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Complex Analysis

This document provides an overview of complex integration. Some key points: - Complex integration allows understanding of analytic functions, which are infinitely differentiable and can be represented by power series. - Complex integrals are evaluated by splitting into real and imaginary parts, applying the fundamental theorem of calculus. - Contour integrals along curves in the complex plane are defined and properties like path independence are proved. - Examples demonstrate evaluating integrals of simple functions and the fundamental integral over circles.

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86 views

Complex Analysis

This document provides an overview of complex integration. Some key points: - Complex integration allows understanding of analytic functions, which are infinitely differentiable and can be represented by power series. - Complex integrals are evaluated by splitting into real and imaginary parts, applying the fundamental theorem of calculus. - Contour integrals along curves in the complex plane are defined and properties like path independence are proved. - Examples demonstrate evaluating integrals of simple functions and the fundamental integral over circles.

Uploaded by

jainabhinav05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 6: COMPLEX INTEGRATION

The point of looking at complex integration is to understand more about analytic


functions. In the process we will see that any analytic function is innitely dier-
entiable and analytic functions can always be represented as a power series. We will
also be able to give you a proof of the well known fundamental theorem of algebra
Integral of a complex valued function of real variable:
Let f : [a, b] C be a function. Then f(t) = u(t) + iv(t) where u, v : [a, b] C.
We then dene

b
a
f(t)dt =

b
a
u(t)dt + i

b
a
v(t)dt.
If U

= u and V

= v and F(t) = U(t) + iV (t) the it follows from the fundamental
theorem of calculus that

b
a
f(t)dt = F(b) F(a).
Example 1. (1) For R,

b
a
e
it
dt =
e
ib
e
ia
i
.
(2) Evaluate

2
0
e
t
cos tdt.
Instead of thinking about integration by parts we use the fact e
it
= cos t +
i sin t. Consider the integral

2
0
e
t+it
dt. Thus for F(t) =
e
t(1+i)
1+i
we have
F

(t) = e
t(1+i)
and hence

2
0
e
t+it
dt =
ie

2 1
1+i
=
e

2 1
2
+
i
2
(e

2
+ 1). So

2
0
e
t
cos tdt = Re (

2
0
e
t+it
dt) =
e

2 1
2
.
Denition 2. (1) A curve C in the complex plane C is given by a function
: [a, b] C, (t) = x(t) + iy(t) with x, y : [a, b] R being continuous.
The curve C is then the set C = {(t) : t [a, b]}.
A curve c is called a smooth curve if

(t) = x

(t) + iy

(t) is continuous
and nonzero for all t.
A contour is a smooth curve that is obtained by joining nitely many
smooth curves end to end.
(2) (Contour Integral) Let C = (t), t [a, b] be a contour and f : C C be
continuous then

C
f(z)dz =

b
a
f((t))

(t)dt.
One can show that the contour integral is independent of the parametrization of
the curve C.
1
2 LECTURE 6: COMPLEX INTEGRATION
Example 3. (The fundamental integral)
For a C, r > 0 and n Z

C
a,r
(z a)
n
dz =

0 if n = 1
2i if n = 1
where C
a,r
denotes the circle of radius r centered at a.
Let (t) = a + re
it
, t [0, 2). Then

C
a,r
(z a)
n
dz =

2
0
(re
it
)
n
ire
it
dt = ir
n+1

2
0
e
i(n+1)t
dt =
ir
n+1
i(n + 1)
(e
i(n+1)2
1),
which is zero if n = 1 and if n = 1 then from the second integral in the above
the result is 2i
We record the fact, which will be generalized soon: for n 0 the integrand is an
analytic function and its integral over C
a,r
is zero.
Next aim is to get an analogue of the fundamental theorem of calculus for contour
integrals. We need a denition
Denition 4. An open subset D C is called connected if any two points of D can
be joined by a curve. D C is called a domain if it is open and connected.
Theorem 5. Let f be a continuous function dened on a domain D and there exist
a function F dened on D such that F

= f. Let z
1
, z
2
D. Then for any contour
C lying in D starting from z
1
, and ending at z
2
the value of the integral

C
f(z)dz
is independent of the contour.
Proof. Suppose that that C is given by a map : [a, b] C. Then
d
dt
F((t)) =
F

((t))

(t). Hence

C
f(z)dz =

b
a
f((t))

(t)dt =

b
a
d
dt
F((t))dt = F((a))
F((b)) = F(z
2
) F(z
1
).
(Note that if z
1
= z
2
then the above integral is zero)
Thus in practise, when F exist we can write the expression

C
f(z)dz =

z
2
z
1
f(z)dz.
Example 6. (1)

z
2
z
1
z
2
dz =
z
3
1
z
3
2
3
.
(2)

i
i
cos zdz = sin(i) sin(i) = 2 sin(i).
(3)

i
i
1
z
dz = Log (i) Log (i) =
i
2

i
2
= i.
(4) The function
1
z
n
, n > 1 is continuous on C

. Thus the integral of the above


function on any contour joining nonzero complex numbers z
1
, z
2
not passing
through origin is given by

z
2
z
1
dz
z
n
= (n 1)(
1
z
n1
2

1
z
n1
1
). In particular we
LECTURE 6: COMPLEX INTEGRATION 3
have

C
dz
z
n
= 0 where C is given by a circle of radius r around 0 (which we
already know from the fundamental integral).
We need some more (easy!) theorems. Let : [a, b] C be a curve then the
curve with the reverse orientation is denoted as

and is dened as

: [a, b] C,

(t) = (b +at). Thus for a contour C the contour with the negative orientation
C

make sense.
Theorem 7. (1)

f(z)dz =

C
f(z)dz.
(2) Let : [a, b] C be a curve and a < c < b. If
1
= |[a, c] and
2
= |[c, b]
then

f(z)dz =

1
f(z)dz +

2
f(z)dz.
(3) Let f be a continuous function and gamma be a curve dening a contour C.
If |f(z)| M for all z C and l =length of then |

C
f(z)dz| Ml.
Proof. The rst two results follow straightway from the denitions involved.
For the last one we can deduce from the denition that
|

C
f(z)dz|

b
a
|f((t)||

(t)|dt M

b
a
|

(t)|dt = Ml.

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