Scribd
Upload
201 views

Quick Guide - Ip Routing

The document provides a quick guide to IP routing, covering static routing, default routing, dynamic routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF. It discusses routing table concepts like administrative distance and how dynamic routing protocols work. Specific details are given on configuring and troubleshooting RIP and IGRP routing.

Uploaded by

CCNAResources
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
201 views

Quick Guide - Ip Routing

The document provides a quick guide to IP routing, covering static routing, default routing, dynamic routing protocols like RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF. It discusses routing table concepts like administrative distance and how dynamic routing protocols work. Specific details are given on configuring and troubleshooting RIP and IGRP routing.

Uploaded by

CCNAResources
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

CCNA4.

com

Quick Guide - Ip Routing


- Typically, in a large network, a combination of both static and dynamic routing is used.
- A packet can also be dropped on the RETURN trip. Example -- if you ping a host and it
doesn't answer, that doesn't necessarily mean the forward path is broken.
- Static Routing -- an entry is added to the routing table of each router, for each remote
network.
- Static Routing Advantages -- no overhead on the router CPU, no bandwidth usage between
routers, security. Primarily used in small networks (< id="fullpost">
- Default Routing -- can only be used on stub networks (only one exit port out of the
network).
- Before setting up a default route, remove any static routing entries -- "no ip route
172.16.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2".
- Set up a default route -- "ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.2". Verify the changes -- "sh ip
route" -- the default route shows as "S*".
- ALWAYS remember to use "ip subnet-zero" and "ip classless" -- both are enabled by
default in Cisco IOS 12.x.
- Dynamic Routing -- happens automatically, but uses CPU and network resources.
- Dynamic Routing Protocols within a network:
- RIP -- Routing Information Protocol.
- IGRP -- Interior Gateway Routing Protocol -- Cisco proprietary.
- EIGRP -- Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol -- Cisco proprietary.
- OSPF -- Open Shortest Path First -- non-proprietary.
- Dynamic Routing Protocols across networks:
- IGP -- Interior Gateway Protocol -- routing between routers in the same Autonomous
System (AS).
- EGP -- Exterior Gateway Protocol -- routing between different Autonomous Systems. BGP
(Border Gateway Protocol) is an example of an EGP.
- Administrative Distance -- a number from 0 to 255, where 0 is most reliable, 255 is blocked.
- If two advertised routes for the same network have the same ADs, the router makes a
decision by looking at hop count or bandwidth.
- AD values:
- 0 -- Connected interface.
- 1 -- Static route.
- 90 -- EIGRP.
- 100 -- IGRP.
- 110 -- OSPF.
- 120 -- RIP.
- 170 -- External EIGRP.
- 255 -- Unknown -- this one will never be used.
- Routing Protocol Types:
- Distance Vector -- distance is measured in hops. Examples -- RIP, IGRP.
- Link State -- also called Shortest Path First -- 3 tables per router -- 1 for directly attached
neighbors, 1 for network topology, and 1 for routing. Examples -- OSPF.
- Hybrid -- these use a combination of both methods -- EIGRP.
- Distance Vector Routing Protocols -- they use "routing by rumor" -- exchange of routing
tables. RIP looks at ADs first, then at hop count. If everything is equal, it performs round-
robin load balancing for up to 6 equal cost links.
- Pinhole Congestion -- with RIP routing, if a 56K link has less hops than a T1 link, the 56K
link will be used -- this is bad, and happens because hop count is the only metric used with
RIP routing.
- Slow Convergence is another problem of RIP. While the routers are converging

