Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol. 6, No. 5, pp.

605~612, 2011
DOI: 10.5370/JEET.2011.6.5.605

605
Communication Architecture of the IEC 61850-based
Micro Grid System


Byong-Kwan Yoo*, Seung-Ho Yang*, Hyo-Sik Yang

, Won-Yong Kim**,
Yu-Seok Jeong**, Byung-Moon Han** and Kwang-Soo Jang***



Abstract As the power grids are integrated into one big umbrella called a smart grid,
communication protocol plays a key role in successful operations. The successful deployment of smart
grid interoperability is a major hurdle that must be overcome. The micro grid, a small power system
that distributes energy resource, is operated in diverse regions. Different vendors use different
communication protocols in the operation of the micro grid. Recently, the IEC 61850 has been
legislated to solve the interoperability problems in power utility automation. The present paper
presents a micro grid system based on the IEC 61850 protocol. It consists of a micro grid monitoring
system, a protocol converter that transforms serial data to IEC 61850 data, and distributed energy
resource controllers for diverse DER nodes. A developed communication gateway can be deployed for
DER controllers with serial links to exchange data with IEC 61850-based devices. The gateway can be
extended to IEC 61850-based distribution automation systems, substation automation systems, or
SCADA.

Keywords: Communication System, Gateway, IEC 61850, Protocol Converter, Micro Grid



1. Introduction

An old paradigm for the existing power industry is the
one-way power flow system, in which power stations only
serve as producers of electricity and customers play the
role of electricity consumers. However, the paradigm has
changed due to the appearance of prosumers that consume
and generate electricity at the same time. In the current
power system, the prosumers could only support their own
needs but not provide electricity, which they could produce
and return to the power utility system. This means that
overproduced electricity is thrown away and wasted if the
energy storages of the prosumers are full.
To surmount this inefficiency, the micro grid was
proposed. The smart grid dictionary defines the micro grid
as a small power system, which includes self-contained
generation, transmission, distribution, sensors, energy
storage, and energy management software with a seamless
and synchronized connection to a utility power system;
however, the micro grid can operate independently as an
island from that system [1]. To make a micro grid
interoperable to the smart grid, the existing power industry
has to be changed from a one-way to a two-way system,
and the integration of power and communication
technology has to be carefully studied and tested.
Interconnection of distributed energy resources (DER) and
distribution automation system is the key to better smart
grid systems in the future [2].
DER vendors need communication capability because
they interconnect to the smart grid. Up until now, DER
vendors have used their own proprietary communication
protocols due to the lack of standards [3]. The distributed
energy resources logical nodes [4] data model for DER are
standardized under the basic communication structure
stipulated in the communication networks and systems for
power utility automation introduced in the IEC 61850-7-
420. The IEC 61850 is known as flexible and future-proof
due to its capability for decoupling domain-specific
application data model from the communication protocol
stack.
The IEC 61850 has been adopted as an international
communication protocol to monitor, control, and measure
power utilities. The IEC 61850-7-420 has been designated
to interact with the micro grid. Given that communication
protocol has become critical in the smart grid system,
mores studies on the communication technology in micro
grid environments have to be conducted. Studies on IEC
61850 related to substation and distribution automation
system are actively in progress [57]. Due to the lack of
research on the implementation of the whole micro grid
communication system view, proprietary protocols are still
Corresponding Author: Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering,
Sejong University, Korea. ([email protected])
* Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University,
Korea. (pkyours and iah063 @gmail.com)
** Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Myongji University, Korea.
([email protected], and erichan and [email protected])
*** LG CNS, Korea. ([email protected])
Received: February 16, 2011; Accepted: June 2, 2011
Communication Architecture of the IEC 61850-based Micro Grid System

