Grothendieck - Serre Duality

yagism
2014 9 15
1
Contents
0 Intro 3
0.1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.2 Notations and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
0.3 Main Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1 Language of Categories 5
1.1 Abelian category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Cohomology via derived functor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Why derived category? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Derived category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Language of Schemes 11
2.1 Sheaf cohomology on schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Basic Results for Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Proof of Main Theorem 14
3.1 basic stategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2
0 Intro
0.1 Preface
L
A
T
E
X Twitter
yagism
0.2 Notations and Terminology
pdf
scheme

EGA prescheme
Grothendieck universe
scheme sch. separated sepd
X < Y Y scheme X subscheme
module over ring submoodule O
P
-Module sheaf subsheaf
sub-Module sheaf
0.3 Main Theorem
pdf
Thm. 0.1 (Grothendieck - Serre duality)
Let f : X Y projective embeddable morphism between Noetherien sch. with nite Krull dimension. Then,
there exists the isomorphism
Rf

RH om
X
(F, f
!
G)
//
RH om
Y
(Rf

F, G)
where F D

qc
(X), G D
+
qc
(Y).
Rem. 0.1
Let Y a algebraic closed eld k, and G the dualizing sheaf

, and take cohomologies. Then we have usual Serre

duality
Ext
i
(F,

) H
ni
(X, F)

3
where V

is the dual vector space of V

4
1 Language of Categories
1.1 Abelian category
Def. 1.1.1 (Abelian cat.)
See [2], and[3].
Comments.
We call an Ab.cat. satisfying these following conditions Grothendieck category
(GC 1) There exists an arbitrary direct limit.
(GC 2) There exists generators of Abelian category.(See [2])
Groth.cat. spectrum
ATOM SPECTRA OF GROTHENDIECK CATEGORIES AND
COLORED QUIVER CONSTRUCTION(http://ir.nul.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jspui/handle/2237/19983) [6].
Def. 1.1.2 (injective object)
See [3]
Thm. 1.1 (When does Ab.cat. have enough injective objects ?)
Let A Ab.cat. such that is cocomplete, the functor of taking direct limits on A is exact functor, and has generators.
Then, A has enough injective objects.
Proof. See T ohoku paper[2]
Rem. 1.1
Abelian categories that we usually consider in (i.e. cat.of modules over ring Mod(R), or cat.of Module sheaves
over schemes Mod(X)) satises the conditions of above theorem, that is, is enough injective.
Moreover, this theorem is useful, when we work in etale cohomology theory.
Comments.
Ab.cat. enough injective cat.of Module
sheaves injective object (See [5] Chap.3-2)
5
1.2 Cohomology via derived functor
Def. 1.2.1 ( - foncteur)
Let A Ab.cat., C additive cat., and (T

) family of foncteurs of A to C. We call (T

) -foncteur if it satises
the condition
At rst, for every exact sequence in A
0
//
A

//
A
//
A

//
0 ,
we have long complex
. . .
//
T
i
(A

)
//
T
i
(A)
//
T
i
(A

)

//
T
i+1
(A

)
//
. . . .
Second, for every commutative diagram with two horizontal exact sequence in A
0
//
A

//

A
//

//

0
0
//
B

//
B
//
B

//
0 ,
we have
T
i
(A

)

//

T
i+1
(A

T
i
(B

)

//
T
i+1
(B

) .
Moreover, we call -foncteur exact when the above long complex is exact sequence. And usually, we call
exact -foncteur cohomologicy foncteur.
Rem. 1.2
We consider in the only case that every index set of -foncteur is Z
0
.
These notations of -foncteur are owe to Grothendiecks T ohoku paper [2].
Def. 1.2.2 (universal -foncteur, satellite foncteur)
We call -foncteur (T

) universal when for another -foncteur with the same degree (T

) and natural trans-

formation ( f
i
)
0ii
0
of (T

) to (T

), there exists a natural transformation ( f

) s.t. f
i
is the given f
i
for i i
0
.
Let F contravariant foncteur of C to C

. Then, universal -foncteur (T

) s.t. T
0
F exists uniquely (up to
isom.) if exists.
In this, the universal -foncteur (T