CCNA4.com
CCNA4.com
(synchronizing their routing tables), no data is passed.
- RIP Routing table fields -- network number, exit interface, and hop count.
- Routing loops are also a common problem in RIP. They result from the slow convergence of
RIP.
- Maximum Hop Count -- RIP has this set to 15. After that, a packet is dropped. Maximum
Hop Count is a good feature to decrease the severe effects of routing loops.
- Split Horizon -- information cannot be sent back in the direction from which it was received.
This method is able to prevent routing loops.
- Route Poisoning -- when a network becomes unreachable, the first directly attached router
places a "16" entry (unreachable) for this network in its routing table, and then advertises it to
all other routers. They reply with a "poison reverse" (acknowledgement).
- Holddowns -- these prevent regular update messages from a flapping network, router, or
interface. Thus, the flow of information continues.
- Holddown behavior:
- Holddowns have a timer. When it expires, the link is reinstated.
- If another update is received, with a better metric, the link is reinstated. If the metric is the
same, nothing happens.
- If a flush timer removes the bad route from the routing table (if it happens to expire --
coincidence), the link is reinstated.
- RIP is a true distance-vector routing protocol. It sends the complete routing table to all
active interfaces every 30 seconds.
- RIP Version 1 uses only classful routing. RIP Version 2 provides prefix routing (classless
routing) -- no subnet mask is sent with the updates.
- RIP Timers:
- Route update timer -- how often to send out updates -- default is 30 seconds.
- Route invalid timer -- when there are no updates for a specific route over a time period
(default is 90 seconds), the route is advertised as invalid.
- Route flush timer -- how long after a route becomes invalid before it is removed from the
routing table -- default is 240 seconds.
- Configure RIP routing -- Make sure there are no static routes, as they take precedence. Then
-- "config t", "router rip", "network 172.16.0.0" -- "network" tells the router which network to
advertise.
- RIP is configured with classful routing network addresses -- ALL subnet masks must be the
same on all devices on the network.
- "sh ip route" displays something like this -- "R 172.16.50.0 [120/3] via 172.16.10.2,
FastEthernet0/0" -- "[120/3]" is the AD and the hop count.
- Blocking RIP advertisements after a certain point of the network -- "config t", "router rip",
"network 172.16.0.0", "passive-interface serial 0" -- serial 0 will stop advertising, but will still
receive updates.
- IGRP -- Cisco proprietary, maximum hop count of 255 with default of 100, helpful in larger
networks. IGRP uses bandwidth and delay of the line as metrics -- this combination is called a
composite metric.
- IGRP can also use other metrics, but they are not used by default -- reliability, load, and
MTU.
- IGRP Timers:
- Update timer -- how frequently routing-update messages should be sent -- default is 90
seconds.
- Invalid timer -- how long a router should wait before declaring a route invalid -- default is 3
x update timer.
- Holddown timer -- specifies the holddown period -- default is 3 x update timer + 10 seconds.
- Flush timer -- how long before a route is flushed from the routing table -- default is 7 x
update timer.

CCNA4.com
CCNA4.com
- Configure IGRP -- "config t", "router igrp 10", "network 172.16.0.0" -- "10" is the
Autonomous System (AS). All routers must be in the same AS in order to communicate.
- You must ALWAYS use a classful network number when configuring IGRP. Example -- if
you type "172.16.10.0", the router will change it to "172.16.0.0". Still, DO NOT type
anything like this.
- IGRP can load balance up to 6 unequal links (while with RIP, they must be equal). The
"variance" command controls the load balancing between the best and the worst metric.
- If both RIP and IGRP are enabled on a router, it will always use IGRP, as IGRP has higher
precedence. Therefore, when using IGRP, disable RIP in order to spare resources.
- Commands to troubleshoot routing:
- "show ip route" -- displays the routing table.
- "show protocols" -- displays hardware information and link status.
- "show ip protocols" -- lots of routing information, including various parameters.
- "debug ip rip" -- sends debugging messages to the console. Can be redirected to the terminal
via "terminal monitor". Disable with "undebug all".
- "debug ip igrp events" -- debug summary of IGRP. Disable with "undebug" or "undebug
all".
- "debug ip igrp transactions" -- full debug of IGRP. Again, disable with "undebug all".

By badboy

CCNA4.com

You might also like