606
used mainly in the industry, presenting a serious hurdle.
Research efforts on the micro grid have been conducted by
means of computer simulation [8, 9]. Moreover, the micro
grid system has been implemented [7, 911]. The scope of
implementation, however, has been limited to the micro
system. General communication protocols, rather than the
IEC 61850 used for micro grid, are presented in [9, 10]. An
IEC 61850-based micro grid system is presented in [12].
Meanwhile, IEC 61850-7-420 object models have been
employed to model the diesel generator located within the
Salt River Project (SRP) distribution systems. Using the
Modbus interface, diesel generators with a rating of 93
kVA at 75 kW and 0.8 power factor are connected to the
SCADA sentry, which is similar to the gateway described
in the present paper. Such a system, however, is limited to
point-to-point communication link, and does not
implement grid operation. The concept behind virtual
power plants (VPPs) consisting of the DER unit has been
introduced under project EDISON [13]. EDISON uses data
model and services defined in IEC 61850 for
interoperability. However, it proposes a conceptual service-
oriented architecture and power balance simulation using
computer simulation. The design of the application layer
protocol, the implementation, and deployment are left for
future work. Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) was
employed in [14] to simulate the micro grid system which
did not deploy real micro grid equipment.
The present paper introduces an IEC 61850-based micro
grid system, which interconnects several DER units with
the micro grid monitoring system. Various real DER units
are deployed, including solar cell arrays, fuel cells, and
wind turbines, with dedicated DER controller units for
monitoring and control. Each DER unit controller is
connected to the dedicated protocol converter, i.e., gateway,
which transforms proprietary data to standardized IEC
61850 data models. An embedded Linux-based gateway is
also developed, which could be deployed by any DER
controller through a serial interface. The gateway receives
data from DER controllers using their proprietary protocol
through a serial cable, transforms it to fit the IEC 61850
data model, and sends it to the micro grid monitoring
system using services defined in IEC 61850. The micro
grid monitoring system can request data for each DER unit
to the gateways as well. For gateways using standardized
services and data model defined in IEC 61850,
interoperability to existing IEC 61850-based power grids is
guaranteed, including distribution automation systems
(DAS), substation automation systems (SAS), or SCADA
(Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems. As
described previously, current micro grid systems use their
own proprietary communication protocols with their own
data models; one DER unit is monitored using IEC 61850.
In the present paper, however, four different DER units that
communicate with standardized communication protocols
and standardized data model (IEC 61850) are connected.
DER units are monitored using IEC 61850; the units were
also controlled. By using standardized communication
protocols and data model, any DER unit which conforms to
IEC 61850 could be connected to existing micro grid
systems, thus providing expandability.
The current study describes an IEC 61850-based micro
grid from the communication perspective. The paper is
organized into sections. Section 2 describes the
standardization effort in power utility systems; focus is
given to the IEC 61850 standardization efforts. Section 3
describes the developed micro grid monitoring system and
gateway in detail, and Section 4 concludes the paper.


2. Standardization Efforts for Interoperability
in the Power Industry

In a power utility system, the standards related to the
communication system has been provided for years to
ensure the exchange of critical information, e.g., control
commands, status information, and measurement data,
efficiently. Among the standards are Distributed Network
Protocol (DNP), UCA 3.0, Modbus, and PROFIBUS, as
well as other proprietary protocols with custom
communication links. Using these protocols, many
solutions from different vendors have been proposed, as
shown in Fig. 1. Due to the lack of interoperability among
different vendors, substation automation systems (SAS)
operators face difficulties and complexities in the
management of SAS.
Some solutions based on the old-fashioned communi-
cation protocols have been designed under a limited
bandwidth. These communication protocols are focused on
flow and error control due to the lack of reliability in the
communication link. Furthermore, these solutions have not
been developed specifically for the power industry, but for
the automation system industry. This means that these
protocols do not define the data model for the power
industry. These solutions are register-based protocols, and
every piece of data is assigned to a point-based data model.
Register-based protocols are basically designed to
minimize the bandwidth, requiring tremendous efforts for
system engineering. Eventually, as the amount of
information increases, the existing standard reaches the
limit of use. In response, the standardization project, IEC
61850, has been initiated to solve these issues in 1995
[15].Originally, IEC 61850 has focused only on SAS.
However, the scope of IEC 61850 has been extended in the
second edition to cover the entire power utility system.
Since the revision, the IEC 61850 has focused on the entire
power system, including various views such as the way of
engineering, the functionalities (i.e., protection, control,
and monitoring), and hundreds of words used for
specifying standardized data. Employing the object-
oriented notion, all data can be reused, and hierarchical
structures are used to access to the data. IEC 61850 offers
the common structure of three representative levels of the
Byong-Kwan Yoo, Seung-Ho Yang, Hyo-Sik Yang, Won-Yong Kim, Yu-Seok Jeong, Byung-Moon Han and Kwang-Soo Jang

607
system, namely, the process level (current transformers or
CTs/power transformers or PTs and switches), bay level
(protection and control devices), and station level (human
machine interface (HMI) and remote command link to the
SCADA system).
The most significant difference between IEC 61850 and
conventional protocols is that the former covers not only
existing data models but also a wide scope of data models
by providing the basic template for these. In addition, IEC
61850 defines the following:

- general subjects related to the substation, including the
project management, environment and the requirement
of EMC;
- the principal information related to the main functions
and devices, including measurement data, the status,
and switching information;
- the information exchange for protection, monitoring,
control, measuring and metering;
- the measured digital information exchange for a
primary equipment such as a switch, a transformer or a
CT/PT; and
- the substation configuration language (SCL) for system
engineering.