) is called satellite foncteur of F, and denote (S

F).
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Thm. 1.2 (When is exact -foncteur universal ?)
Let C C

Ab.cat. and (T

) exact -foncteur. Morever, T

i
is effaceable for i > 0, then (T

) is universal. In
addition, if C is enough injective and (T

) is universal exact -foncteur, then T

i
is effaceable for i > 0.
This thm.is proved easily with the help of the next Key Thm.
Thm. 1.3 (Key)
Let C Ab.cat. with enough injective objects, F contravariant additive foncteur of C. Then, there exists the
satellite foncteur (S

F) and S
i
F is effaceable for i > 0. Moreover, (S

F) is exact (universal -foncteur) if and

only if F is left or right exact foncteur.
Proof. See [2]. This prf. is not difcult but long.
Construction (derived fonceur)
Let F : C C

covariant foncteur between Ab.cat., and C enough injective.

Take A C and take a injective resolution
0
//
A
//
I

,
where I
p
is an injective object.
and dene
R

F(A) =
def
H

(F(I

)) .
As result, we get a cohomology foncteur R

F with the help of snake lemma. Moreover, if F is left exact, then,

R

F S

F
We call this cohomolgy foncteur R

F right derived foncteur. Of course, this is well-dened.

Rem. 1.3
In usual, we only consider the case that F is left exact. However, in the case that the foncteur is not left exact,
there is value in observing R

F. Please see [2].

7
Prop. 1.1 (caluculate cohomology with help of acyclic resolution)
Let C Ab.cat. with enough inj.obj., F left exact foncteur on C. Then, for a F-acyclic resolution
0
//
M
//
A

,
we have
R

F(M) H

(F(A

)) .
Proof. Caluculate straightforward.
Thm. 1.4 (Important)
F : C C

foncteurbetweenAb.cat. ,where C enough injective. Let M a class of objects of C satisfying the

following conditions
(i) for any A C, there exists an obj. M M s.t.
A M .
(ii) if A C s.t.is isom. to a direct factor of a M M, then A M
(iii) for every exact seq. in C
0
//
M

//
M
//
M

//
0
where M

, M M ,
we heve M

M, and
0
//
F(M

)
//
F(M)
//
F(M

)
//
0
is also exact in C

.
Then, for any inj.obj. I C , I M, and every M M is F-acyclic, i.e. R
p
F(M) = 0 for any i > 0.
Proof. Caluculate straightforword.
Cor. 1.1
We can calucurate cohomology with resolution in M.
i.e. R

F(M

) H

(F(A

)) , where
0
//
A
//
M

where M
p
M.
Comments.
class M sheaf cohomology asque (abby,
)sheaf setting derived category class
8
1.3 Why derived category?
derived foncteur injective resolution
homotopy homotopic
resolution complex induce cohomology isomorphism
resolution
cohomology foncteur exactness foncteur
exact apriori
derived category object
sequence abstract nonsense
Grothendieck,
Verdier
Kashiwara-Schapira Sheaves on Manifolds derived category
Derived category Fourier Mukai transform
Kontsevich Calabi Yau 3fold
derived category
cohomology
singular (co)homology cohomology
sheaf cohomology derived foncteur
cohomology
cohomology Spectral Sequence
Grothendieck spectral sequence foncteur
derd foncteur derd foncteur
spectral seq.
natural natural
natural
derived category
9
.
derived category cohomology homotopic
complex cohomological objects cohomology
complex
cohomology
[7]
Complexes good, (co)homology bad
1.4 Derived category
Nortation
In this section, let A Abelian category and F foncteur on A between Abelian categories.
Def. 1.4.1 (homotopy category)
Def. 1.4.2 (triangulated category)
10
2 Language of Schemes
2.1 Sheaf cohomology on schemes
Def. 2.1.1 (sheaf cohomology)
Def. 2.1.2 (

