Relational Operators in C++

< <= > >= == !=

are binary operators that compare the values of 2 expressions.

1. result of comparisons is true if condition being tested is satisfied.
2. result of comparison is false if condition begin tested is not
satisfied.
3. result is of type bool. false is also equated with zero. true is
also equated with non-zero.

example.
(15 > 10) has the value of true
(15 <= 10) has the value of false
(5-3) is 2 but equates to true used in a relational operator
because it is non-zero.

(7-3-4) is 0 and equates to false if used in a relational operator
because it is exactly zero.

common errors == =

1. x == 10 /*test if x has value 10 */
2. x = 10 /*assign 10 to x */



Precedence of operators
Highest Associativity
* / % left to right
+ - left to right
< <= > >= left to right
== != left to right
Lowest = %= += -= *= /= right to left

Example:


1. x + 1 < y -2
if x = 1, y = 7 the addition and subtraction operators have
higher precedence and are evaluated first. The problem is than
visualized:

2 < 5

Since 2 is less than 5 the entire expression is true.

Logical operators in C

logical AND &&
OR ||
NOT !

result in bool (false or true).

AND (&&)
exp1 && exp2

short circuited: evaluate exp1

if exp1 is false, then return false (does not evaluate exp2)

if exp1 is true, then evaluate exp2, return true if exp2 returns true,
false otherwise.

example
int a, b, c;
a=b=c=10;
1. a<20 && b<11
=>true && true

2. a==11 && a++
false&&(not calculated)
Since both operands must be true, the righ-hand operand is
not calculated if the left-hand is false to save time. In this example
a is never incremented. (This type of coding, while useful for
demonstrating short-circuiting, is NOT recommended)

1. a && (b+c) /*true (1) */
=> true && true
=> true

2. a && (b-c) /*false (0) */
=> 10 && 0
=> true && false
=> false
OR ( || )
exp1 || exp2
short circuited: evaluate exp1

if exp1 is true, then return true (exp2 is not evaluated)

If exp1 is false, then evaluate exp2. If exp2 is non-zero, returns
true (1); if exp2 is zero, return false (0).

examples
int a, b, c;
a = b = c = 10;

1. (a==10) || ( b ==12) /* true (1) */
=> true || not eval
=> true

2. (a==12) || (c==10) /* true (1) */
=> false || true
=> true

3. (a==12) || (b==15) /* false (0) */
=> 0 || 0
=> false || false
=> false

NOT ( ! )
! exp
1. if exp is 0, then !exp returns 1
2. if exp is non-zero, then !exp returns 0

short circuited evaluation is useful as in

if ( x != 0 && y/x > 3.0) { ... }

Evaluation of logical expressions

int a,b,c;

a=b=c=10;

--a || --b && --c;

Evaluation proceeds left to right :

9 || (--b && --c)
1

=> a = 9, b = 10, c = 10

int a,b,c;

a=b=c=10;

--b && --c || --a;

=> a = 10, b = 9, c = 9


FLOW CHARTING

Flow charts are graphical method of showing the logical path
through a program. Up until now all our programs have had a
starting point, some basic procedures, and and ending. Ex:

int main()
{
int x;

cout<<"Enter x ->";
cin>>x;
cout<<"You entered "<<x<<endl;

}

The above program could be represented in a graphical form using
the following chart:





Note the ovals (rounded boxes actually, denote the start and stop of
the program and that the order of the boxes specifies the order of
operations of events.






Selection control structure: Conditional statements

Form1. simple if statement

syntax: if (exp)
statement;

if (exp)
{
statement1;
.
.
statementn;
}
Action.
if exp is non-zero, statement is executed.
if exp is 0, statement is skipped.
A statement can be a single statement or compound statement in {
} and every statement must end with ;
(exp) parenthesis is required.

example
#include <iostream>
int main ( )
{
int number;

cout<<" Enter a Number -> ";
cin>>number;
if (number < 0)
number = -number;
cout<<"absolute value = "<<number;

return 0;
}

Note that the Diamond diagrams the test. If Number is less than
zero, the flow goes one way, otherwise the flow goes another


Form 2. if_else statement
syntax:
if (exp)
statement_1;
else
statement_2;

#include <iostream>
int main( )
{
int number, remainder;
cout<<" Enter a Number -> ";
cin>>number;

remainder = number % 2;
if (remainder == 0)
cout<<"Number is even"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Number is odd"<<endl;
return 0;
}










nested if
if (college_student == 1 ) // if(college_student) also okay
if (compSci == 1)
cout<<"Happy Computing!"<<endl;
same as
if (college_student == 1 &&
compSci == 1 )
cout<<"Happy Computing!"<<endl;

Now, add an else clause:
if (college_student == 1)
if (compSci == 1)
cout<<"Happy Computing!"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Ahh More time for fun"<<endl;

if we add another else clause:

if (college_student)
if (compSci)
cout<<"Happy Computing"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Ahh.. More time for fun"<<endl;
else
cout<<"Sign up today at Moorpark Coll...."<<endl;


1. An else clause is always associated with the last if statement
that does not contain an else.

2. Use proper indentation.

if (college_student)
if (compSci == 1)
cout<<"Happy Computing"<<endl;
else // WRONG!!!
cout<<" Sign up today at Moorpark Coll"<<endl;

3. Need to use { } to associate an else clause with its intended if
statement in the above case.
if (college_student)
{
if (compSci)
cout<<"Happy computing"<<endl;
}
else
cout<<"Sign up today at Moorpark Coll"<<endl;



Special case of nested if-else statement where the condition for
branching is a simple integer or char constant expression: switch
statement.

syntax:
switch (exp) {
case const_1 : stmt11;
stmt12;
:
break;

case const_2 : stmt21;
stmt21;
:
break;

:
default : stmt1;
stmt2;
:
break;
}

1. No 2 const values can have the same values.
2. break causes an exit from the switch statement.
3. The switch expression can ONLY be integral (short, int, or
char value).


/*program to evaluate a simple expression of the form:
operand_1 operator operand_2 */

#include <iostream>
int main ( )
{
float op1, op2;
char oper;

cout<<"Type in your expression -> ";
cin>>op1>>oper>>op2;
switch (oper)
{
case '+' :
cout<<op1+op2;
break;
case '-' :
cout<<op1-op2;
break;
case '*' :
case 'x' :
cout<<op1*op2;
break;
case '/' :
if (op2 == 0)
cout<<"Divide by zero\n";
else
cout<<op1/op2;
break;
default :
cout<<"unknown operator\n";
break;
}
return 1;
}


conditional expression operator : a ternary operator
syntax:
condition ? exp1 : exp2

1. condition is a relational expression that will be evaluated.
2. exp1 becomes result of operation if condition is true.
3. exp2 becomes result of operation if condtion is false.

4. max_value = (a > b) ? a : b;
5. Sometimes discouraged due to readability problem.


Replacement by if-else statement:

x = flag ? p : q; => if (flag)
x = p;
else
x = q;