An extension of IEC 61850 standard series, the IEC
61850-7-420 on Communications Standard for DERs,
which defines the data model used in micro grids, has been
published [4]. The data models for wind power plants are
defined separately in [16]. Recently, numerous DER
systems are being interconnected to power utility systems
for various economic, social, and environmental benefits.
Moreover, utilities and DER manufacturers have realized
the strong demand to have a single international standard to
reduce overall costs, simplify implementation and
maintenance, as well as maximize the reliability and
efficiency of power systems. Enterprises in DER have used
the proprietary protocol and various communication
protocols; however, they have established the international
standard to solve the problems of interoperability as well as
to provide the interface for communication and control.
Fig. 2 shows the notion of Logical Nodes (LN) defined
in IEC 61850-7-420. As shown in the figure, most logical
nodes defined in IEC 61850-7-4 are reused; in addition,
logical nodes specialized for DER are defined in IEC
61850-7-420. Current communication models and
engineering processes follow IEC 61850. The definitions
of many data models that have not yet been defined but are
necessary for the operation of power utility systems, as
presented in the first edition of IEC 61850, are currently
being developed in the second edition of IEC 61850.


3. IEC 61850-based Micro Grid System

Fig. 3 shows the communication architecture of the
deployed micro grid system.
The figure shows DER nodes, i.e., wind power generator,
photovoltaic system, fuel cells, and energy storage that
have dedicated controllers for each DER unit. Each
controller sends measured and status data that are encoded
with their own proprietary protocol to the dedicated
gateway using a serial communication link. The gateways
convert received measured values and status information to
those prescribed by the IEC 61850 data model and send
them to the micro grid monitoring system through a 100
Mbps Ethernet interface using services defined in IEC
61850. The micro grid monitoring system works as a small
Energy Management System (EMS), which sends control
command to the DER controller via the gateway as
required. Each component of the deployed micro system is
described in a top-down manner.

Fig. 1. Vendor dependent solutions

Communication Architecture of the IEC 61850-based Micro Grid System

608

3.1 Local DER Monitoring System

DER monitoring systems, which are meant to be in the
control room of micro grid systems to monitor the entire
micro grid system, have been developed to monitor the
DER nodes. Similar IEC 61850 based HMI with SCL
viewer was developed in [17]. The HMI, however, cannot
connect to multiple servers. These have a very simple
graphic user interface (GUI) for intuitive use. The main
GUI consists of three sections, three buttons, and multiple
taps representing the number of DER units connected to
the monitoring system. The three sections are called
Named Variables, System Information and Object-
Value-Type, respectively. Fig. 4 shows the main GUI of
the micro grid monitoring system, which is connected to
the four DER units, i.e., photovoltaic, wind, fuel cell, and
battery charger. The data models and their photovoltaic
system values are also shown in Fig. 4. The micro grid
monitoring system can connect as many DER units as the
system requires.



Fig. 4. Micro grid monitoring system


The Human Machine Interface (HMI) client system uses
the IEC 61850 Abstract Communication Service Interface
(ACSI) services mapped to manufacturing message
specification (MMS) services to communicate with DER
units. The ACSI services used in the micro grid monitoring
system are summarized in Table 1. The micro grid
monitoring system can change the value of the permitted
data model and send control commands to the inverter for
possible operation to each DER unit.

Fig. 2. Conceptual data model of logical nodes in DER in IEC 61850-7-420 [4]

Fig. 3. Micro grid communication architecture

Byong-Kwan Yoo, Seung-Ho Yang, Hyo-Sik Yang, Won-Yong Kim, Yu-Seok Jeong, Byung-Moon Han and Kwang-Soo Jang

609
Table 1. Mapping between ACSI services and MMS
services
ACSI Service MMS Service
Associate Initiate
GetServerDirectory GetNamedList
SetLogicalDeviceDirectory GetNamedList
GetDatasetDirectory GetNamedList
GetDataDefinition GetVariableAccessAttribute
GetDataDirectory GetVariableAccessAttribute
GetDataValue Read
SetDataValue Write
Release Conclude

3.2 Gateway

The software architecture of the deployed gateway is
shown in Fig. 5. The gateway plays two roles: as the
master node of the DER control unit over the serial link
and as an IEC 61850 server for the micro grid monitoring
system over the Ethernet link. Different IEC 61850 servers
are implemented for different DER control units. The
gateway has two communication interfaces, i.e., the serial
interface and the Ethernet interface. The gateway receives
data from a DER controller using the serial link with the
proprietary protocol developed in the present work, after
which it transfers data to the micro grid monitoring system
using the Ethernet with the IEC 61850 protocol. As long as
data mapping between the proprietary protocol and the IEC
61850 data model is possible, the proposed system
architecture can be extended to any other protocol, e.g.,
DNP, ModBus, and so on.


