Electromagnetics Wavelength: S EB E CB E
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Ramo ApuElectromagnetics Wavelength: S EB E CB E
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Ramo ApuELECTROMAGNETICS
WAVELENGTH
f c =
B E c / =
1 =10
-10
m
c =speed of light 2.998 10
8
m/s
=wavelength [m]
f =frequency [Hz]
E =electric field [N/C]
B =magnetic field [T]
=(angstrom) unit of wavelength
equal to 10
-10
m
m=(meters)
WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM
BAND METERS ANGSTROMS
Longwave radio
1 - 100 km 10
13
- 10
15
Standard Broadcast
100 - 1000 m 10
12
- 10
13
Shortwave radio
10 - 100 m 10
11
- 10
12
TV, FM
0.1 - 10 m 10
9
- 10
11
Microwave
1 - 100 mm 10
7
- 10
9
Infrared light
0.8 - 1000 m 8000 - 10
7
Visible light
360 - 690 nm 3600 - 6900
violet
360 nm 3600
blue
430 nm 4300
green
490 nm 4900
yellow
560 nm 5600
orange
600 nm 6000
red
690 nm 6900
Ultraviolet light
10 - 390 nm 100 - 3900
X-rays
5 - 10,000 pm 0.05 - 100
Gamma rays
100 - 5000 fm 0.001 - 0.05
Cosmic rays
<100 fm <0.001
Intensity of Electromagnetic Radiation [watts/m
2
]:
I
P
r
s
=
4
2
I =intensity [w/m
2
]
Ps =power of source [watts]
r =distance [m]
4 r
2
=surface area of sphere
Force and Radiation Pressure on an object:
a) if the light is totally
absorbed:
F
IA
c
= P
I
c
r
=
b) if the light is totally
reflected back along the
path:
F
IA
c
=
2
P
I
c
r
=
2
F =force [N]
I =intensity [w/m
2
]
A =area [m
2
]
Pr =radiation pressure [N/m
2
]
c =2.99792 10
8
[m/s]
Poynting Vector [watts/m
2
]:
S EB E = =
1 1
0 0
2
cB E =
0
=the permeability of free
space 4t10
-7
Tm/A
E =electric field [N/C or V/M]
B =magnetic field [T]
c =2.99792 10
8
[m/s]
LIGHT
Indices of Refraction:
Quartz: 1.458
Glass, crown 1.52
Glass, flint 1.66
Water 1.333
Air 1.000 293
Angle of Incidence: The angle measured from the
perpendicular to the face or from the perpendicular to the
tangent to the face
Index of Refraction: Materials of greater density have
a higher index of refraction.
n
c
v
n =index of refraction
c =speed of light in a vacuum 3 10
8
m/s
v =speed of light in the material [m/s]
n
n
=
0
=wavelength of the light in a vacuum [m]
=its wavelength in the material [m]
Law of Refraction: Snel l s Law
n n
1 1 2 2
sin sin = n =index of refraction
=angle of incidence
traveling to a region of
lesser density:
2 1
>
refracted
Source
n
n1 n1
2
1
2
traveling to a region of
greater density:
2 1
<
refracted
Source
n
n
1
n
1
2
1
2
Critical Angle: The maximum
angle of incidence for which light
can move fromn
1
to n
2
sinu
c
n
n
=
2
1
for n1 >n2
Sign Conventions: When M is
negative, the image is inverted. p is positive when the
object is in front of the mirror, surface, or lens. Q is
positive when the image is in front of the mirror or in back
of the surface or lens. f and r are positive if the center of
curvature is in front of the mirror or in back of the surface
or lens.
Magnification by spherical mirror or thin lens. A
negative m means that the image is inverted.
M
h
h
i
p
=
'
=
h =image height [m]
h =object height [m]
i =image distance [m]
p =object distance [m]
reflected
refracted
Source
n
1
n
1
n
2
