel oci ti es and .
vel oci ty of obj ect A rel ati ve to that of B i s

vel oci ty of obj ect B rel ati ve to that of A i s

If the man wants to protect hi msel f from rai n, then he shoul d hol d an umbrel l a
at an angl e towards hi s moti on wi th the verti cal .

The moti on of a proj ecti l e may be thought of as the resul t of hori zontal and
verti cal components.
Verti cal component comes under accel erated moti on because of accel erati on
due to gravi ty acti ng downwards but hori zontal component i s under uni form
moti on.

Both the components act i ndependentl y.

Equation of the path of a projectile:
y = x tan -12gu2 cos2x2
Thi s i s the equati on of a parabol a. Hence, the path of a proj ecti l e i s a parabol a.

Time of flight (T):
It i s total ti me for whi ch an obj ect i s i n fl i ght.
Total ti me of fl i ght = Ti me of ascent + Ti me of descent
T = 2 usi ng

Maximum height
Maxi mum hei ght h reached by the proj ecti l e,
h = u2si n22g

Horizontal Range
It i s the hori zontal di stance covered by the obj ect between i ts poi nt of proj ecti on
and the poi nt of hi tti ng the ground. It i s denoted by R.
R= u2si n2g
Hori zontal range i s maxi mum i f the angl e of proj ecti on i s 45.
Angle of projection
It i s the angl e made by vel oci ty of proj ecti on wi th the hori zontal .
Angl e of proj ecti on,
o = tan-14HR
Cases :
When
o
= 45

,
H = u2g
R
max
= 4H
max
When
o
= 90
,
H = u22g
R = 0
Uniform Circular Motion:


Speed = |Vel oci ty| = v
Ti me peri od, T =
Frequency, f =
Angul ar vel oci ty, =
Centri petal force, F = mv2r
Centri petal accel erati on =
Angul ar vel oci ty, =
Centri petal force i s a real force that acts on a parti cl e performi ng ci rcul ar
moti on al ong the radi us of a ci rcl e. The force i s di rected towards the centre of
the ci rcl e.
The magni tude of centri petal force i s gi ven by F = mv2r.
Centri fugal force i s a pseudo force i n uni form ci rcul ar moti on. It acts al ong the
radi us and i s di rected away from the centre of the ci rcl e.
Magni tude of centri fugal force = Mass Accel erati on of the reference frame
FCF=mv=mv2r=mr2