Fig. 5. Software architecture of a gateway

In the initial run of the gateway, it imports a configured
IED description (CID) file based on substation
configuration language (SCL) to form its own data objects.
Of the DER units, the photovoltaic, fuel cell, and battery
charger were modeled using the logical nodes defined in
IEC 61850, while the wind unit was modeled using the
logical nodes defined in IEC 61400-25-3 (Table 2). The
mapping data based on the IEC 61850 data model for the
wind DER unit is presented in Table 3 as an example.
Table 2. Data modeling of the DER nodes
Nodes LN LN Description
DFCL Fuel cell controller
DSTK Fuel cell stack Fuel Cell
DFPM Fuel processing module
DPVM Photovoltaic module rating
DPVA Photovoltaic array characteristics
DPVC Photovoltaic array controller
Photovoltaic
DTRC Tracking controller name
DBAT Battery systems
Battery
DBTC Battery charger
WTUR Wind turbine general information
WTRM Wind turbine transmission information
WGEN Wind turbine generator information
WCNV Wind turbine converter information
WNAC Wind turbine nacelle information
WYAW Wind turbine yawing information
WTOW Wind turbine tower information
WMET
Wind turbine plant meteorological
information
WALM Wind turbine plant alarm information
WAPC Wind turbine active power control
Wind
WRPC
Wind turbine plant reactive power
control

Table 3. Mapping of wind turbine data
DER
node
Data IEC 61850 Data
Wind
Speed
WNAC1$MX$WdSpd$mag$f
A phase
Voltage
WGEN1$MX$StaPhv$phsA$cVal$mag$f
B phase
Voltage
WGEN1$MX$StaPhv$phsB$cVal$mag$f
C phase
Voltage
WGEN1$MX$StaPhv$phsC$cVal$mag$f
A phase
Current
WGEN1$MX$StaA$phsA$cVal$mag$f
B phase
Current
WGEN1$MX$StaA$phsB$cVal$mag$f
Wind
C phase
Current
WGEN1$MX$StaA$phsC$cVal$mag$f

However, not all data used in the micro grid system are
defined in IEC 61850. Some data used in the current micro
grid system are missing. The present study used the GGIO
logical node, which is meant for generic process I/O, for
mapping of undefined data.
As for the hardware platform, the ColdFire MCF5484
Lite evaluation board by Freescale was used. To implement
the IEC 61850 server, Linux BSP was used because IEC
61850 required a TCP/IP protocol stack as well as an
ISO/OSI 8802-3 Ethertype. Linux BSP was installed with a
v2.4.26 kernel. Basic hardware specifications for MCF
5484 Lite evaluation board included a 64 MB DDR-
SDRAM and 4 MB of boot flash. Installation of the
gateway and DER controller unit is shown in Fig. 6. The
presented setup was duplicated for each DER unit, i.e., for
photovoltaic, fuel cell, battery charger, and wind turbine.
The gateway sends report messages to the micro grid
monitoring system when data received from a DER
controller is different from what the gateway has or within
the pre-defined period. Due to hardware limitation, the
Communication Architecture of the IEC 61850-based Micro Grid System

610
gateway can send report messages every 10 msec on a
minimum, translating to 100 report messages per second.


Fig. 6. Installed gateway with DER controller


3.2 DER Controller

The DER controller is connected to a DER node using
hard-wire and implemented using a TMS320F28335
evaluation board from Texas Instrument. This board
includes 16 channels of analogue to digital conversion
(ADC), 12 ports of pulse width modulation (PWM), an
encoder, and four channels of digital to analogue
conversion (DAC) with a serial interface. The DER
controller receives measured and status data from each
DER unit and saves them in the internal memory space.
Once the DER controller receives command (read)
messages from the master node, i.e., the gateway, it
transmits the corresponding data to that gateway.


