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Calc 2 Cheat Sheet

The document discusses important derivatives and integrals, including rules like the sum, constant multiple, and power rules for integration. It also covers techniques like variable substitution, integration by parts, and how to integrate functions involving natural logarithms, exponentials, and other transcendental functions. Key concepts are defined, such as inverse functions and their derivatives being reciprocals, as well as properties of logarithms and exponentials.

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vgc3491
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2K views

Calc 2 Cheat Sheet

The document discusses important derivatives and integrals, including rules like the sum, constant multiple, and power rules for integration. It also covers techniques like variable substitution, integration by parts, and how to integrate functions involving natural logarithms, exponentials, and other transcendental functions. Key concepts are defined, such as inverse functions and their derivatives being reciprocals, as well as properties of logarithms and exponentials.

Uploaded by

vgc3491
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Most Important Derivatives and Antiderivatives:

The Sum Rule, the Constant Multiple Rule and the


Power Rule for Integration:
Sum Rule for Integration integrate long expressions
term by term. Expressed formally:

Constant Multiple Rule for Integration move a
constant outside of an integral before you integrate.
Expressed in symbols:

Power Rule for Integration integrate any real power
of x (except -1). Expressed formally:

where n 1,


Solve Integrals with Variable Substitution:
1. Declare a variable u, set it equal to an algebraic
expression that appears in the integral, and then
substitute u for this expression in the integral.
2. Differentiate u to find

, then isolate all x


variables on one side of the equal sign.
3. Make another substitution to change dx and all
other occurrences of x in the integral to an
expression that includes du.
4. Integrate by using u as your new variable of
integration.
5. Express this answer in terms of x.
Integration by Parts:
Gives you the option to break down product of two
functions to its factors and integrate in altered form.
Follow these steps:
1. Decompose the entire integral (including dx) into
two factors.
2. Let the factor without dx equal u and the factor
with dx equal dv.
3. Differentiate u to find du; integrate dv to find v.
4. Use the formula:
5. Evaluate the right side of this equation to solve the
integral.

Compound Functions Where Inner Function is ax + b:
Integrate the outer function f, and the inner function
g(x) is of the form ax + b it differentiates to a
constant. Here are some examples:

Compound Functions Where Inner Function is ax:
Integrate the outer function f, and the inner function
g(x) is of the form ax it differentiates to a constant.
Here are some examples:


Chapter 7: Transcendental Functions
Section 7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives:
One-to-One functions f(x) is one-to-one on a
domain D if f(x1) f(x2) whenever x1 x2 in D.
Function y = f(x) one-to-one if graph intersects
each horizontal line at most once.

Inverse functions suppose f is one-to-one
function on domain D with range R, inverse
function f
-1
defined by f
-1
(b) = a if f(a) = b. Domain
of f
-1
is R and range is D.
Finding inverse passing from f to f
-1
summarized
as two-step procedure:
1. Solve equation y = f(x) for x, giving x = f
-1
(y)
where x is function of y.
2. Interchange x and y, giving formula y = f
-1
(x).

Derivatives of inverses of differentiable functions
derivatives are reciprocals of one another slopes
are reciprocal: (f
-1
)(b) =

()
or (f
-1
)(b) =

(
-

.
Derivative rule for inverses if f has interval I as
domain and () exists and is never zero on I, then
f
-1
is differentiable at every point in its domain
(range of f). Value (f
-1
) at point b in domain of f
-1

is reciprocal of value of at point a = f
-1
(b):
(f
-1
)(b) =

(
-

or

.
Section 7.2 Natural Logarithms:
Definition of natural logarithm function natural
logarithm of any positive number x, written as ln x,
is defined as integral. Natural logarithm is function
given by ln x =

-
, x > 0.
Number e is number in the domain of natural
logarithm satisfying ln(e) = 1

= 1.
Derivative of y = ln x:


for every positive value x,

, chain rule
extends formula for positive functions u(x):

so

, u > 0

|
Properties of logarithms
1. Product rule: ln bx = ln b + ln x
2. Quotient rule: ln
b

= ln b ln x
3. Reciprocal rule: ln

= -ln x
4. Power rule: ln x
r
= r ln x
The integral

du = ln + C if u = f(x), then

()
()
dx = ln () + C whenever f(x) differentiable
function that is never zero.
dx = -cos x + C dx = -ln + C
dx = sin x + C dx = ln + C
dx = ln + C
dx = -ln + C
Section 7.3 Exponential Functions:
Inverse of ln x and the number e for every real
number x, we define natural exponential function
to be e
x
= exp x.
Inverse equations for e
x
and ln x:
e
ln x
= x (all x > 0) and ln (e
x
) = x (all x)
Derivative and integral of e
x
: if u is any
differentiable function of x, then

e
u
= e
u

.
General antiderivative of the exponential function:


du = e
u
+ C
For all numbers x, x1 and x2, the natural exponential
e
x
obeys the following laws:
1.

3.


2.
-
=


4. (

)
r
=

, if r is rational
The general exponential function a
x
for any
numbers a > 0 and x, the exponential function with
base a is: a
x
= e
x ln a
when a = e, the definition
gives a
x
= e
x ln a
= e
x ln e
=

= e
x
in particular,
a
n
a
-1
= a
n-1

Proof of the power rule (general version) for any
x > 0 and for any real number n, x
n
= e
n ln x

General power rule for derivatives for x > 0 and
any real number n,

x
n
= nx
n-1
; if x 0, then the
formula holds whenever the derivative, x
n
, and x
n-1

all exist so

x
n
=

e
n ln x
= nx
n-1

Differentiate f(x) = x
x
, x > 0:
() =

(e
x ln x
) = e
x ln x

(x ln x) = e
x ln x
(ln x + x

)
= x
x
(ln x + 1)
The derivative of a
u
:

a
x
=

e
x ln a
=

(x ln a) = a
x
ln a
if a = e, then ln a = 1 so
derivative of a
x
simplifies to

e
x
= e
x
ln e = e
x

If a > 0 and u is differentiable function of x, then a
u

is differentiable function of x and

a
u
= a
u
ln a




du =



+ C
Logarithms with base a for any positive number
a 1, log a x is the inverse function of a
x

When a = e, log

e x = inverse of e
x
= ln x.
Rules for base a logarithms for any numbers x > 0
and y > 0
1. Product rule: log a xy = log a x + log a y
2. Quotient rule: log a

= log a x log a y
3. Reciprocal rule: log a

= -log a y
4. Power rule: log a x
y
= y log a x
Inverse equations for a
x
and log

a x:




= x (x > 0) and log a x (a
x
) = x (all x)
log a x =


log a u =

(


) =

(ln u)
Derivatives and integrals involving log a x:

(log a u) =

(


) =

(ln u) =

(log a u) =

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