C Data Types:

Primary data types

Derived data types
User-defined data types
Derived
Types
Function
Type
Structure
Type
Array Type
Pointer
Type
Union Type
Array Collection of one or more related variables of similar
data type grouped under a single name
Structure Collection of one or more related variables of different
data types, grouped under a single name
In a Library, each book is an object, and its characteristics like title, author, no of
pages, price are grouped and represented by one record.
The characteristics are different types and grouped under a aggregate variable of
different types.
A record is group of fields and each field represents one characteristic. In C, a record
is implemented with a derived data type called structure. The characteristics of record are
called the members of the structure.
book
bookid
title
author
pages
price
STRUCTURE- BOOK
struct book {
int book_id ;
char title[50] ;
char author[40] ;
int pages ;
float price ;
};
Book-1
BookID: 1211
Title : C Primer Plus
Author : Stephen Prata
Pages : 984
Price : Rs. 585.00
Book-2
BookID: 1212
Title : The ANSI C Programming
Author : Dennis Ritchie
Pages : 214
Price : Rs. 125.00
Book-3
BookID: 1213
Title : C By Example
Author : Greg Perry
Pages : 498
Price : Rs. 305.00
Structure tag
integer book_id
Array of 50 characters title
Array of 40 characters author
integer pages
float price
2 bytes
50 bytes
40 bytes
2 bytes
4 bytes
struct < structure_tag_name >
{
data type < member 1 >
data type < member 2 >
. . . .
data type < member N >
} ;
Memory occupied by a Structure variable
Initialization of structure
Initialization of structure variable while
declaration :
struct student s2 = { 1001, K.Avinash ,
87.25 } ;
Initialization of structure members individually :
s1. roll_no = 1111;
strcpy ( s1. name , B. Kishore ) ;
s1.percentage = 78.5 ;
Declaring a Structure Type
struct student
{
int roll_no;
char name[30];
float percentage;
};
Declaring a Structure Variable
struct student s1,s2,s3;
(or)
struct student
{
int roll_no;
char name[30];
float percentage;
}s1,s2,s3;
Reading values to members at
runtime:
struct student s3;
printf(\nEnter the roll no);
scanf(%d,&s3.roll_no);
printf(\nEnter the name);
scanf(%s,s3.name);
printf(\nEnter the percentage);
scanf(%f,&s3.percentage);
membership operator
struct employee {
int empid;
char name[35];
int age;
float salary;
};
int main() {
struct employee emp1,emp2 ;
struct employee emp3 = { 1213 , S.Murali , 31 , 32000.00 } ;
emp1.empid=1211;
strcpy(emp1.name, K.Ravi);
emp1.age = 27;
emp1.salary=30000.00;
printf(Enter the details of employee 2);
scanf(%d %s %d %f , &emp2.empid, emp2.name, &emp2.age, &emp2.salary);
if(emp1.age > emp2.age)
printf( Employee1 is senior than Employee2\n );
else
printf(Employee1 is junior than Employee2\n);
printf(Emp ID:%d\n Name:%s\n Age:%d\n Salary:%f,
emp1.empid,emp1.name,emp1.age,emp1.salary);
}
Implementing a Structure
Declaration of Structure Type
Declaration of Structure variables
Declaration and initialization of Structure variable
Initialization of Structure members individually
Reading values to members of Structure
Accessing members of Structure
Nesting of structures
struct date {
int day ;
int month ;
int year ;
} ;
struct person {
char name[40];
int age ;
struct date b_day ;
};
int main( ) {
struct person p1;
strcpy ( p1.name , S. Ramesh ) ;
p1. age = 32 ;
p1.b_day.day = 25 ;
p1.b_day. month = 8 ;
p1.b_day. year = 1978 ;
}
Arrays And structures
struct student
{
int sub[3] ;
int total ;
} ;
int main( ) {
struct student s[3];
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<3;i++) {
printf(\n\nEnter student %d marks:,i+1);
for(j=0;j<3;j++) {
scanf(%d,&s[i].sub[j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++) {
s[i].total =0;
for(j=0;j<3;j++) {
s[i].total +=s[i].sub[j];
}
printf(\nTotal marks of student %d is: %d,
i+1,s[i].total );
}
}
OUTPUT:
Enter student 1 marks: 60 60 60
Enter student 2 marks: 70 70 70
Enter student 3 marks: 90 90 90
Total marks of student 1 is: 180
Total marks of student 2 is: 240
Total marks of student 3 is: 270
Outer Structure
Inner Structure
Accessing Inner
Structure members
struct fraction {
int numerator ;
int denominator ;
};
void show ( struct fraction f )
{
printf ( %d / %d , f.numerator,
f.denominator ) ;
}
int main ( ) {
struct fraction f1 = { 7, 12 } ;
show ( f1 ) ;
}
OUTPUT:
7 / 12
structures and functions Self referential structures
struct student_node {
int roll_no ;
char name [25] ;
struct student_node *next ;
} ;
int main( )
{
struct student_node s1 ;
struct student_node s2 = { 1111, B.Mahesh, NULL } ;
s1. roll_no = 1234 ;
strcpy ( s1.name , P.Kiran ) ;
s1. next = & s2 ;
printf ( %s , s1. name ) ;
printf ( %s , s1.next - > name ) ;
}
A self referential structure is one that includes at least one member
which is a pointer to the same structure type.
With self referential structures, we can create very useful data
structures such as linked -lists, trees and graphs.
s2 node is linked to s1 node
Prints P.Kiran
Prints B.Mahesh
Pointer to a structure
Accessing structure members through
pointer :
i) Using . ( dot ) operator :
( *ptr ) . prodid = 111 ;
strcpy ( ( *ptr ) . Name, Pen) ;
ii) Using - > ( arrow ) operator :
ptr - > prodid = 111 ;
strcpy( ptr - > name , Pencil) ;
struct product
{
int prodid;
char name[20];
};
int main()
{
struct product inventory[3];
struct product *ptr;
printf(Read Product Details : \n");
for(ptr = inventory;ptr<inventory +3;ptr++) {
scanf("%d %s", &ptr->prodid, ptr->name);
}
printf("\noutput\n");
for(ptr=inventory;ptr<inventory+3;ptr++)
{
printf("\n\nProduct ID :%5d",ptr->prodid);
printf("\nName: %s",ptr->name);
}
}
Read Product Details :
111 Pen
112 Pencil
113 Book
Print Product Details :
Product ID : 111
Name : Pen
Product ID : 112
Name : Pencil
Product ID : 113
Name : Book
A union is a structure all of whose members share the same memory
Union is a variable, which is similar to the structure and contains number of members
like structure.
In the structure each member has its own memory location whereas, members of union
share the same memory. The amount of storage allocated to a union is sufficient to hold its
largest member.
struct student {
int rollno;
float avg ;
char grade ;
};
union pupil {
int rollno;
float avg ;
char grade;
} ;
int main() {
struct student s1 ;
union pupil p1;
printf ( %d bytes ,
sizeof ( struct student ) ) ;
printf ( %d bytes ,
sizeof ( union pupil ) ) ;
}
Output :
7 bytes 4 bytes
Memory allotted to structure student
Address 5000 5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006
rollno avg
grade
Total memory occupied : 7 bytes
Memory allotted to union pupil
rollno
avg
grade
Total memory occupied : 4 bytes
Address 5000 5001 5002 5003