4. Conclusion

To ensure the co-existence of different communication
protocols in the current power industry as well as the
successful operation of a smart grid, the issue of
interoperability must be resolved. For years, the serial link
has been one of the common communication links usedd in
the power industry. IEC 61850, the communication
protocol adapted for power utility automation system,
however, uses Ethernet as a communication link with the
data model. The Ethernet is a dominant communication
protocol in the Internet with a very large bandwidth.
However, new standards have been legislated recently,
allowing up to 10 Gbps of speed.
The present paper presented the deployment of IEC
61850-based micro grid system from the communication
perspective. The proposed system consisted of a micro grid
monitoring system, a protocol converter, and DER
controllers with DER units. The DER controller collected
data from DER units and sent them to the gateway using a
serial link. The gateway converts data that have been
mapped after the IEC 61850 data model, and sends them to
the micro grid monitoring system. The deployed IEC
61850-based micro grid monitoring system successfully
accomplished basic control and monitoring capability by
virtue of a developed protocol converter. However, not all
data used in the current micro grid system are mapped
directly to the data models defined in IEC 61850. In this
work, we used general I/O logical node to map undefined
data as the standard allows it. Given the hardware
limitation, the gateway can send a maximum of 100 IEC
61850 service messages per second to the monitoring
system. Software optimization can solve a part of this
problem.
The developed gateway platform has several
communication interfaces aside from the serial link. It can
be expanded to support other communication protocols,
e.g., CAN or USB. In the future, the deployed micro grid
system must be tested for stable operation.


Acknowledgements

The present work was financially supported by the
Advanced Human Resource Development Program of the
Ministry of Knowledge and Economy through the
Research Center for Intelligent Microgrid in Myongji
University and under the Convergence Information
Technology Research Center support program (NIPA
2011C61501101 0003) supervised by the National IT
Industry Promotion Agency.


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Byong-Kwan Yoo He received his B.S.
degree in Computer Science and
Engineering from Sejong University
(Seoul, Korea) in 2010. He is currently
working toward his M.S. degree at
Sejong University. His research interests
include power electronics application
systems and communication systems
based on IEC 61850 of the smart grid.
Seung-Ho Yang He received his B.S.
in Computer Science and Engineering
from Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
in 2010. He is currently working
toward his M.S. degree at Sejong
University. His research interests
include power electronics applications
for Substation Automation System
complying with IEC 61850, communication networks, and
systems in substations.


Hyo-Sik Yang He is an assistant
professor at the Department of
Computer Science and Engineering at
Sejong University, (Seoul, Korea).
Before he joined Sejong University, he
was an assistant professor at
Kyungnam University, Masan, Korea.
He joined Sejong University in the fall
semester of 2006. He served as a faculty research associate
at Arizona State University until 2005. He received his B.E.
degree in Information and Communication Engineering
from Myongji University (Yongin, Korea) in 1998, and his
M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Arizona
State University, (Tempe, AZ, U.S.A.), in 2000 and 2005,
respectively. His research interests include wavelength-
division-multiplexing all-optical networks, mobile ad-hoc
networks, and smart grid.


Byung-Moon Han He received his
B.S. in Electrical Engineering from
Seoul National University, Korea, in
1976, and his M.S. and Ph.D. from
Arizona State University in 1988 and
1992, respectively. He worked at the
Westinghouse Electric Corporation as
a Senior Research Engineer in the
Science and Technology Center. Currently, he is a
Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Myongji University, Korea. His research interests include
power electronics applications for FACTS, custom power,
and distributed generation.


Yu-Seok Jeong He was born in Daegu,
Korea, in 1971. He received his B.S.,
M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from Seoul National
University, (Seoul, Korea) in 1993,
1995 and 2005, respectively. He joined
the Kia Motors Technical Center,
Seoul, Korea, as a Research Engineer
in 1995. In 2001 and 2002, he was a special student at the
University of Wisconsin, Madison. During his doctoral





Communication Architecture of the IEC 61850-based Micro Grid System

612
course, he pursued fault-tolerant control and robust
adaptive control of IPM synchronous machine drives in
collaboration with GM. Following a one-year experience to
develop a motor drive system for HEV/FCV applications at
Hyundai Motor Company in 2005, he worked with the
Department of Electrical Engineering of Myongji
University (Gyeonggi-do, Korea) where he currently
teaches. His research interests include modeling and digital
control of power electronics and energy conversion.


Won-Yong Kim He received his M.S.
in Electrical Engineering from
Myongji University, Korea, in 2011.
He is currently a Ph.D. candidate at
Myongji University. His research
interests include power electronics
applications for HEV/EV.



Kwang-Soo Jang He received his B.E.
and the M.S. degrees in Computer
Science and Engineering from Sejong
University, Seoul, Korea, in 2008 and
2010, respectively. From 2010, he
began working as a programming
analyst for LG CNS. He joined the
Smart BDP project in 2011 to help
content providers deploy their services on LG media
devices. His research interests are routing in mobile ad-hoc
networks, smart grids, and the WEB OS.