Cech cohomology)
Thm. 2.1 (

Cech = sheaf cohomology)
Rem. 2.1
Noether
Proof. Sketch
2.2 Basic Results for Schemes
Def. 2.2.1 (projective scheme)
EGA
Thm. 2.2 (fundamental thm. for projective scheme)
projective morph. coherent push
This theorem is followed by the next important theorem.
Thm. 2.3 (cohomology of projective space)
Def. 2.2.2 (smooth scheme, locally complete intersection)
relative differential sheaf l.c.i. canonical sheaf
Thm. 2.4 (fundamental local isomorhism)
Let X locally complete intersection closed subscheme of P correspond to J <O
P
with pure codimension r, and
F Qcoh(P). Then, we have the natural isom.
E xt
r
P
(O
X
, F) H om
X
(
r
J/J
2
, F/JF) F
O
P

X/P
Fundamental Local Isomorphism Theorem local Koszulcohomology local
isom. global
11
Def. 2.2.3 (Koszul cohomology)
See [3]
Lem.
Let A ring, M A-mod., and ( f
1
, . . . , f
r
) M-regular sequence. Then, we have the next quasi-isomorhism
K

(f, M)
qis
//
M/IM
where I is the ideal of A generated by ( f
1
, . . . , f
r
).
Proof. Use induction with the number of f
i
s, and calculate spectral secuence of K

(f, M) with considering f as

( f
1
, . . . , f
r1
) and f
r
.
Lem.
Dene A-hom.
f
as

f
: K
r
( f, M) M
a a(

f
1
. . .

f
r
),
where

f
i
is the unit of K
1
(

f
i
).
Then,
f
induce a isom.

f
: H
r
(f, M) M/IM.
Proof. Caluculate.
Lem.
Let f = ( f
1
, . . . , f
r
), g = (g
1
, . . . , g
r
) A-regular sequence which generate a same ideal I, and g
i
=
j
c
i j
f
j
. Then,
the next diagram commutes
M/IM
det(c
i j
)

Ext(A/I, M)

f
88
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r

g
&&
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
M/IM
Proof. Remenmber a relation of determinant and wedge, and check commutativity.
12
proof of F.L.I.thm. By def.of locally complete intersection, we can take an afne open U in P s.t.
J(U) =
def
I <O
P
(U) =
def
A,
where I is a regular ideal of A with a gererator f
1
, . . . , f
r
.
and let M =
def
(U, F). Then,

f
1
, . . . ,

f
r
generate I/I
2
, and
r
I/I
2
is generated by

f
1


f
r
. See

U
: Ext
r
A
(A/I, M) Hom
A/I
(
r
I/I
2
, M/IM)
a
U
(a),
where
U(a)
(

f
1


f
r
) =
def

f
(a)
Let another regular generator g = (g
1
, . . . , g
r
) of I with g
i
=
j
c
i j
f
j
. Then, we have

f
1


f
r
=
det(c
i j
) g
1
g
r
, and

U
(a)( g
1
g
r
) = det(c
i j
)
U
(a)(

f
1


f
r
) =
Lem

g
(a)
i.e.
U
is independ on a choice of regular generator.
Therefore, the homomorphism of sheaves
: E xt
r
P
(O
X
, F) H om
X
(
r
J/J
2
, F/JF)
is well-dened, and by construction, this morphism is fonctoriel isomorphism.
Cor. 2.1
canonical sheaf relative differential sheaf
13
3 Proof of Main Theorem
3.1 basic stategy
14
Reference
[1] Grothendieck,

El ements de G eom etie Alg ebrique

[2] Grothendieck, Sur quelques points dalg ebre homologique
[3] Weibel, Introduction to Homological Algebra
[4] Hartshorne, Residues and Duality
[5] Hartshorne, Algebraic Geometry
[6] Kanda Ryo, ATOM SPECTRA OF GROTHENDIECK CATEGORIES AND COLORED QUIVER CON-
STRUCTION
[7] R. P. Thomas, Derived categories for the working mathematician
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